Research Group on the Road to Development with Chinese Characteristics
Between mid-December last year and mid-March this year, the Central Policy Research Office (CPRO) and the Office of the Central Financial and Economic Leadership Group (CFEG) formed a research group to conduct thematic research in relevant regions across the country on the issue of pioneering the road to successful development under the banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics (SOC) since reform and opening up.
The Central Policy Research Office and the Office of the Central Financial Leadership Group formed a research group to conduct a special research in the relevant regions of the country on the issue of opening up the road to successful development under the banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics since the reform and opening up.
First, the background and basic situation of the research
Since the reform and opening up, all parts of the country have adhered to Deng Xiaoping Theory and the Important Thought of the "Three Represents" as the guidance, thoroughly implemented the scientific concept of development, and creatively implemented the central government's policies and decision-making deployments from the perspective of their own reality, boldly explored and innovated to promote the local economic strength. Boldly exploring and innovating, they have made remarkable changes in local economic strength, people's lives, and urban and rural landscapes, and developed their own distinctive development paths on the basis of practice. These distinctive development paths are an integral part of the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics and a vivid interpretation of the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics. On the occasion of the 30th anniversary of China's reform and opening up, in-depth analysis of the successful development of some parts of the country, and systematically summarize their practical experience, for a profound understanding of the law of development of contemporary China, adherence to and development of socialism with Chinese characteristics, to put the goals and tasks set by the 17th National Congress of the CPC into practice, and constantly create a new situation of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, is of great significance.
In the selection of research objects, we pay attention to both the typical significance, but also pay attention to grasp the regional balance, the main basis for the selected places from the local reality out of a successful development of the road, the accumulation of important development experience, reflecting the requirements of scientific development, and not simply based on the amount of regional gross domestic product. After careful and comprehensive comparison, the research group finally chose the following 18 places. Eastern region 10: Shanghai Pudong New Area, Kunshan City, Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Province, Jiangyin City, Yiwu City, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou City, Fujian Province, Quanzhou City, Weihai City, Shandong Province, Shandong Province, Shouguang City, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province; the central region of the three: Wuhu City, Anhui Province, Jiangxi Province, Ji'an City, Hunan Province, Changsha County; the western region of the three: Ordos City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Yunnan Province Lijiang City, Yunnan Province, Dingxi City, Gansu Province; two in the northeast: Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, Tiexi District, Heilongjiang Province, Suifenhe City. These 18 places since the reform and opening up of the development achievements are outstanding, out of the development of the road are also distinctive features. Among these 18 places, there are regions that take the lead in reform and opening up and vigorously develop an export-oriented economy, regions that give full play to the advantages of latecomers and rapidly rise through the adjustment and optimization of industrial structure, old revolutionary areas and poor regions that carry forward the spirit of hard struggle and realize poverty alleviation and prosperity through hard work, and old industrial bases that stand out to revitalize the economy, and so on.
The research began in mid-December 2007 and lasted 88 days. During the research period, **** held 76 symposiums, including 21 symposiums for party and government departments, 14 symposiums for experts and scholars, 12 symposiums for entrepreneurs, 18 symposiums for rural cadres, 4 symposiums for veteran cadres, and 7 comprehensive symposiums. Participants in the symposium 1595 people, including 19 provincial-level cadres, 168 local-level cadres, 490 county-level cadres, grass-roots cadres and the masses 572 people, 91 experts and scholars, entrepreneurs 167 people, veteran cadres 88 people. Researchers visited enterprises, villages and other grass-roots units ***234. The research group in-depth research, to obtain a large number of first-hand materials on the basis of a number of discussions, modifications, the formation of the research report.
Second, the distinctive development path
The research shows that since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), these 18 places have adhered to the principle of emancipation of the mind, seeking truth from facts, advancing with the times, focusing on closely integrating the guidelines and policies of the central government with the actual situation of the local community, grasping the opportunities for development, pioneering and innovating, focusing on the improvement of the institutional mechanism, taking full advantage of the existing conditions for development, and striving to tap the potential for development, and constantly creating new opportunities for development. The development of the potential, and constantly create new development advantages, not only made remarkable development achievements (see attached table), and out of the distinctive development of the road.
(a) Shanghai Pudong New Area, adhere to the openness to promote reform and development, seize the historical opportunity to explore a new mode of urban development with international ideas, high starting point for planning and construction of infrastructure, high standards of development of high-tech industries and modern service industry, to build a modern, international, multi-functional new urban areas, the creation of an international regional economic, financial, trade, and shipping centers, and become an important driving force for the modernization of Shanghai and the Yangtze River Delta region, and the development of the city. Yangtze River Delta region to drive the modernization of an important growth pole.
This is a panoramic view of the Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone in Pudong (taken on April 18).
The CPC Central Committee and the State Council made a major decision to develop and open up Pudong on April 18, 1990.
Over the past 18 years, relying on the support of Shanghai and the whole country, Pudong has seen a sea-change of changes. Today, nearly 500 foreign and domestic financial institutions gathered in the Lujiazui Financial and Trade Zone in Pudong have become an important booster for the economic development of the Yangtze River Delta, the Yangtze River Basin and even the whole country. Xinhua News Agency reporter Zhang Ming photo
(2) Kunshan City, Jiangsu Province, the use of east of Shanghai's geographic advantages, vigorously implement export-oriented development strategy, the introduction of advanced technology from a high starting point to drive the internationalization of industrialization to industrialization to promote urbanization, and realize a single agriculture to the overall modernization of the leaps and bounds of the development of the comprehensive economic strength of the country's top 100 counties (cities) out of the *** with the rich, Harmonious development of the "Road of Kunshan".
File photo: This is a corner of the city of Kunshan, surrounded by trees. 2005, Kunshan City, under the jurisdiction of Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, took the lead in Jiangsu Province, the first to reach a well-off society indicator system, basically reaching the level of a well-off society. The core of Kunshan's overall well-off society is "prioritizing the rich". By the end of 2005, the GDP per capita, the income of urban residents and the net income per capita of farmers in Kunshan had reached 78,553 yuan, 16,809 yuan and 8,519 yuan respectively. (Xinhua News Agency reporter Sun Sen photographed)
(C) Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province, from the development of township enterprises, because of the rapid development of large enterprise groups with national characteristics and a batch of listed and known as "China's first A-share county," to the "world's first village." The new socialist rural construction modeled after Huaxi is famous throughout the country, and is one of the birthplaces of the "Southern Jiangsu Model".
(D) Yiwu City, Zhejiang Province, make full use of the market first advantage, entrepreneurship and innovation as the driving force, small commodity circulation as a carrier, to promote marketization, drive industrialization, giving birth to urbanization, evolving into internationalization, a poor and backward agricultural county into the "world's largest wholesale market of daily commodities" and a strong economic powerhouse, the city has become a "world's largest wholesale market of daily commodities" and the "world's largest wholesale market of daily commodities". The strength of the strong economic powerhouse, creating a "nothing out of nothing, everything" of Yiwu wonders.
(E) Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, respect and give play to the people's spirit of creativity, market-oriented reforms to activate the development of power to promote employment to promote entrepreneurship for all, to the prosperity of trade to drive the prosperity of industry, industrial agglomeration to support the rise of towns and cities to build a marketing network of innovation in the economic model to differentiate the management of the brand economy, cultural innovation to promote innovation in practice, from the poverty of the poor backward seaport city to become a wealthy and developed coastal city development. It has developed from a poor and backward seaport city into a rich and developed coastal city, forming a unique Wenzhou development model.
(F) Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, focusing on playing the "overseas Chinese card", starting with "three to one subsidy", driving the development of township enterprises, fostering advantageous featured industries, the formation of a number of well-known brands, and vigorously enhance the strength of the county's economy, and realize the coordinated development of urban and rural areas.
This is the first time that I've seen this.
(VII) Weihai City, Shandong Province, making full use of the comparative advantages of location and cultural and traditional advantages, to open up the overall development of the overall situation, vigorously develop trade with South Korea and foreign economic and technological cooperation, driven by institutional innovation and the cultivation of specialty industries, the success of the location advantages, environmental advantages into a strong economy, to achieve positive interaction between economic development and environmental protection, and harmonious coexistence of man and nature.
File photo: The port of Weihai City has gradually formed a multi-functional port system with various facilities.
(H) Shouguang City, Shandong Province, to give play to the initial comparative advantage of agriculture, starting from agriculture, innovation in agricultural production methods, agriculture to cultivate industry, industrial enhancement of the economy, relying on agriculture to enrich the people, relying on industry to strengthen the city to realize the mutual assistance between industry and agriculture, urban-rural interaction, industrial and agricultural **** with the prosperity of the city and the rural areas of the coordinated development.
(IX) Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, relying on the unique geographical advantage of being adjacent to Hong Kong, backed by the Pearl River Delta and the vast inland hinterland, to seize the opportunity of the opening up of the Special Economic Zones, to the large-scale introduction of foreign investment to drive foreign economic cooperation, the development of high-tech to support the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure to promote independent innovation to enhance the competitiveness of the industry, and to continue to open up and promote innovation in institutions and mechanisms, from the poverty of the backwardness of a small fishing village developed into the southern part of China's comprehensive development. It has developed from a poor and backward fishing village into a modern metropolis in the south of China with the strongest comprehensive economic strength, technological innovation capability and international competitiveness.
Shenzhen bird's eye view (taken on July 1). July 23, the Shenzhen Municipal Bureau of Statistics announced that, after preliminary accounting, the first half of the city's gross domestic product of 353.288 billion yuan, an increase of 10.5% over the same period of the previous year, to maintain the momentum of a good and fast. Xinhua News Agency reporter Zhuang Jin took
(10) Dongguan City, Guangdong Province, vigorously introduce foreign investment, expanding labor force employment, the establishment of processing trade bases, the cultivation of export industry clusters, the formation of export-oriented economy, park economy, the private economy echoed and the information industry, the modern service industry to support each other's development path.
(xi) Wuhu City, Anhui Province, adhering to the independent innovation as the core competitiveness of the fundamental, adhere to some, some do not, and focus on cultivating the international competitiveness of the characteristics of the pillar industries, the formation of the three major industrial clusters represented by the automobile manufacturing, to explore the central and western regions to give play to the advantages of the success of the path of latecomers.
(xii) Ji'an City, Jiangxi Province, the implementation of new industrialization as the core of the development strategy, the establishment of industrial parks, accelerate the rise of industry, support and drive agricultural intensification, industrialization, promote urbanization, industrial development, agricultural stability, the masses rich, so that the poor old revolutionary areas on the road to full prosperity.
(xiii) Changsha County, Hunan Province, the use of adjacent to the provincial capital and convenient transportation conditions, to attract foreign investment, the construction of industrial parks, the development of advantageous enterprises and industrial clusters; adhere to the industry to promote agriculture, promote food production and the development of agricultural characteristics, to achieve the rise of industry and strong counties, strong farmers and rich people, and become known as the "first county of the three Xiang".
Adherence to industrialization and agricultural development
(xiv) Ordos City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, through the scientific use of superior resource conditions, the introduction of a high starting point and configuration of production factors, the full implementation of resource-saving, environmentally friendly, intensive industrial and agricultural production and management of animal husbandry, to create a late-coming advantage, to achieve leapfrog development, out of a resource-rich areas of the west of the rapid development of the road.
(15) Lijiang City, Yunnan Province, the use of local advantages and characteristics of resources, bigger and stronger to do fine tourism industry, tourism to drive economic and social development, from the unknown southwest border town development into a rich and prosperous, civilized and harmonious tourism and cultural city.
August 28, Naxi girls (first from left) in Lijiang Old Town Sifang Street to recruit tourists. With the end of the Olympic Games, coupled with the Mid-Autumn Festival, National Day is approaching, Lijiang tourists are increasing, the tourism market ushered in the "post-Olympics" heat. Xinhua News Agency reporter Qin Qing photographed
(16) Dingxi City, Gansu Province, carry forward the "leadership hard to grasp, the Department of hard to help, the masses of hard work" spirit, play a comparative advantage, pay attention to the introduction of the international advanced production model, the small potato into a big industry, the formation of grass farming - the development of biogas -The first step is to make a big industry out of small potatoes, and form a successful path out of poverty in areas with poor natural conditions by planting grass and raising livestock, developing biogas, fertilizing fields with methane residue, and improving the ecological circular economy model.
(17) Tiexi District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, through the comprehensive implementation of the revitalization of the Northeast region and other old industrial bases of the strategic plan, to seize the historical opportunity of the new economic upturn cycle, boldly carry out the reform of the administrative system and innovation of the state-owned enterprise system, give full play to the comparative advantages, accelerate the pace of technological progress and economic restructuring, and improve the social security system, so that the old equipment manufacturing base revitalized. The old equipment manufacturing base will be revitalized.
(xviii) Suifenhe City, Heilongjiang Province, by giving full play to the advantages of location, opening up along the border as the basic strategy, vigorously develop border trade with Russia, build trade and tourism, import and export processing, cross-border investment and cooperation in three major industrial systems, drive the construction of rural areas and cities, and promote the overall development of social undertakings, and walked out of a road of opening up and promoting the development of the development of the port city.
Three, the development experience of various places *** understanding
The successful practice of the development of these 18 places is a vivid microcosm of the road of socialist development with Chinese characteristics and specific embodiment. Although the conditions, paths and modes of development of these places are different, and their practices are not the same, they have the following main features.
(a) good at seizing development opportunities in the changing domestic and international economic environment. These places have a strong sense of opportunity and crisis awareness, seize the opportunity not to let up, encounter difficulties not to retreat. Domestically, they are able to consciously adapt to the new situation of China's deep development of industrialization, informatization, urbanization, marketization and internationalization, to find opportunities, win the first chance, and actively deal with risks and challenges. From the international perspective, we can correctly grasp the new trend of economic globalization, seize the opportunity of reorganization of factors of production and accelerated industrial transfer on a global scale, take the initiative to undertake international industrial transfers, make full use of the two international and domestic markets and two kinds of resources, and strive to broaden the space for development, and actively share the benefits of economic globalization.
(2) Give full play to their comparative advantages. These places are able to recognize that they have both relative advantages and relative disadvantages, in order to win the initiative in the fierce market competition, to achieve good and rapid development, we must make full use of the unique local conditions of location, resource endowment, characteristics of the industry, history and culture and other resources, to give full play to the comparative advantages, to find the development of the breakthrough. In practice, these places are able to adhere to the spirit of the central with the local reality closely integrated, adhere to the local conditions, highlighting the characteristics of the strengths and avoiding weaknesses, so that the comparative advantage into a competitive advantage, to achieve the people do not have I have, I have my own superiority.
(C) Correctly handle the relationship between the market and the government. These places are able to adhere to the direction of reform of the socialist market economy, constantly improve the socialist market economic system, both give full play to the fundamental role of the market in resource allocation, but also attaches great importance to the government's role in guiding, regulating and servicing, accelerate the transformation of the government's functions, build a service-oriented government, and create a barrier-free, low-cost, efficient and favorable environment for the development of efforts to make the "invisible hand" of the government. The "invisible hand" and "visible hand" each show their strengths, organic combination, complement each other.
(D) adhere to the openness to promote reform and development. These places attach great importance to the role of openness in promoting development, and proactively promote reform and development through the expansion of openness. In practice, these places are actively expanding opening up to the outside world, as well as to the inside world; they are actively "bringing in" as well as taking the initiative to "go out". Through the expansion of opening up, cadres and masses have broadened their horizons, emancipated their minds, transformed their concepts, innovated their thinking, and strongly promoted the elimination of obstacles to institutional mechanisms and the improvement of the efficiency of resource allocation, these places have seized more opportunities for development, and gained a broader space for development, and won the advantage of greater development.
(E) Enhance the scientific and executive power of decision-making. These places are focused on the actual starting point, consciously follow the objective laws and scientific laws, and strive to promote scientific and democratic decision-making at all levels of party committees and governments; at the same time, pay attention to establish a correct concept of performance, adhere to the implementation of the decision-making seriousness, continuity, and correctly deal with the relationship between inheritance and innovation, the formation of the practice of the local economic and social development of the actual strategy, planning, and goals, and persevere with the implementation of the implementation of the blueprints and the implementation of a new policy. A blueprint to manage to the end, one after another to do.
(6) Economic development for social harmony. These places better deal with the relationship between economic and social construction, a deep understanding of economic development and social harmony is interdependent unity, without economic development can not provide a solid material basis for social harmony, no social harmony and stability can not create a good social environment for economic development. In practice, these places have emphasized that all efforts to promote economic and social development must adhere to the people-centered approach, realize, safeguard and develop the fundamental interests of the broadest possible range of people, correctly address the relationship between reform, development and stability, focus on safeguarding and improving people's livelihoods, appropriately address the relationship between the interests of all parties, and strive to combine efficiency with the promotion of social equity, so as to realize the mutual promotion of economic development and social harmony and to **** The same enhancement.
(VII) respect for the people's spirit of initiative. These places are consciously adhere to the status of the people's main body, timely grasp and effective use of the people in the development of the practice of creating new ideas, new practices, new models. Party and government cadres at all levels are able to reach out to the masses, understand the people's situation, understand public opinion, concentrate the people's wisdom, cherish the people's power, and focus on mobilizing the people's enthusiasm, initiative, creativity, in order to promote the reform and opening up and the construction of socialist modernization to provide the deepest source of strength.
(H) Playing the role of the Party's leading core. All of these places attach importance to strengthening and improving the construction of the Party, and emphasize that strengthening and improving the Party's leadership of economic work needs to be realized through Party organizations and Party members and cadres at all levels. From the practice of these places, the successful economic development of the place, have a tough leadership team, a group of grass-roots organizations with the role of a fighting fortress, a team of party members and cadres can play a pioneering role, some unique and with the times of the party building practices, the party organization can give full play to the overall situation, coordination of all aspects of the role of the party effectively realize the party's construction and the construction of the inherent unity of the modernization of socialism. The party's construction and modernization of socialism are effectively realized.
Fourth, the development of the new challenges faced by the local
These 18 places are still facing some new challenges on the way forward. The main ones are: the mode of economic development is still relatively crude, the cost of economic development in terms of resources and environment is greater, and the task of transforming the mode of economic development is very heavy and urgent; the industrial structure is not reasonable, the agricultural base is weak, the industry is big but not strong, and the development of the service industry is lagging behind; the ability to innovate is not strong, and there is a lack of independent intellectual property rights, core technologies, and world-renowned brands; there is a profound change in the structure of the society and a profound adjustment of the pattern of interests; the construction and management of society faces many challenges. In the face of profound changes in social structure and profound adjustments in the pattern of interests, social construction and management are facing many new issues, and so on. These situations show that, under the new situation that China's development has stood on a new historical starting point, in order to solve the outstanding contradictions and problems encountered in the process of development, the most fundamental thing is to hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, be guided by Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of the "Three Represents", thoroughly implement the scientific outlook on development, continue to emancipate the mind, insist on reform and opening up, promote reform and opening up, and promote the development of social construction and management. Emancipate the mind, insist on reform and opening up, promote scientific development, promote social harmony, implement the strategic plan of the 17th CPC National Congress in a solid manner, strive to realize the new requirements for building a moderately prosperous society in all aspects, push forward the construction of socialist economy, politics, culture, society and ecological civilization, and push forward the new great project of Party building in a comprehensive manner, so as to make new strides along the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics. to take new steps forward on the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
Attached Table
Development Indicators Related to the 18 Regions
Region Year (Growth Rate) Gross Regional Product (RMB) Gross Regional Product Per Capita (RMB) Fiscal Income (RMB) Per Capita Net Income of Rural Residents (RMB) Per Capita Disposable Income of Urban Residents (RMB) Total Exports (US$10,000)
Pudong New Area 1978 44000 706 11100 253 Empty
Pudong New Area 2007 27507600 14526 8544900 12730 24273 5281000
Pudong New Area Average annual growth rate (%) 18.1 (1990-2007) 18.1 (1990-2007) 36.3 (1990-2007) 14.5 14.2 (2002-2007) 31.0 (1993-2007)
Kunshan City 1978 24000 466 3460 201 636 3807 (1990)
Kunshan City 2007 11520000 171061 2020000 12168 21927 323200
Kunshan City Average annual growth rate (%) 18.6 17.5 18.2 9.4 10.7 48.7
Jiangyin City 1978 43307 442 8836 199 341 219
Jiangyin City 2007 11900000 99490 1905252 10641 21013 643536
Jiangyin City Average annual growth rate (%) 21.4 20.5 20.4 14.7
15.3 31.7
Yiwu City 1978 12800 235 2000 136 485 (1981) 10623 (2000)
Yiwu City 2007 4100000 59144 588800 10200
24800 166000
Yiwu City Average annual growth rate (%) 22.0 21.0 21.6 16.0
16.2 46.7
Wenzhou City 1978 132000 238 13500 113 477 (1981) 169 (1988)
Wenzhou City 2007 21450000 28362 2933000 8591
24002 1014800
Wenzhou City Average annual growth rate (%) 15.1 13.8 20.4 16.1
16.3 58.1
Quanzhou City 1978 77900 171 7900 75 324 200 (1979)
Quanzhou City 2007 22886000 29664 2250600 7244
18097 495000
Quanzhou City Average annual growth rate (%) 17.7 15.6 21.5 17.1
14.9 32.2
Weihai City 1978 95400 440 10647 209 350 60
Weihai City 2007 15834500 63226 1562049 7737
16285 697172
Weihai City Average annual growth rate (%) 15.3 14.8 18.8 13.3
14.2 38.1
Shouguang City 1978 42000 417 8050 74 351 133.5
Shouguang City 2007 3329000 32664 330575 6619 13806 104764
Shouguang City Average annual growth rate (%) 14.6 14.1 13.7 16.8
13.5 25.8
Shenzhen City 1979 19638 606 1721 152 Empty 930
Shenzhen City 2007 67654100 79221 27700000 Empty
24870.21 28753300
Shenzhen City Average annual growth rate (%) 27.4 12.8 34.4 Empty Empty 37.5
Dongguan 1978 61100 553 12200 149 318 3900
Dongguan 2007 31260000 46014 5380000 11514 26983 10110000
Dongguan Average annual growth rate (%) 18.0 16.5 23.4 16.2
17.0 28.6
Wuhu 1978 74500 434 24500 95 392 39 (1990)
Wuhu 2007 5811200 25294 1051600 5208
13234 168000
Wuhu Average annual Growth rate (%) 9.99 8.89 7.74 8.66
6.85 63.60
Ji'an 1978 85900 246 6441 140 529(1985) 1840(1985)
Ji'an 2007 4060000 8600 408000 4029 11120 16049
Ji'an City Average annual growth rate (%) 10.9 9.7 15.3 12.3 14.8 10.3
Changsha County 1978 21284 296 1919 143 12012(2005) 3791(1999)
Changsha County 2007 2878751 36491 319008 7000 15834 62400
Changsha County Average annual growth rate (%) 15.44 15.06 19.26 14.36 9.65 41.92
Erdos City 1978 34600 344 1900 194 279
3051(1989)
Ordos 2007 11509100 75161 2008000 6123 16226 52401
Ordos Average annual growth rate (%) 22.2 20.4 27.1 12.6 15.0 17.1
Lijiang 1978 16564 191 1283 66 400 Air
Lijiang 2007 848176 6984 72831 1922 11918 1712
Lijiang City Average annual growth rate (%) 7.9 6.9 14.9 12.4 12.4 Empty
Dingshi City 1978 24874 114 3020 72 241 69
Dingshi City 2007 1001031 3422 60810 1863 8343 1152
Dingxi City Average annual growth rate (%) 8.14 7.32 10.91 6.84
7.63 11.09
Tiexi District 1978 45000 900 800 280 420 900
Tiexi District 2007 4670000 49100 526000 9190 13656 94140
Tiexi District Average annual growth rate (%) 17.3 14.7 25.1 12.8
12.7 17.3
Suifenhe City 1978 997 560 54 106 2210 (1987) 249 (1987)
Suifenhe City 2007 505665 80962 100100 6688
14850 222263
Suifenhe Average annual growth rate (%) 21.3 16.2 29.6 15.4
10.0 40.6