The features in the folk residence, mainly refers to the folk residence in the historical practice reflects the most essential and representative of the national region, especially to reflect the features closely related to the people's way of life and production, customs, aesthetic concepts. The experience of the people mainly refers to the experience of how to satisfy the needs of living and production and struggle against the natural environment under the social conditions at that time, such as the experience of combining the use of topography, the experience of adapting to the climate, the experience of utilizing the local materials, and the experience of adapting to the environment, etc., which is usually referred to as the experience of adapting to the local conditions and the experience of making use of the materials according to the local conditions.
Folk houses are distributed all over the country, due to the different historical traditions, living customs, humanistic conditions, aesthetic concepts of nationalities, as well as due to the different natural conditions and geographic environments of different places, thus, the layout, structural methods, modeling and detailed features of the folk houses are also different, showing simple and natural and with their own characteristics. Especially in the folk dwellings, the people of all ethnic groups often put their own wishes, beliefs and aesthetic concepts, their own most hopeful and favorite things, with realistic or symbolic techniques, reflected in the decorations, patterns, colors and styles of folk dwellings and other structures. Such as cranes, deer, bats, magpies, plums, bamboo, lilies, Ganoderma lucidum, ten thousand characters pattern, back to the pattern, etc., the lotus flower of the Bai people in Yunnan, the Dai people's elephants, peacocks, betel nut tree patterns. In this way, to, resulting in various regions and ethnic groups of the residence presents a colorful and colorful and a hundred flowers competing national characteristics.
Folk house construction has no set of procedural rules and practices like official construction, it can build houses according to the local natural conditions, their economic level and the characteristics of building materials, according to the local material. It can give free play to the greatest wisdom of the working people and build according to its own needs and the inherent laws of architecture. Therefore, the function is practical and reasonable, the design is flexible, the material construction is economical, and the appearance is simple, etc., which are the most essential things in the architecture can be fully reflected in the residential houses. In particular, the majority of residential builders and users are the same, their own design, their own construction, their own use, and thus the practice of residential more rich in people's nature, economy and reality, but also the most reflective of the characteristics of the nation and the local local characteristics.
There are countless types of houses in China. Beijing's courtyard houses, Mongolian yurts, kilns in Shaanxi and Henan, Fujian's earth buildings and so on. And among them, I think the most ethnic characteristics of the traditional Dai residence. Dai residence is a traditional form of residence developed by the Dai people in a relatively primitive condition according to the local natural climate and natural economic conditions, with strong local characteristics and distinctive historical features. Because of their remote location in the tropical area, the Dai people have formed a very different architectural style from that of the mainland. The enclosing structure of the residence is light and transparent, and the symbolic courtyard wall - fence makes the residence very open. This is one of the three main features of traditional Dai dwellings, which are adapted to the natural environment. The second characteristic is the formal language: according to the unique natural and social conditions and cultural customs of the region, a series of perfect and unique modeling language, i.e., slender, subtle and feminine style, has been formed from the whole to the details. And the third one is that dwelling is a kind of note of human beings' cognitive process of nature, society and cultural forms. The gentle, kind, introverted and delicate heart temperament of the Dai people determines the feminine characteristics of their residence - simple, light and soft, in contrast to the thick, rough and solid modeling of the Han-style residence in the Central Plains.
Jiangnan water town houses: Jiangnan water towns of ancient villages and houses flourished in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the local favorable geological and climatic conditions, providing a wide range of alternative building materials. The performance of the scenery for the virtual, landscape for the real architectural style, emphasizing the spatial openness and clarity, but also requires a full of cultural atmosphere. Architecture is emphasized on the modification of the rural landscape. Building roads, bridges, academies, pagodas, ancestral halls. Fengshui pavilions and so on. Trying to make the environment to achieve a perfect, beautiful realm, although the scale is small, the content is a little simple, but specific and subtle. In the artistic style of some pure and simple, thick local flavor. Such as:
Zhejiang Wuzhen Zhejiang Xitang town Zhejiang Nanxun town Zhejiang Nanxun small Lianzhuang Zhejiang Nanxun Baiman building Shaoxing Anchang ancient town Zhejiang Shaoxing Sanmei Bookstore Wenzhou Cangpo ancient village Wenzhou Furong ancient village Wenzhou rocky ancient village Zhejiang Taishun bridge town Jiangsu Jiaozhi town Shanghai Jinze town Shanghai Zhujiajiao town Jiangsu Zhouzhuang Jiangsu Tongli town Suzhou Tongli residential Jiangsu Taicang Shaxi town Jiangsu Xuzhou Yaowan town
Hui system Mansions: Mansions are the earliest type of buildings in history. The formation and development of the architectural landscape of folk houses are mainly influenced by natural and social factors. The style of ancient Huizhou folk houses is natural and simple, hidden and elegant. It is not pretentious, not pretentious, natural and generous, conforming to the situation, keeping harmony with nature, and taking nature as its conversion; it does not tend to the trend, does not catch up with the fashion, and does not care about the fashion. Dutifully abide by the ancient system, abide by the tradition, respect for Confucianism. Such as:
Anhui Xidi village ancient dwellings Anhui Hongcun ancient dwellings Anhui Tunxi old street Anhui Sanhe Ancient Town Anhui Nanping Ancient Village Anhui Tangyue pagoda group Jiangxi Likeng residential Wuyuan Ziyang residential
Northern Ancient Towns and Mansions: Mansions are the earliest type of architecture in history. The formation and development of the architectural landscape of the mansion is mainly affected by natural and social factors. The compound architecture in the north is majestic, tall and gorgeous, rough without losing the subtlety, flat and three-dimensional expression, showing a four-pronged posture, and everywhere is a ritual-based architectural features. For example:
Beijing courtyard Qiaojia compound Shanxi Pingyao ancient city Shanxi Pingyao Wangjia compound Shanxi Pingyao Caojia compound Shanxi Pingyao Dujia compound Shanxi Linfen Ding villagers' residence Shanxi Yuji Changjia compound Shaanxi Dangjia village Tianjin Shijia compound Fresh people's ancient residence Yurts Shaanxi northern kiln caves Ding villagers' residence
ChuanYu ancient villagers' residence: The culture of BaShu is profound and profound, and the Sichuan-Yu ancient villagers' residences have romantic and unrestrained artistic styles, but also contain the characteristics of architecture based on rituals. Artistic style, but also contains a wealth of imagination. Mountains and waterfront buildings and local minority customs closely linked to a very unique cultural flavor, both bold and atmospheric side, but also light and elegant side. Such as:
Sichuan residence Sichuan Lizhuang Ancient Town Sichuan Shangli Ancient Town Sichuan Luocheng Ancient Town Sichuan Huanglongxi Ancient Town Sichuan Zhaohua Ancient Town Sichuan Luodai Ancient Town Sichuan Yaoba Ancient Town Sichuan Luoquan Ancient Town Sichuan Langzhong Ancient Town Sichuan Mousi Ancient Town Sichuan Taoping Qiangzhai Sichuan Xiaoxi Ancient Town Sichuan Hongya Gaomiao Ancient Town Kamba Tibetan Residence Sichuan Placebo Ancient Town Gongtan Ancient Town of Chongqing
Lingnan Ancient Villagers Residence: Lingnan area has a distinctive local flavor. Lingnan ancient villagers house has distinctive local characteristics and personality traits, contains a rich cultural connotation. In addition to focus on its practical function, pay more attention to its own spatial form, artistic style, national tradition and coordination with the surrounding environment. Such as:
Guangxi Huangyao Ancient Town Guangxi Guilin Daxu Ancient Town Nanning, Guangxi Yangmei Ancient Town Guangdong Shunde Fengjian Ancient Village Shantou rural traditional houses
Xiangqian Dian Ancient Towns and Mansions: Xiangqian Dian Ancient architectural groups are relatively dense, large groups in towns and cities (large homes, halls, stores, temples, shrines, etc.) is more and with the building; small buildings (general residential, stores) free and flexible. The roofs have steep slopes and high corners, and the decoration is exquisite and rich, with a lot of carvings and colorful paintings. The style is characterized by a clear and elegant style. Such as:
Hunan Furong Town Hunan Xiangxi Fenghuang Ancient City Hunan Xiangxi Xiangxi hammock Hubei Jingzhou Ancient Town Guizhou Zhenyuan Ancient Town Guizhou Guiyang Qingyan Ancient Town Guizhou Dong Tribe Folk Dwellings Yunnan Jianshui Ancient City Yunnan Lijiang Ancient City Dai Family Bamboo House
In China's residential, the most characteristic is the Beijing courtyard, the Northwest Loess Plateau of the Kiln Cave, the Ancient Dwellings in Anhui, and Fujian and Guangdong, and other places of the Hakka Tulou. Fujian, Guangdong and other places of the Hakka Tulou.
Beijing courtyard: In the big and small hutongs of Beijing, there are many courtyard houses surrounded by houses in the east, south, west and north, which are called siheyuan. There are various sizes of siheyuan in Beijing, but no matter how big or small they are, they are all made up of courtyards surrounded by houses on all four sides. The simplest siheyuan has only one courtyard, the more complex ones have two or three courtyards, and the deep houses where rich and noble people live are usually composed of several siheyuan side by side. The gate of the courtyard is usually opened in the southeast or northwest corner, the north room in the courtyard is the main room, the main room is built on a brick and stone pedestal, larger than the other houses, is the owner's room. On both sides of the courtyard were built the east and west compartments, where the younger generations lived. Between the main house and the chambers, there is a corridor for people to walk and rest. The character for "four" in "siheyuan" indicates the four sides of the courtyard, namely, the southeast, the northwest and the north; and the character for "he" means to enclose together. That is to say, the courtyard is surrounded by houses or walls on all sides. Inside the building layout, under the feudal patriarchal rituals, according to the north-south axis symmetrically arranged houses and courtyards. Courtyard is a general term, due to the size of the building area and the orientation of the different, from the spatial combination of large courtyard, small quadrangle, triple courtyard. In addition to the main door and the outside world to the outside world, generally do not open the window, even if the window is only the south room in order to light, in the south wall of the ground is very high place to open a small window. Therefore, as long as the door is closed, the courtyard will form a small closed environment. People living in the courtyard do not often interact with the surrounding neighbors. In the small courtyard, the family lives its life without any competition from the world. It can be said that the courtyard is a peaceful and quiet place that Beijingers have found in the torrent of history and in the turbulent social winds and clouds. Generations of Beijingers have spent a long time in these countless large and small courtyard houses.
Kilns: The middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River in China are the world-famous Loess Plateau. People living on the Loess Plateau, using the deep, thick, three-dimensional performance of the loess layer, built a unique residence - kiln. Kilns are divided into earth kilns, stone kilns, brick kilns and so on. Earthen kilns are loess kilns dug against the hillside, which are warm in winter and cool in summer, and have the best heat and sound insulation. Stone kilns and brick kilns are built with stones or bricks to form an arched hole, and then covered with a thick layer of loess, which is sturdy and beautiful. Since the construction of kilns does not require steel and cement, the cost is relatively low. With the development of society, the construction of kilns has been improved, and the kilns on the Loess Plateau, which are warm in winter and cool in summer, have become more and more comfortable and beautiful.
Anhui Ancient Houses: In the southern part of Anhui Province, many ancient houses are preserved. Most of these ancient houses are made of brick and wood, and are surrounded by tall walls. The houses within the fence are generally small two-story buildings with three or five rooms. The larger houses have two, three or more courtyards; there are pools in the courtyards, flowers and plants are planted in front of and behind the houses, and the beams and balustrades are carved with exquisite patterns. The small buildings and deep courtyards are like a world of art. Architects have praised it as "the treasure house of ancient residential architecture".
Hakka Tulou: Tulou is the residence of Hakka people in Guangdong and Fujian. The ancestors of the Hakka people were Han Chinese who migrated to the south from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River more than 1900 years ago. In order to guard against harassment and to protect their families, the Hakka people created these huge dwellings, the Tulou. Dozens of families and hundreds of people from an entire clan can live in one earthen building. There are round and square earthen buildings, among which, the most characteristic one is the round earthen building. The round building consists of two or three circles, the outer circle is more than ten meters high, with one or two hundred rooms, the first floor is the kitchen and dining room, the second floor is the warehouse, the third and fourth floors are the bedrooms; the second circle is two floors, with 30 to 50 rooms, usually guest rooms; the middle is the ancestor hall, which can accommodate a few hundred people for the communal **** activities. There are also wells, bathrooms and toilets in the Tulou, just like a small city. The tall and peculiar Hakka Tulou have been praised by architects all over the world.
Yurt: Yurt is also called "felt bag". Mongolian traditional folk dwellings. Popular in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and other pastoral areas. A thick wool felt made of round convex roof houses. Mobile and fixed two kinds. Pastoral areas are mostly built mobile. Usually about 2.5 meters high, 4 meters in diameter. Packet roof has a round sky, through the smoke. Package door is small, facing south or southeast. With easy to make, easy to carry, wind and cold, suitable for nomadic and other characteristics. It is a typical dwelling of the nomadic people in northern China that can be dismantled and moved, and it has the characteristics of simple production, easy to assemble, and resistant to wind and cold.
Hanging-foot buildings: although this building is only two or three floors high, but it "hangs" in the water and the hillside, like a pavilion in the air, the construction is not easy. Building and have "feet", the so-called "feet", in fact, is a few support building of the thick wooden stakes. Built on the water's edge of the foot of the building, stretching out two long before the "foot", y inserted in the river, and ride on the river bank on the other side of the wall foundation **** with the support of a building; in the hillside, the foot of the building's first two "feet" is stable on top of the lower part, with the On the hillside, the first two "feet" of the hanging-footed buildings are firmly on top of the low side, and the other side of the wall foundation **** with the building support balance. There are also some footstools built on the flat ground, which are supported from the ground by several stakes of the same length. Hmong footstools are usually built on slopes and have two or three floors. The uppermost floor is very short and only holds food but not people. Downstairs, they are used to pile up sundries or as livestock pens. Those with two floors do not have a roof. Generally, the wall is made of bamboo and mud, and the roof is covered with grass. According to Hunan's local history, the earliest construction of the footstools was to prevent the intrusion of poisonous snakes and beasts.
Bamboo buildings: said building, in fact, it is only a layer, just the whole house is a stake high up, but also counted as a pavilion in the air. Bamboo building below the stake generally have 50, the stake between the open space is stacked miscellaneous warehouses, some people also used to raise pigs and cattle. As for why the Dai people since ancient times to bamboo buildings for home, probably because living in the high hanging above the ground, one can prevent moisture, two can prevent wild animals
Shanghai residential: Shanghai has been known as the "universal architectural exposition" of the reputation. The Bund on the side of the road, a block of Gothic, Romanesque, Renaissance, Baroque and other Chinese and Western, very different styles of the towering buildings show the elegance of the art of architecture. Similarly, Shanghai's modern residential architecture can also be described as oceanic, colorful. When it comes to Shanghai's residential buildings, Shikumen naturally comes to mind, which is the most characteristic residential building in Shanghai. Shikumen is the most distinctive residential building in Shanghai. The pattern of Shanghai's residential buildings in the 23rd group of Chinese ordinary stamps, "Chinese Residences", is Shikumen architecture. Shikumen dwellings are derived from the traditional Chinese courtyard houses, which began to appear in Shanghai in the late 19th century as traditional wooden structures with load-bearing brick walls. These houses were called "Shikumen" because the exterior doors were made of stone. As a product of architecture and culture, the Shikumen, which is a fusion of Chinese and Western architectural art, has left a deep imprint on China's modern architectural history. Its emergence is a kind of inevitable urban life - the modernized life of the foreign style, so that the traditional mode of life of the courtyard-style big family was broken, replaced by the Shikumen alley culture suitable for single immigrants and small families. In Shikumen, there are "pavilions", "parlors", "compartments", "patios", and "second landlords". Shikumen-related terms such as "second landlord", "sister-in-law of a white face" and "72 tenants" have become warm memories of old Shanghai. Shikumen buildings flourished in the 1920s, occupying more than three-quarters of the residential buildings at that time. Most of the Shikumen are two-story brick buildings with sloping roofs, often with slotted windows, red-brick facades, and traditional Chinese pagodas at the entrances. The main door is made of two solid black lacquered wooden doors with wooden shafts, often equipped with door rings, and the sound of banging in and out echoes in the old Shikumen alley. The lintel of the door is made of traditional brick and green tile roof, and the exterior wall is carved with the flower engraving of western architecture. There is a balcony on the second floor, and the overall layout adopts the European townhouse style.