First, the proposal and development of agricultural circular economy in China
Man and nature are a pair of eternal contradictions. With the continuous enhancement of human ability to transform and dominate nature, especially the traditional extensive economic growth mode and predatory resource development, the relationship between man and nature is becoming increasingly tense. Faced with the enormous pressure of population growth, resource shortage, environmental damage and ecological imbalance, the sustainable development strategy has gradually become the common choice and trend of all countries in the world through profound reflection on the previous development theory and practice. It is worth noting that in the late 1990s, a new economic development paradigm-circular economy [3-4] was first put forward and put into practice by Germany, Japan, the United States and other countries. After the development and evolution in recent years, it has been considered as an important carrier and the best mode to implement the sustainable development strategy, and it is also the fundamental means to protect the environment and reduce pollution. Some developed countries have taken the development of circular economy and the establishment of circular society as an important way to realize the coordinated development of environment and economy.
In Chinese mainland, "circular economy" is gradually rising from an unfamiliar term and concept to an important principle and strategy to guide national and regional social and economic development and environmental protection, and has made great progress in both connotation and extension. At present, the mainland has carried out pilot projects in Guiyang, Liaoning, Guigang, Guangxi, Nanhai, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, Shihezi and Changsha, Hunan. But on the whole, even in the industrial system, circular economy has just started, and it is even more difficult in the weak link of agriculture. But this does not mean that it is difficult for circular economy to make progress in agriculture. On the contrary, agriculture also needs to vigorously develop circular economy. Moreover, compared with the general circular economy, due to the uniqueness of agriculture itself and its industrial structure, agricultural development of circular economy also has many innate advantages!
Inspired by the concept and method of circular economy, and based on the fruitful theoretical and practical exploration of sustainable agriculture such as ecological agriculture in China for many years, people further realize that only by guiding and pulling from the perspective of circular economy can we coordinate the relationship between various systems and levels of modern agriculture, the relationship between agricultural production and resource allocation, and finally realize a virtuous circle among ecological quality, biological yield and economic income in an all-round way. Therefore, people try to reconstruct agricultural production and ecosystem by simulating and following the laws of material circulation and energy flow in natural ecosystem, and then gradually develop a new agricultural development model-circular agriculture, so that agricultural system can be more harmoniously integrated into the process of material circulation and energy circulation in natural ecosystem [5].
Generally speaking, among the officially published documents in China, the earliest is the article Circular Economy and Agricultural Sustainable Development written by Wu Tianma (2002) [5], and the word "circular agriculture" or "circular agriculture" was first written by Chen Demin and Wang Wenxian (2002)***. However, in 2003, there was little academic research in this field in China. It was not until 2004 that there was a document to discuss this; In the past 2005, the development and theoretical research of agricultural circular economy in various places showed a good momentum of prosperity.
Second, the development status and trend of circular agriculture in Chinese mainland
(A) on the development model
Although circular economy was put forward in China in recent years, it has been practiced in China, such as ecological agriculture and ecological industry, and many cases have been summarized (Xie Zhenhua, 2003). In reality, the colorful practice of agricultural circular economy in some places has been ahead of theoretical research, and advanced models have emerged, such as Henan Tianguan Enterprise Group, Guangxi Guitang, Beijing Xiedao Green Ecological Resort, Shanghai Chongming Qianwei Village Model, and Liaoning Province's "four in one" solar greenhouse ecological agriculture demonstration zone. Among them, the "four-in-one" solar greenhouse energy ecological project initiated by farmers in Liaoning Province, with biotechnology as the main body and biogas as the link, is essentially a circular economy based on agriculture and the embodiment of the new route of agricultural modernization.
In addition, Fujian Shengnong Group Co., Ltd. has also embarked on a "resource-product-renewable resources" circular agricultural development path in recent years by focusing on industrial chains such as broiler main chain, bioengineering sideline chain and organic fertilizer sideline chain. According to the development advantages and influencing factors of circular agriculture, Suqian City, Jiangsu Province has gradually formed seven models suitable for local development: "ecological home" cycle model, edible fungus biological chain cycle model, organic agriculture development model, facility agriculture ecological model, three-dimensional planting cycle model, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery combined cycle model, and flower seedling ecological agriculture model (Higher Education, 2004).
At the same time, Liu Huie and others (2005) put forward an agricultural circular economy model of "low consumption-no pollution-high output-reuse-good benefit" with ecological agriculture as the core by adopting a series of agricultural high-tech technologies such as energy saving, environmental protection, green and clean production. Liu Zhi (2005) and Wang (2005) combined with the reality of Shaanxi and Qingdao, respectively, summarized some typical models of local agricultural circular economy development and their technical support systems. Some typical models have also been developed in ethnic areas such as Heilongjiang (Chen Qing, 2005; Li Yuming, 2005; Yuan Jiuhe, 2005). Li Shumin et al. (2005) focused on animal husbandry, and discussed the main technical routes to realize the tertiary recycling of crop straw and the secondary utilization of livestock manure. Wang Huaijian (2005) discussed several agro-ecological engineering models suitable for developing agricultural circular economy; Wang et al. (2005) put forward three basic models of circular economy in aquaculture in China, such as "social cycle", "inter-enterprise cycle" and "intra-enterprise cycle".
However, the above model does not represent the whole of circular agriculture in China. When researching and designing specific development models, all localities should also proceed from local reality, and can adopt one model or multiple models. Moreover, no matter what model is implemented, we must strictly follow the objective laws of ecology, make rational use of natural resources and environmental capacity, and make the economy harmoniously integrate into the material cycle of natural ecology. Limited by space and realistic conditions, we can't systematically analyze and classify the booming circular agriculture in various places, but Huang et al. (2004) have comprehensively summarized the general models that can be adopted to develop circular agriculture: regional circular model, energy comprehensive utilization model, ecological farming model, agricultural waste comprehensive utilization model and green organic agriculture model; It is considered that each of the above models contains some specific practical forms, such as: ecological farming model, including livestock and poultry farming model based on the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry, ecological farming model in paddy field, efficient intensive farming and healthy farming model [7].
(B) on the direction of development
As for how to develop circular agriculture in China, Wu Tianma put forward two modes (paths) of agricultural sustainable development oriented to circular economy earlier: one is a progressive circular economy development mode based on ecological agriculture construction, and the other is a leap-forward circular economy development mode based on organic agriculture construction; It is believed that the former has wider adaptability and practical significance and should be strongly advocated, while the latter provides a more direct way to fundamentally coordinate the relationship between man and nature and promote the sustainable development of mankind [5]. Chen Demin and others also believe that in order to realize the unification of agricultural economic benefits and environmental benefits and even the optimization of social benefits, it is necessary to implement agricultural cleaner production and develop circular agriculture in China on the basis of ecological agriculture in China [6].
From June 5438 to 10, 2005, at the "high-level seminar on circular economy development strategy" held by Economic Daily, Yang Chaofei, director of the Policy and Regulation Department of the State Environmental Protection Administration, pointed out that ecological agriculture is the future direction of agricultural development, and ecological agriculture under circular economy should be the ultimate direction of agricultural development. In this regard, Ji Kunsen (2005) also wrote that it is generally believed that the application of circular economy in agriculture is ecological agriculture; In fact, the application of circular economy in agriculture is wider, and its essence is the application of circular economy principle in the development of ecological agriculture, which can be called circular economy ecological agriculture.
(3) About the development strategy
Compared with Germany and other pioneering countries, there is still a big gap between the theoretical research and practice of circular economy in China. Generally speaking, "China Circular Agriculture" originated from the reflection on the environmental consequences of traditional agriculture and inspired by the concept of circular economy does not even have a clear and unified definition at present. The research on circular economy in agricultural development in all parts of China is still in the initial stage of understanding or concept, especially the quantitative research and systematic analysis that reveals the most essential contents of agricultural circular economy, such as material circulation and value proliferation, and there are still many theories, technologies, policies and laws.
Specifically, firstly, there is an urgent need for a more systematic and in-depth theoretical analysis and scientific interpretation of circular agriculture, so as to truly understand and grasp the rich scientific connotation and development direction of agricultural circular economy; Second, in view of the rich and colorful practices in various places have been ahead of theoretical research to a certain extent, the development models of circular agriculture in various places are more representative, such as three-dimensional agriculture and recycling of agricultural means of production (large-scale pig raising, etc.). ), the optimal allocation mode of land, technology, capital and labor (leisure sightseeing agriculture), and the industrial chain connection mode of agricultural primary, secondary and tertiary industries (new agricultural industrialization). As well as the development and utilization of bioenergy (a new field of circular agriculture development), it is also very urgent and beneficial to carry out more systematic and in-depth analysis and research (mainly material metabolism analysis and economic benefit accounting, with emphasis on the circular process, benefit evaluation and ecology in the case), try to sum up experience (echo theoretical research), find out the shortcomings and put forward suggestions or measures for improvement; Thirdly, before the unified and standardized evaluation index system of circular agriculture has been issued in China, it is also a realistic topic that academic circles need to study hard to carry out all-round exploration and multi-angle scientific research on circular agriculture and gradually establish an evaluation index system and development plan suitable for local characteristics; Fourthly, based on the local resource and environmental endowments and the reality of the current development of circular agriculture, this paper selectively analyzes and compares the general experience and lessons of developing circular agriculture in relevant countries or domestic advanced regions (including Taiwan Province Province), and studies the development strategy and system (policy) innovation of circular agriculture from macro, meso and micro levels, so as to provide a solid theoretical basis and practical guidance for the construction of agricultural circular economy.
Third, the discussion on the coordinated development of circular agriculture across the Taiwan Strait.
(A) the development status and trend of circular agriculture in Taiwan Province Province.
Although there are few references to "circular agriculture" in Taiwan Province Province, Taiwan Province Province has made great progress in developing sustainable agriculture, R&D and development strategy, and accumulated a lot of useful experience. On the other hand, we also notice that Taiwan Province Province is one of the economically and socially developed regions in the world. Especially in recent decades, due to the rapid economic growth and serious industrial and agricultural pollution in Taiwan Province Province, people's health and living environment are increasingly threatened. On the one hand, people's requirements for quality of life are constantly improving, especially for food safety, and green (organic) fruit and vegetable products are widely favored by consumers; On the other hand, human activities have caused harm to the environment and long-term adverse consequences, which are gradually deteriorating and spreading, and are bringing negative effects on its living environment and social development. Therefore, in the face of the arrival of the era of circular economy, people on both sides of the strait should re-explore what, how to produce, how to consume and how to live from a higher level. ...
For example, pig industry has always been the most important animal husbandry in Taiwan Province Province, and its output value ranks first among single agricultural products in Taiwan Province Province for many years. However, how to reduce the wastewater pollution from pig industry is one of the primary factors that directly affect and determine the development of pig industry. It is reported that the daily output of wastewater BOD in Taiwan Province Province in 2004 was 4,223 tons, of which 673 tons were livestock wastewater. In order to effectively control the pollution of pig wastewater, the environmental protection department has formulated a specific "water discharge standard" according to the Water Pollution Prevention Law. In order to meet the above control standards, they began to instruct operators to set up wastewater treatment equipment from 65438 to 0990. At present, pig farms in Taiwan Province Province mainly adopt the "three-stage wastewater treatment system" of solid-liquid separation, anaerobic treatment and aerobic treatment. But generally speaking, the pig industry still faces the dilemma of industrial development and environmental protection, and its technical efficiency needs to be further improved (Xiao Jingkai et al., 2006).
Take the waste (waste residue) treatment of mushroom production on the island as an example. In 2004, the total output of Lentinus edodes in Taiwan Province Province was 4,866 tons, including 47 14 tons in bags, accounting for about 97% of the total output. In addition to sawdust and other residues, bagged mushrooms also produce a lot of plastic waste. Obviously, in the face of such a large amount of garbage, township garbage treatment plants have been unable to deal with it on their behalf, and such a large amount of garbage is not a problem that can be solved by traditional burying and burning methods. For this reason, some scholars have proposed "source reduction" and "resource recycling" through legislation and private assistance to reduce the cost of garbage cleaning and avoid environmental problems caused by garbage cleaning; Then, two policy tools, namely "tax" and "subsidy" based on economic incentive mechanism, are put forward (Wei Gancheng et al., 2006).
Take the tea that China people are familiar with as an example. The manufacturing technology of semi-fermented tea in Taiwan Province is the best in the world, and its varieties, cultivation techniques and garden facilities are ahead of those in Chinese mainland. And since 1987, Taiwan Province Province has introduced the concept of organic agriculture. Since 1995, 35 households ***22 hectares have been put into organic tea production, and the production scale of organic tea is still growing. ...
As Chen Qijun, Executive Secretary of Taiwan Province Organic Agriculture Development Association, said: Only when human beings return to the origin of "coexistence with nature" and get safe food, can the environment and human beings survive forever. To some extent, all these are exactly the problems that Chinese mainland, with its rapid industrialization and urbanization, needs to face further and solve properly. In this sense, the development of circular agriculture on both sides of the Taiwan Strait is in the primary stage of development, and it is urgent to further promote the development of circular agriculture and sustainable agriculture, with promising development prospects.
(B) the strategic choice for the coordinated development of circular agriculture across the Taiwan Strait
In order to promote the coordinated development of cross-strait circular agriculture, combined with the current development status and trend of circular agriculture, it is suggested to study and establish institutional arrangements for cross-strait circular agriculture exchanges and cooperation as soon as possible.
First, make full use of the existing cross-strait scientific and technological cooperation policies and personnel exchange channels, and actively carry out cross-strait circular agriculture researchers to exchange visits to give lectures, hire visiting researchers, and exchange graduate students. Promote exchanges and cooperation between industries through personnel exchanges;
Second, it is necessary to hold 1 multiple comprehensive seminars on the development of circular agriculture theory and practice between the two places in turn every year through consultation and discussion between scientific and technological exchange institutions on both sides of the strait, so as to provide a new platform for theoretical research and practitioners of circular agriculture on both sides of the strait to exchange information and share results. Generally speaking, Fujian Province has certain geographical advantages in this respect. It is suggested that Fujian-Taiwan Science and Technology Exchange Association should take the lead in organizing and mobilizing the staff of relevant scientific research and teaching units across the Taiwan Strait to actively participate in the research and practice of circular agriculture, and take the lead in holding academic seminars on the development of circular agriculture theory and practice across the Taiwan Strait.
Third, in-depth study and discussion on specific projects and ways of cross-strait circular agriculture exchanges and cooperation. Looking at the cross-strait agricultural technical cooperation projects in recent years, there is no circular agriculture project at present. Starting from the practical needs of cross-strait agricultural resources, science and technology, and market integration, we can consider specific ways and means of * * * selecting projects, * * * jointly researching and developing, respectively contributing funds, and sharing results. Moreover, we suggest that, as a national experimental zone for cross-strait agricultural cooperation, the administrative department of science and technology of Fujian Province should set up a demonstration zone for circular agriculture cooperation between Fujian and Taiwan in Zhangzhou, Quanzhou and other traditional demonstration zones for agricultural cooperation with Taiwan as soon as possible;
Fourth, we should take this cross-strait economic and trade forum as an opportunity to pay close attention to the construction and management of the newly-added "Cross-strait Agricultural Cooperation Experimental Zone" and "Taiwan Province Farmers Pioneer Park". In particular, we should actively create convenient conditions, welcome farmers and agricultural enterprises in Taiwan Province Province to invest and start businesses in the mainland, and actively seek various forms of cooperation with experts and investors in circular agriculture in Taiwan Province Province for common development.
It is certain that through the above efforts and institutional arrangements, various forms of exchanges and cooperation between experts and practical explorers on both sides of the strait will be effectively promoted. On this basis, we suggest that the development status and prospects of circular agriculture in Chinese mainland and Taiwan Province Province be deeply analyzed and compared, including the proposal and connotation, development process and effectiveness, research progress and achievements, development model and direction, development strategy and objectives, problems and potential in the development process, so as to draw similarities and differences in the development of circular agriculture in Chinese mainland and Taiwan Province, and the possibility and necessity of cross-strait cooperation. At the same time, we should further study and discuss the objectives, modes, ways and supporting measures of cross-strait circular agriculture cooperation, and then put forward the framework strategy and objectives of cross-strait circular agriculture cooperation and development in order to promote the coordinated development of cross-strait circular agriculture.
Four. Concluding remarks
Circular economy is a concrete practice mode gradually explored and summarized by the international community in the theoretical and practical research of sustainable development. Agricultural circular economy is also rising quietly around the world, which has become one of the focuses of academic circles at home and abroad in recent years. Firstly, this paper briefly introduces the concept and connotation of agricultural circular economy in China, focuses on the current situation and existing problems of circular agriculture development in Chinese mainland, and preliminarily analyzes and compares the similarities and differences of circular agriculture development between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait and the possibility and necessity of coordinated development between the two sides. From the above analysis and discussion, it can be seen that in the development of circular agriculture, both sides of the Taiwan Strait have formed their own characteristics in terms of R&D and management, and they show a complementary trend; Through cross-strait exchanges and cooperation, we can fully understand the track and policies of agricultural development and sustainable agriculture in the process of industrialization and urbanization in Taiwan Province Province, and further understand a series of development models and experiences and lessons of sustainable agriculture in Taiwan Province Province; Through the comparative analysis of cross-strait circular agriculture development, we can also put forward some development models and countermeasures that can be used for reference, as well as the objectives, models and supporting measures of cross-strait circular agriculture cooperation and development, so as to promote the optimization and enjoyment of cross-strait circular agriculture in science and technology, information, resources and environment, promote the coordinated development of cross-strait circular agriculture, and create new opportunities for cross-strait circular agriculture to meet the challenges of economic globalization and regionalization.