geographical position
Chang'an
Chang 'an is located in Guanzhong Plain, with the river as the pool, the ridge as the wall, the Yellow River and the Qinling Mountains as the barriers, the Weihe River in the north, the Qinling Mountains in the south, and eight waters dotted Chang 'an. There are natural hazards in the east, related to the west, related to the west, related to the north and related to the south. It is a place that is easy to defend but difficult to attack, and it is very suitable for being a national capital. It is located in Chang 'an.
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Kaifeng is located in the Central Plains, and its surroundings extend in all directions, especially the land and water terminals. Since the Han Dynasty, a tributary channel has been built, which was expanded again in Sui and Tang Dynasties, taking advantage of the world's water transport. Kaifeng is destined to be prosperous, and merchants can transport goods conveniently. Kaifeng's geographical conditions are not suitable for being the capital of the country. Kaifeng City is surrounded by Ma Pingchuan, and there is no danger to defend. Once the enemy crosses the Yellow River, Kaifeng will be directly exposed to the enemy.
scale
Chang'an
Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty consists of three parts: Outer Guo Cheng, Imperial City and Miyagi, with a total area of 87.27 square kilometers.
The outer Guo Cheng is rectangular, with a length of 972 1 m from east to west, a width of 865 1.7 m from north to south and a circumference of 36.7 km. There are three gates around the outer city, and six streets running through the twelve gates are the main roads in the city. Suzaku Street, which runs through the north and south, is the standard central axis. It connects Chengtian Gate in Miyagi, Zhuque Gate in Imperial City and Mingde Gate in Outer City, and divides Chang 'an into two parts which are symmetrical in east and west. Miyagi is located in the northern center of Kuocheng, with Zhuque Street150m wide to150m wide. There is a business circle in the east and west of the city, called Dongcheng and Xicheng. There are 1 1 streets in the north and south of the city, and 14 streets in the east and west. The residential area is divided into neat 1 10 squares, which are separated by square walls and provided with square doors.
The imperial city is also rectangular, located in the north of Waiguo and south of Gongcheng. Miyagi is long from east to west, with a width of 1843 meters from north to south and a circumference of 9.2 kilometers. There is a horizontal street between the north of the city and the wall of Miyagi, and there are five gates on the other three sides: three gates in the south, Zhuquemen in the middle, and light gates on both sides; One in the east and one in the west, namely Jingfeng Gate and Shunyi Gate. Zhuquemen, in the middle of the south, is the main entrance, connecting with Mingdemen in Guo Cheng via Zhuquejie to the south and facing Chengtianmen in Miyagi to the north, forming the north-south axis of the city. There are seven east-west streets and five north-south streets in the city, and there are sacrificial buildings such as the central government office building, ancestral temple and country between the roads.
Miyagi is located in the middle of northern Guo Cheng, with a rectangular plane, 2820 meters long from east to west, 1492 meters wide from north to south, and 8.6 kilometers in circumference ... There are walls around the city, and the Chengtianmen Gate is opened in the middle of the south. Miyagi is divided into three parts. The center is Taiji Palace, which is called "Dajing". On the east side is the East Palace, which is the residence of the prince. On the west side is Yeting Palace, which is the residence of the staff of the harem.
Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, built Daming Palace in Tang Gaozong, and Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, rebuilt and expanded it into Xingqing Palace when he became king in Linzi. Together, the three palaces are called "Three Neifu".
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Kaifeng consists of three cities: outer city, inner city and imperial city, all of which are surrounded by moats.
The outer city is an irregular quadrilateral with a circumference of 80 miles. It has 12 doors, 6 doors, north wall, 4 doors, south wall, 3 doors, 2 doors, west wall, 3 doors, 2 doors, east wall, 2 doors and 2 doors, and the main road "Yujie" on the north-south central axis. It begins at the Xuande Gate of the Palace. In the middle is the imperial road, which is a royal avenue. No pedestrians are allowed in. Trenches were dug on both sides. The ditch is full of lotus flowers, and peach, plum, pear, apricot and coconut trees are planted on both sides. There are black paint forks on both sides of the ditch. Beyond the two ditches, there are royal corridors on both sides, which are areas for civilian activities. Open a shop on the street where ordinary people buy and sell. Whenever the emperor went out, ordinary people gathered on both sides.
The inner city is an irregular quadrangle with a circumference of 20 miles. * * There are 10 gates and 2 sluices. There are three doors in the north and south walls, and two doors and a water gate in the east and west walls. The Bianhe River in the city runs through the north and south, and the Bianhe River runs through the "Imperial Street". There is a "state bridge" on the Imperial Street for the emperor to drive. There are government agencies such as Kaifeng House and Yushitai in the city, and temples and Taoist temples such as Suoguo Temple and Taiping xingguo temple.
Miyagi, Miyagi is located slightly northwest of the inner city center. There are six gates in Miyagi * * *: three in the south and one on the other three sides. The main entrance to the south of Miyagi is Xuande Gate, and the most important building is the Daqing Hall located on the central axis of the city. It's magnificent. There are Wende Hall and Zi Ai Hall in the south of Miyagi. To the north of Miyagi is the bedroom area, and Funing Hall is the place where the Emperor lives.
There are four rivers in Kaifeng city, which are connected with the moats of outer city, inner city and imperial city respectively, forming a huge natural water system, in which Caihe River flows from southwest to southeast, Zhangwuhe River flows from northwest corner to northeast, and runs through the outer city from west to east. Jinshui River flows into the imperial city from the northwest through the inner city and connects with the moats of the outer city, the inner city and the imperial city, forming a flowing water system.
Human population
Chang'an
In the heyday of Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty, the population reached 6.5438+0 million. In the population of Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty, besides residents, royalty, dignitaries, soldiers, slaves, monks and nuns, and ethnic minorities, there were no fewer than 30,000 foreign businessmen, messengers, international students, and monks studying abroad. At that time, envoys from as many as 300 countries and regions came to Chang 'an and Tangtong. Tang's scientific and technological culture, political system and diet fashion spread from Chang 'an to all parts of the world. Western culture was digested and recreated by Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty and then spread to Japan, Korea, Myanmar and other neighboring countries and regions. Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty became a gathering place for business and cultural exchanges between the East and the West, and was the largest international metropolis in the world at that time.
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In the heyday of the Song Dynasty, Kaifeng, with a population of 1.5 million, was magnificent, large-scale and prosperous, reaching its peak, becoming the political, economic and cultural center of the country at that time and the most prosperous metropolis in the world. Zhang Zeduan, a painter in the Northern Song Dynasty, painted a huge picture "The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival", which vividly described the bustling scene of Kaifeng City in the Song Dynasty. The Northern Song Dynasty was another heyday of the development of science, technology, culture and art after the Tang Dynasty, which created a brilliant generation of Song Wenhua and had a far-reaching influence on later generations.
business
Chang'an
Chang 'an has two cities, Dongcheng and Xicheng. Dongshi is close to Taiji Palace, Daming Palace and other royal palaces, so all the palaces built around Dongshi are dignitaries. There are many "luxury stores" in the East City, which belong to the high-consumption business circle, and all the people who enter and leave the East City are local dignitaries. Because the East City is close to the Palace, the overall atmosphere of the East City is more formal, and there are few places for entertainment and consumption.
The western market is relatively close to the people, with a large number of ordinary people and many foreign merchants. The western market is dominated by daily necessities and low-consumption catering, and the flow of people is much larger than that of the eastern market, which is crowded and mixed. Compared with the East City, the overall atmosphere of the West City is more lively, with more entertainment places, more people singing and dancing in the streets and lower consumption. The West Market opens at 4 o'clock every morning (9- 10). Before the opening of the market, merchants and customers gathered at the gate of the market to wait for the opening of the market, and the market closed before sunset at 5-6 pm.
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Kaifeng has no specific business district. We can see the bustling commercial scene in Kaifeng from the painting Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival by Zhang Zeduan, a painter in the Northern Song Dynasty. As can be seen from The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, the merchant ships on the Bianhe River are full of goods, boatmen are rowing, merchant ships are carrying the placed goods, the streets are full of high-rise buildings, restaurants, teahouses and other industries. The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival vividly depicts Kaifeng City in Song Dynasty. At that time, the bustling commercial scene not only fascinated people.
conclusion
Geographically speaking, Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty is more suitable as the capital than Kaifeng in Song Dynasty. In terms of scale, Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty was bigger than Kaifeng in Song Dynasty, and the urban planning was more elaborate and regular than Kaifeng in Song Dynasty. Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty was an international metropolis in the world and a center of cultural exchange between the East and the West. Kaifeng in the Song Dynasty was different from Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty. Kaifeng in the Song Dynasty was a metropolis of China at that time. But the population of Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty was not as prosperous as Kaifeng in Song Dynasty. The main reason is that there is no curfew system in the Song Dynasty, and the cultural life in the Song Dynasty is more abundant. There are many places of entertainment, and there are no fences between the squares in the Tang Dynasty. In addition, Kaifeng City's land and water terminals extend in all directions, which is a city that everyone yearns for in the Song Dynasty. Therefore, Kaifeng in the Song Dynasty is destined to be much more prosperous than Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty.
China people all have a Chang 'an plot and a dream of returning to the Tang Dynasty. Will there be an opening plot? Will you dream back to the capital of song dynasty?
I didn't even think about it. It must be Bianjing. There was a curfew in the Tang Dynasty. After 4 pm, people have to leave their homes open and can't go out at will. In the early Song Dynasty, the curfew was lifted. At night, the whole Bianjing is brightly lit, and all kinds of entertainment consumption change, you know. The most important thing is that you can order takeout in the Song Dynasty. Yes, you are not mistaken. Bianjing did have all kinds of errands at that time. Otherwise, you still think "China Tokyo Dream" was written in vain? Isn't there a poem that is well written? When will the singing and dancing in the West Lake stop?
Warm wind makes tourists drunk and makes Hangzhou a continent! Isn't it a more realistic description of the feasting and eight streets and nine streets in Bianjing, Tokyo?
In contrast, Tokyo in the Northern Song Dynasty was more prosperous than Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty, which was mainly due to the progress of economic level.
Both of them continue in urban layout, and the capital Tokyo draws lessons from Chang 'an's basic planning system. Moreover, it has broken the boundaries of the market, and there is a night market at night. These are two great progress.
In addition, as the central hub of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, Tokyo's role as a transportation center is greater than Chang 'an, which basically relies on land transportation.
According to Wang Anshi's biography in the Song Dynasty, there are 200,000 residents in Tokyo, which is about 6.5438+00,000 if there are 5 people in each household. Coupled with a large number of "wandering hands and waves" without hukou, as well as government agencies and hundreds of thousands of troops, it was the largest city in the world at that time.
There is also an entertainment venue "Wasi" in Tokyo. There are dozens of entertainment places called "Wazi" in Tokyo. These places, such as performances, storytelling, acrobatics, wrestling and shuttlecock kicking, attracted a large audience. Wazi is not only a place of entertainment, but also a place where business is booming.
The emperor fled nine times and Chang 'an was six times sleepy, so he ate the east capital, so prosperous that the emperor starved in Chang 'an. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the emperor went to Luoyang to feed his hunger in Chang 'an. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the emperor often moved the whole government agency to Luoyang because of the poor grain transportation and poor harvest in Guanzhong, which was called "Eating the East Capital" and "Eating the Emperor".
Every three years, the nations (nations come to Korea) tend to Heluo Zhang Jiuling (Zaifu in the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty).
The netizens of Elysee said that the depletion of the ocean is also more objective. But the conclusion is not very clear. It should be: Although Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty was formal, many foreigners came to Chang 'an, and its economy and culture were prosperous, and its influence at home and abroad was greater than Kaifeng's, but Chang 'an in Song Dynasty was not as prosperous as Kaifeng's. Here are two figures: one is the population, and the Song Dynasty is the sum of the population of Han and Tang Dynasties. Second, the total economic output is more than the sum of Han and Tang dynasties.
I have published three clumsy articles and talked about this situation on a similar question, "Why was Da Song defeated by a few people?". Please check it.
Now ask scholars in Xi 'an, and they will admit that Kaifeng is far more prosperous than Chang 'an. Before the second scientific revolution, Kaifeng was the most prosperous and civilized city in the world. Only after a major overhaul can Paris surpass Song and Tokyo in an all-round way. Even the chaotic service city management level in London during the Opium War was not comparable to that in Tokyo.
It can be clearly seen from the Riverside Map on Qingming Festival that Tokyo has an urban management system and a garbage disposal system, and how to solve the problem of setting up stalls is better than that of Beijing and Shanghai now. And delivery service.
According to the records in the History of Song Dynasty, the protection of private property is effective. The emperor wanted to expand the palace, but the merchants of the palace neighbors did not agree to the demolition, so the emperor had to give up.
Tang Changan said two things, which is estimated that most people can't accept. First, there is no garbage disposal system in Chang 'an. Feces and domestic garbage are directly buried at home, and soon they are mixed with groundwater, and the water quality is very poor. The second is the curfew system, unlike Tokyo, which has a night market, you can play casually.
Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty, of course! Do not accept refutation.
The prosperity of a city not only refers to the prosperity of business, but also refers to the horizontal comparison of its role in the historical process and cultural creativity.
Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty was the largest city in ancient human society. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the area of Beijing was 62 square kilometers, and the area of the ancient city of Paris was the same. They are all extremely huge ancient cities in the history of world cities. However, the area of Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty was 84 square kilometers, which was still above the two.
Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty not only surpassed Chang 'an in Han Dynasty (36 square kilometers) and Luoyang in Northern Wei Dynasty (53 square kilometers), but also far surpassed Rome (20 square kilometers) and Constantinople (14 square kilometers). Of course, it is more than Kaifeng in the Song Dynasty. As far as the scale of land occupation is concerned, Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty was extremely prosperous among the ancient cities in the world. And in any dynasty in ancient China, this record has never been reached again. This record has been incredibly maintained for 1000 years. It was not until mankind developed into a capitalist society that a modern metropolis like London appeared, breaking the record of Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty.
Chang 'an City in the Tang Dynasty is definitely a pioneering work in human history, which was expanded on the basis of the prosperity of the Sui Dynasty. Daxing City in Sui Dynasty was planned and designed by Yuwen Kai, a unique and talented designer in Chinese history. Yu Wenkai was only 28 years old at that time. He not only designed Daxing City in the Sui Dynasty, but also designed Luoyang, the eastern capital 23 years later, which was also used by the Tang Dynasty and later designated as Tang Dou by Wu Zetian.
If we can cross Chang 'an City in the "Kaiyuan Shengshi" period, it will be a dreamlike scene from a distance. Once, a leader of Tiele 12 in the Western Regions came to Chang 'an to see Emperor Taizong. He was so scared that he cried and dared not climb the steps of Daming Palace. If you see Suzaku Street in Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty, it is 180 meters wide, you will think it is big and useless, but when you happen to meet a prince and nobleman to travel, you will think that Chang 'an really needs such a wide road, because the cavalry on the road may take two hours to walk. In history, 650 princes, 500 first-class officials and more than 200 general Jin Wu accompanied them. If the emperor had gone to Zhong Nanshan Palace for the summer, the cavalry would have been more than 20 miles below the mountain from Daming Palace.
At that time, Chang 'an was the absolute center of the world, not only the most economically developed area in the world, but also the most culturally developed place in the world, and it was also the diplomatic center of the Tang Dynasty. The stars hold the moon, and all nations come to the DPRK. Emperor Taizong was regarded as "Tiankhan". All neighboring countries and Arab countries in West Asia take making friends with the Tang Dynasty as a grand event, take pride in using the daily necessities of the Tang Dynasty, and wear the silks and satins of the Tang Dynasty as the most fashionable clothing. Overseas students, diplomatic envoys in Tang Dynasty, monks, Uighurs, Semu people, big eaters, etc. shuttled between the blocks in Chang 'an City, and some of them still held official positions in the imperial court to serve the Tang court. Foreign exchange and foreign trade have enjoyed unprecedented prosperity.
Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty was also the starting point of the Silk Road, from which all kinds of goods flowed to the western regions and reached the Roman Empire as far as possible. When the great Caesar wore China silk robe to the Colosseum to watch the performance, it caused a sensation. Beautiful handicrafts and various crops from the western regions also penetrated into Chang 'an, greatly enriching people's lives at that time.
The opening and atmosphere of the Tang Dynasty made the country's comprehensive national strength reach the first-class level at that time. The highly developed economy has promoted the creative leap of culture and written a colorful chapter in Chinese history. It also promoted the economic development and aesthetic ability of countries in the western regions, and greatly promoted and promoted the development of productive forces in these countries.
Chang 'an City in the Tang Dynasty was the embodiment of the heyday of the Tang Dynasty, and it was also the place where China had the greatest influence on the world economy at that time. It can be said that it has never been seen before, and there has been no one since.
There is no need to answer this. Kaifeng, of course, although the Song Dynasty was not a unified country, its economy and culture were unprecedented.
Luoyang is the most prosperous capital of the Tang Dynasty, and the most elite buildings in the Tang Dynasty are also in Luoyang. Yingtianmen, the Paradise Hall, is the most famous building in the whole feudal society.