I. Basic Connotation of Modern Service Industry
Modern service industry is a service industry developed at the stage of high development of industrialization, mainly relying on information technology and modern management concepts, and its significant industrial characteristics are high growth, high value-added, high-tech content and strong radiation. To put it simply, modern service industry includes new service industry built on the basis of information and a part of traditional service industry which has been transformed and "regained its youthful vitality". With reference to the international standard of industrial division, modern service industry can be divided into four categories, namely, basic services, production and market services, personal consumption services and public **** services, covering modern finance, social services, modern logistics, exhibition, real estate, education and training industries.
The development of modern service industry is essentially the inevitable requirement of marketization and new industrialization. Under the conditions of market economy, the service market by the service supply and service demand **** with the decision, when the effective supply of services is insufficient to adapt to the changes in demand for services, the market will certainly require the service industry to flourish. In addition, with the development of new industrialization, science and technology, especially information technology for the rapid development of the service industry to provide the conditions and support, science and technology not only directly promote the transformation of the service business model and management mode, but also to promote and influence the market mechanism and the improvement of the way of government supervision.
Industrial economic theory and international experience show that the period of accelerated development of the modern service industry generally occurs in a country's overall economy from low-income to upper-middle-income level. During that period, the gradually developed modern service industry can provide an entrepreneurial atmosphere for the development of high-tech industries, and can form an interactive mechanism with the modern manufacturing industry, which can strongly pull the development of the metropolitan economy. The Indian software industry, which is regarded as a model for the development of modern service industry, provides us with a good example. In the past ten years, India's software annual growth rate of more than 40%, only the software industry output value of more than 1 percent of the gdp, become a strong support for domestic economic development. In China, the modern service industry is a new product. 1997, "modern service industry" name for the first time formally appeared in the party's "Fifteenth National Congress" report, in 2002, the party's "Sixteenth National Congress" put forward "the modern service industry", "the modern service industry", "the modern service industry", "the modern service industry" and "the modern service industry". "In 2002, the 16th Party Congress put forward the strategic task of "accelerating the development of modern service industry and increasing the proportion of tertiary industry in the national economy". In the next 15-20 years, China is in fact in a strategic opportunity period suitable for the accelerated development of modern service industry.
According to the traditional theory of comparative advantage, the competitiveness of a region's industry depends on whether it has comparative advantages. Beijing's comparative advantage in the development of modern service industry is obvious, developed science and technology information, talent, capital intensive, market exuberance, the Olympic Games and cepa opportunity, coupled with a good policy environment and take the lead in undertaking the transfer of the international service industry, all of which have created superior conditions for the development of modern service industry. The Ninth Party Congress of the Municipal Party Committee clearly puts forward, "Improve the knowledge content and overall level of the service industry, highlight the development of the service industry with the capital's advantages, and maintain the dominant position of the tertiary industry in the capital's economy." In the coming period, the priority development of modern service industry in line with the characteristics of the capital has become the most realistic strategic choice.
The current situation and problems of the development of modern service industry in Beijing
1. The role of modern service industry in the economic and social development of the capital is becoming more and more obvious, and the development level is among the forefront of the whole country, but there still exists a large potential for development.
Over the past 20 years since the reform and opening up, Beijing's service industry has gained great development, and the service industry has become the leading force driving economic growth. in 2003, Beijing's tertiary industry realized an added value of 225.6 billion yuan, with a growth rate of 10%, and accounted for 61.6% of the whole gdp, ranking the first in China. The rapid development of the service industry has played an important role in expanding employment and improving people's living standards, with the number of people employed in the service industry in Beijing accounting for 59% of the total employment in 2003.
But comparatively speaking, Beijing's service industry still has much room for development, which is reflected in the fact that the total amount of services is still on the small side, and its proportion is still on the low side. According to the statistics of the World Bank, in 2003, the proportion of service industry in New York, London, Tokyo and other international metropolises exceeded 85%, and the proportion of service industry employment in the total employment reached more than 70%, which is still a big gap between Beijing and them. Compared with Shanghai, although the relative number of Beijing is 13.2 percentage points higher (48.4% in Shanghai), the absolute number is only 74.5% of Shanghai (in 2003, Shanghai's tertiary industry realized 302.7 billion yuan of added value).
Table 1 Changes in the proportion of service industry in the gdp of several major cities in China in recent years (omitted)
2. The modern service industry is accelerating its development, and the traditional service industry is being constantly remodeled and upgraded, but the structure is still not reasonable enough.
The industrial structure of Beijing's service industry has been gradually adjusted and optimized in the course of development. The traditional service industry continues to maintain stable growth, the proportion of new service industry continues to increase, and new industries such as finance, convention and exhibition, and social service industry are rapidly emerging. 2003, the financial service industry realized an added value of 53.73 billion yuan, an increase of 11%, and its leading position in the development of the service industry in the capital continues to be consolidated.
But in general, it seems that the internal structure is still dominated by the traditional service industry, and the proportion of modern service industry is still on the low side. in 2003, the added value of Beijing's service industry accounted for as much as 61.6% of the city's gdp, but half of them were traditional service industries such as catering and tourism, and less than 10% of them were modern knowledge-based service industries such as education and information. Compared with the rapid development of the financial services industry, the development of other modern service industries is on the low side, especially in line with the capital's comparative advantage of culture and education, medical and health care, convention and exhibition industry, modern logistics industry and other industries, the development of the speed is relatively slow. In addition, the upgrading of industrial structure needs to be accelerated urgently, the advantageous industrial clusters need to be cultivated, and the correlation effect between the modern service industry and the secondary industry, and the diffusion effect of the leading service industry are still far from being realized.
3. The pace of marketization of the modern service industry has been steadily advancing, and a better service market system has basically been formed, but there are still more restrictions on market access, and the market for the service industry is still underdeveloped.
Modern service industry ownership structure of a single and closed pattern has been broken, a variety of economic components *** with the development of the pattern of the basic formation of a more complete function, large, medium and small supporting, urban and rural interconnection of the basic establishment of the service market system. However, compared with the requirements of the capital city function, the development of modern service industry market is still lagging behind. Restricted by administrative monopoly, industry and openness, as well as institutional and institutional constraints, marketization is still insufficient, with many restrictions and high thresholds for market access in some industries, seriously inhibiting the enthusiasm of private capital. The slow development of non-profit industry associations, chambers of commerce, the lack of modern trading functions of the service market, directly leading to the lack of effective supply of modern services, highlighted by: money can buy mass services, general services and various single services, it is difficult to buy high-level services, differentiated services, high-quality services and composite services.
4, modern service industry science and technology and information technology level gradually improved, the quality of the industry continues to improve, but the overall technical content is still not high, the competitiveness of the service industry needs to be strengthened.
After years of efforts, through increasing investment in science and technology of service industry, Beijing's modern service industry's environment of scientific and technological progress and innovation has been improving, and the level of informatization of the service industry is in the leading position in the country. However, in general, the overall technological content of the modern service industry is still not high, the labor productivity is low, and the development of high-end service industry with high technological content is insufficient, which makes it difficult to match with the industrial structure dominated by high-tech industry. Coupled with the constraints imposed by the poor mechanism of professionalization of talents in the service industry, the uneven quality of practitioners and the backwardness of business practices have led to expensive service costs, poor competitiveness of the service industry, and the lack of market-competitive brands in the whole industry.
Table 2: Competitiveness Evaluation Ranking Table of Service Industries in China's Major Provinces and Municipalities (Omitted)
5. A number of modern service industry clusters have been formed initially, and the function of agglomeration and radiation has been strengthened, but the phenomenon of fighting on one's own is serious, and the development of the modern service industry is unbalanced, with a big difference between urban and rural areas.
Beijing in recent years has gradually formed a number of modern service industries such as Wangfujing, Xidan, Financial Street, cbd, Zhongguancun and other relatively concentrated areas, the central city's industrial capacity and concentration and radiation functions continue to improve. However, at the same time of gathering popularity and wealth, due to the construction of the districts themselves, the problems of similar positioning, lack of distinctive features, lack of functions, and over-intensity in the center of the city have been increasingly exposed. The main reason for the above problems is that Beijing's service industry development layout planning is relatively backward, the current delay in the introduction of practical and feasible unified development plan. On the contrary, Shanghai, Shenzhen and other cities in recent years have introduced long-term plans and specific measures to accelerate the development of modern service industry. In addition, the development of modern service industry in Beijing on the whole also presents an unbalanced situation, urban and rural service industry level there are obvious differences, the central urban areas, although the service industry is developed, but the inherent synergies, scale effects and self-improvement mechanism is poor, it is still difficult to form a world-class service industry gathered situation.
Three, accelerate the development of Beijing's modern service industry of the importance and urgency
1, accelerate the development of modern service industry, is to continue to enrich the connotation of the capital's economy, improve the function of the capital city needs. The Ninth Party Congress of the Municipal Party Committee put forward the concept of capital economy, and accelerating the development of modern service industry is a further deepening of the connotation of capital economy. At present, the capital's economic growth of several "horse-drawn carriage", the traditional industrial structure and layout of the adjustment efforts to increase, a number of traditional industrial industries in the state of shrinkage and adjustment; high-tech industries, in addition to the electronic information industry, the other areas have not yet formed a large-scale operation. In the coming period, the modern service industry, as the industry with the greatest potential for rapid development, will largely determine the growth rate of the economy as a whole. By accelerating the development of the modern service industry, not only can it provide a strong and lasting impetus for the healthy development of Beijing's economy, but it is also conducive to the expansion of employment and the promotion of re-employment and the maintenance of social stability. A metropolis inevitably generates big services, and the vigorous development of modern service industries is also indispensable for Beijing to comprehensively promote the modernization and development of the city. The future development of Beijing not only requires perfect hardware infrastructure, but also needs to be supported by supporting urban service functions. Therefore, from the height of maintaining the sustained, rapid and healthy development of Beijing's economy, and from the requirements of improving the city's comprehensive competitiveness and perfecting the city's functions, prioritizing the development of the modern service industry has become a major and urgent task at present.
2. Accelerating the development of modern service industry is the need to optimize the economic structure of the capital and change the mode of economic growth. Take the new road of industrialization, there must be a modern service industry for support, vigorously develop modern service industry, can at a higher level to promote the capital's strategic adjustment of economic structure to provide a strong guarantee. With the continuous development of industry and agriculture in the capital, in order to adapt to the changes in market demand, no matter whether the industry and agriculture products themselves or the form of organization will become more and more delicate and personalized from a single large-scale production, and need the support of various types of services; water, land and other resources such as depletion of the problem of highlighting so that the industry and agricultural production will try to minimize the consumption of non-renewable resources, the service will be more as an intermediate input into the industry and agricultural production; information technology in production, the development of modern services in the production of the capital. Production; information technology in the production of universal application, but also increased industry, agriculture, the demand for related services, "industrial service" phenomenon will continue to appear in industry, agriculture and high-tech industries. All these will make the modern service industry become an important driving force for the development of primary and secondary industries in the capital city, and the main driving factor for the development of high-tech industries. Therefore, the implementation of the scientific concept of development, change the capital's economic growth mode, must put the development of modern service industry in a prominent position.
3, accelerate the development of modern service industry, is to adapt to the changes in the international and domestic situation, in line with the trend of industrial development and the global transfer of international services, and strive to host the 2008 Olympic Games needs. In recent years, with the deepening of economic globalization, global multinational corporations have begun a new round of global industrial layout adjustment, the international transfer of developed countries' service industry has become a trend. In the process of transferring the international service industry to China, the capital in the international service field and foreign service-oriented multinational enterprises will impact the domestic market with brand-new management concepts and methods, and Beijing can only seize the first opportunity to vigorously develop the modern service industry suitable for the characteristics of the capital city, and take the initiative to realize the "servicification of the economy", so as to adapt to the various challenges and avoid the passive situation. Only by vigorously developing modern service industries that suit the characteristics of the capital and actively realizing the "serviceization of the economy" can Beijing adapt to various challenges and avoid being passive. Hosting the 2008 Olympic Games is both an opportunity and a challenge for the development of Beijing's modern service industry. During the period of preparation and holding of the Olympic Games, the demand for services generated by the entry of various international activities into Beijing, the entry of various international organizations and personnel into Beijing, and the entry of a large number of tourists and sightseers into Beijing will require Beijing's modern service industry to achieve leapfrog development. Therefore, from the requirements of adapting to changes in the international and domestic situations, and from the height of accelerating the internationalization of Beijing and welcoming the Olympic Games, Beijing should rapidly develop its modern service industry.
Four, accelerate the development of Beijing's modern service industry countermeasures suggestions
1, to formulate a reasonable development plan as the basis, to build a clearer idea of the development of modern service industry. Beijing's special location advantages and resource endowments determine the economic development strategy of developing high-tech industries, modern service industries and modern manufacturing industries. It is necessary to fully recognize the important strategic position of the development of modern service industry under the new situation, innovate the development ideas, and take "rational layout, perfect function, enhance the level of energy and highlight the characteristics" as the principle, and take the revision of the overall plan of the Beijing Municipality and the formulation of the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" as an opportunity to expeditiously promulgate the development plan for the next period of time. Taking the revision of Beijing's urban master plan and the formulation of the "11th Five-Year Plan" as an opportunity, the overall plan, special plan and specific measures for the development of modern service industry in the coming period will be issued as soon as possible. By strengthening regional planning, adjusting the land structure of urban areas, reducing the proportion of industrial land in the central area and its surrounding areas, increasing the proportion of land for service industries, accelerating the construction of modern service industry clusters with different characteristics, actively supporting the development of new service industries facing the suburbs, changing the current spontaneous market state of business buildings, and promoting the development of Beijing's modern service industries from the overall strategic layout; by strengthening industrial planning, establishing industrial positioning, and selecting the most suitable industries for development. By strengthening industrial planning, establishing industrial positioning and selecting development focuses, it will accelerate the development of productive service industries mainly in modern finance, modern logistics and modern commerce, accelerate the development of functional urban service industries mainly in convention and exhibition, real estate and new tourism, and accelerate the development of cultural and intellectual service industries including education, health and culture, so as to form pillar industries that meet the requirements of the functions of the capital city and reflect the comparative advantages of the resources.
2, vigorously optimize the development of the environment, and actively promote market-oriented reform of modern service industry. A favorable development environment is the premise and foundation for the healthy development of modern service industry. Further accelerate the market-oriented construction, build a perfect and standardized modern service market system. Accelerate the reform of monopoly industries, break through the institutional barriers, and actively promote the resource allocation of non-basic service industries from government-oriented to market-oriented; deepen the reform of the administrative approval system, liberalize the market access areas, lower the market access standards, introduce the competition mechanism, and allow more foreign capital and private enterprises to participate in the development of the capital city's modern service industry; deepen the reform of the service industry enterprises, promote the diversification of property rights and the construction of modern enterprise system, and expand the market integration in the market-oriented integration. Deepen the reform of service industry enterprises, promote the diversification of property rights and the construction of modern enterprise system, expand the scale of enterprises in the market integration, support the development of leading and backbone enterprises in the service industry, and make a number of modern service industry groups with core competitiveness bigger and stronger. Further accelerate the construction of socialization and integrate and improve the socialized services of modern service industries. Guide industrial enterprises to divest their ancillary services outside of their core competencies into socialized professional services, expanding the demand for modern service industries; actively promote the transformation of logistical services from internal autonomous services to social services, and open up the logistical services of enterprises and public institutions, especially governmental institutions, to the society. Actively and steadily promote the construction of urbanization, increase policy and financial support, accelerate the development of modern service industry and the implementation of urbanization strategy effectively combined, conditional places can explore the establishment of professional services town, professional services street, through the construction of urbanization and gradually narrow the gap between urban and rural service industry level.
3. Strengthen scientific and technological progress and innovation, and improve the standard and efficiency of modern service industry. Modern technology and information technology represented by digitalization and networking have created favorable conditions for upgrading the level of Beijing's modern service industry, and the 2008 Olympic Games, which is based on the concepts of "Green Olympics, Science and Technology Olympics, and People's Olympics", has brought important opportunities for the development of Beijing's modern service industry. It is necessary to vigorously promote scientific and technological progress and innovation in the service industry, develop high value-added service industry, increase the content and penetration of science and technology in modern service industry, give priority to the development of modern service industry with high technological content and high relevance, and actively use the modern operation mode, service technology and mobile organization and management means to transform the traditional service industry, and comprehensively improve the quality of enterprises, management level and economic benefits. Deepen the reform of the science and technology system, form a new mechanism that meets the requirements of technological progress in modern service industries, effectively integrate the capital's scientific and technological resources, and promote the wide application of scientific and technological achievements in the field of modern services. Accelerate the process of informatization of Beijing's service industries, focusing on the construction of information infrastructure, the development and utilization of information resources, and the promotion and use of information technology, and continue to speed up the implementation of the "Digital Beijing" project, strengthen the transformation and upgrading of information technology to service industries closely related to the people's lives, and push forward the development of community informatization, medical informatization, etc., so that the capital's service industries will be able to make full use of information technology.
4. Accelerate internationalization and enhance the international competitiveness of modern service industry. The development of economic globalization and the characteristics of the industry itself make the modern service industry show a highly internationalized development trend from the very beginning. As the capital city, Beijing has a unique advantage in promoting the internationalization of modern service industry. It is necessary to seize the opportunity of the global transfer of the international service industry, vigorously develop the headquarters economy, and attract foreign investors to invest in the modern service industry in Beijing. The focus is to encourage the modern service industry in the field of well-known multinational corporations regional headquarters, research and development centers, procurement centers, service centers, financial centers, such as moving into the cbd, financial street and other modern service industry industry agglomeration area, and actively expanding the breadth and depth of the use of foreign investment in the field of trade in services. Taking the CEPA as an opportunity, we will continue to deepen the cooperation between Beijing and Hong Kong, realize the complementarity of advantages, and devote ourselves to attracting more Hong Kong service industries and service organizations to enter the Beijing market, and more Hong Kong service professionals to start their business in Beijing, so as to comprehensively drive the development of Beijing's modern service industry. On the basis of strengthening the cooperation between the governments of Beijing and Hong Kong, efforts will be made to create an environment to strengthen joint investment promotion between industries and enterprises, establish various modes of cooperation and develop private contacts.
5. Accelerate the training of talents in the service industry and build a service-oriented city. The development of modern service industry, the quality of people is the key. Beijing needs to raise the service industry talent policy to the same important position as the high-tech industry talent policy. It should shift from domestic and foreign "headhunting" to the establishment of a more basic mechanism for self-accumulation of human capital, systematically set up additional majors that are in short supply in the service industry in the existing higher education institutions and secondary vocational schools, and establish a mechanism for cultivating talents through multi-channel competition, so as to speed up the cultivation of high-level applied talents required by the service industry. Strengthen vocational training for jobs, establish a standardized system of vocational qualifications for the service industry, and improve the professional level and overall quality of the service industry team. Vigorously strengthen the concept of service and service consciousness, create a service atmosphere, build a service civilization, improve service functions, strengthen service management, and lay a good foundation for the development of modern service industry.
From the birth of the first national Torch Plan featured industrial base in June 1995 in Haimen, Jiangsu Province, after 10 years of exploration and development, there are now 109 featured industrial bases in the country recognized by the Torch Center of the Ministry of Science and Technology. The 10 years of the development of featured industrial base is to promote the rapid development of local economy and the rapid improvement of independent innovation ability. 10 years of development, the featured industrial base has been transitioned from the low-cost advantage of industrial clusters to the innovative industrial clusters. They have played an important role in promoting the clusters of featured industries, improving the industrial technology level, promoting the local economic development and industrial structure adjustment, etc. They have become the booster for the sustainable development of the regional economy, and an important base for promoting the combination of science and technology with the economy, accelerating the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and promoting the technological innovation of industries. In order to summarize and exchange the experience of the characteristic industrial bases of the Torch Plan over the past 10 years, recently, Torch Center of the Ministry of Science and Technology and China Science and Technology Industry Magazine jointly edited and published the album of "Characteristic Industrial Bases of the National Torch Plan", and today, we choose to publish the autographed articles of Minister Xu Guanhua of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Vice Minister Ma Songde, as well as the director of Torch Center, Liang Gui, and the vice-director of Torch Center, Hu Shihui, hoping to play an important role in the implementation of the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan". We hope it can play a positive role in guiding the implementation of the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan", accelerating independent innovation and steadily promoting the development of specialty industrial bases.
The core of the construction of characteristic industrial bases is independent innovation
□ Xu Guanhua, Minister of Science and Technology
In the past 10 years, on the basis of the implementation of the Torch Plan project, relying on the regional characteristics of the resources and technological advantages, a number of distinctive industrial characteristics, industrial relevance, and a high level of technological level of high-tech industrial clusters --... --Specialized industrial bases have grown rapidly. At present, the Torch Center of the Ministry of Science and Technology has identified 109 industrial bases with special features under the Torch Plan. Practice shows that the Torch Characteristic Industrial Bases have become an important carrier for the development of local characteristic high-tech industries and regional advantageous industries, a growth point for the promotion of the sustainable development of regional economy, a booster for the acceleration of the adjustment and optimization of local industrial structure, and an important base for the promotion of scientific and technological innovation and the transformation of scientific and technological achievements.
But we must see that the achievements made in the construction of Torch Characteristic Industrial Base are still preliminary. Some enterprises in the base of independent innovation is not strong, the operation is still relatively crude, many products in the global industrial value chain is still at the low end of the position; base between the enterprises of the industrial links between the degree of closeness is not very high, the effect of industrial agglomeration has not been brought into full play. This situation needs to be changed urgently. In the Torch characteristics of industrial base construction, we must seriously implement the Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee and the spirit of the Central Economic Work Conference, and grasp the key of independent innovation, truly independent innovation in the characteristics of industrial base construction of the core position, and effectively grasp and grasp, grasp and achieve results.
First of all, to further strengthen the original innovation, so that enterprises really become the main body of technological innovation. Take practical measures to encourage and promote enterprises to strengthen cooperation with universities and colleges, scientific research institutions, and strive to improve the ability of independent innovation.
Secondly, integrated innovation should be strengthened. The base development has a significant impact on the product, technology to organize joint research, and seek breakthroughs to enhance the overall competitiveness of the base.
Third, the establishment of a sound base technology innovation service system. Around the industrial chain and industrial alliance construction, through the establishment of the base public **** technical service platform, enterprise credit guarantee financing platform, support the development of innovation network, and promote the overall technological upgrading of innovation clusters.
Fourth, effectively strengthen the science and technology management departments on the base of independent innovation organization and coordination. Science and technology management departments at all levels should, on the basis of summarizing experience and research, strengthen coordination, integrate resources, and further optimize the mechanism, system and policy environment conducive to technological innovation of the base.
The achievements of the 10-year construction of the Torch Characteristic Industrial Base are gratifying, and looking ahead, it is a heavy task and a long way to go. We should earnestly implement the scientific outlook on development, thoroughly implement the spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee and the Central Economic Work Conference, and effectively grasp the central link of independent innovation, so as to make the Torch Characteristic Industrial Base become an important base for the "development of regionally advantageous industries and enhancement of independent innovation capability", and make new achievements in the promotion of the adjustment and optimization of the economic structure and healthy development of economy and society. The new and greater contribution to promote the adjustment and optimization of economic structure, and promote the healthy development of the economy and society.
Independent innovation and low-end industrial clusters to the upstream breakthrough must be the way
□ Ministry of Science and Technology Torch Center Director, Director of the Innovation Fund Management Center Liang Gui
Industrial clusters are often used to define a particular field, a large number of closely linked enterprises and related support institutions in the spatial agglomeration, and the formation of a strong, sustained competitive advantage of the phenomenon.
In China, after more than 20 years of rapid development since the reform and opening up, a large number of industrial clusters have been created one after another, and have become an important industrial base in China. However, these industrial clusters are mostly in the downstream of the global industrial chain, and are increasingly blocked by high-end upstream in the current increasingly fierce international competition. How to seek an overall breakthrough and what policies the state should formulate to guide and support are of great importance. For localities, their interests are mainly driven by general industrial drive; but for the state, general industrial drive, is far from enough.
I. Cluster strategy has been successful in regional economic development at home and abroad
Industrial clusters are the hotbeds of technological innovation and the external force of innovation. A perfect regional innovation system is the foundation of industrial clusters, and cluster creation is a feasible path to build a regional innovation system. Policies to promote the deep development of regional innovation system by industrial clusters mainly lie in: closely combining industrial clusters with the construction of regional innovation system; in the regional scope, we should change from industrial policy to industrial clusters and regional innovation policy; establishing scientific and technological innovation platforms based on industrial clusters and forming scientific and technological innovation networks with strong innovation capability; striving to eliminate institutional barriers of regional industrial clusters and integrating regional economic resources; cultivate a regional social and cultural environment that promotes industrial clustering; and promote the integration of regional industrial clusters into the global industrial value chain system.
The competitiveness of industrial clusters is not directly related to the nature of the industry, because there is low technology in high technology industries and high technology in low technology industries, and the key is to give play to the core competence of the region. It is now a common international practice that in order to promote the development of clusters, countries or localities usually adopt a series of promotion, governance and innovation policies for clusters after the formation of one or several clusters, i.e., the implementation of cluster creation, which is a feasible path to build a regional innovation system.
The government can play a great role in cluster creation. Although industrial clusters are mostly formed spontaneously under the action of market mechanism, the role of government policy is very important in guiding the rational and orderly development of industrial clusters, creating a favorable external environment conducive to innovation, as well as preventing the degradation of industrial clusters or even their decline. Of course, whether it is the central government or local governments at all levels, this "intervention" in the industrial clusters must be based on the market economic system, and can not replace the market economy, otherwise it will only play the opposite effect.
Two, industrial clustering is an important way of today's economic development
From the point of view of the history of China's industrial cluster development, China's industrial clusters are the beginning of the reform and opening up in Guangdong, Zhejiang and Beijing in the same period of time, and the three formations and the results of different ways. Among them, the industrial clusters in the Pearl River Delta of Guangdong are outward-oriented processing industry clusters driven by foreign direct investment, the Wenzhou area of Zhejiang Province is a specialty product industrial cluster developed by relying on local entrepreneurship and industrial and commercial traditions, and Zhongguancun in Beijing is a high-tech industrial cluster formed by relying on the intensive national high-tech resources.
At present, two kinds of agglomeration forces have been generated in China. One is artificial agglomeration, that is, high-tech zones and economic development zones; the other is industrial agglomeration, which is a natural agglomeration. Artificial agglomeration is a completely artificial nursery with the good intention of moving universities, research institutes, and enterprises to one place, and then letting interactive links occur among these institutions to bring about an alliance between industry, academia, and research, thus bringing about innovation. This is because under the planned system, the country had no innovation system, and the only way to arrange it was through planning. Now that China has entered the market system, unlimited government has become limited government, and universities, enterprises, and research institutes are all going to the market. These innovative elements under the market system have to form vertical links, and can only be combined through the market chain.
Three, low-end industrial clusters to break through to the upper reaches, the formation of innovation clusters
Currently, there are about 1,300 industrial clusters on a large scale in China, which are mostly manifested in the agglomeration of the lower end of the value chain. For example, the sensor cluster in Zhouzhuang, the home appliance cluster in Cixi, Zhejiang Province, and so on.
Linhai, Zhejiang Province, is the center of China's mold industry, with 700-800 mold enterprises. It is Japanese companies that have incorporated Linhai into the global value chain. Thinking they could cut costs in Linhai, Japanese companies moved their plants to China from other parts of Southeast Asia. Some local private entrepreneurs with a keen sense of smell have started to take over the work. However, when the development reaches a certain stage, or so take jobs, the products will easily form inventory. In this way, on the one hand, with the intensification of competition, profit margins shrink; on the other hand, is at the low end of the industrial chain, subject to fluctuations in raw material prices, profit margins are more limited. So, Linhai's enterprises decided to push into Europe and the United States, but then there is a problem, Japanese companies began to block their technology and their markets in Europe and the United States.
Linhai's experience shows that although low-end industries can also smoothly intervene in the global value chain, it is difficult for downstream enterprises to develop and survive because the blockade of downstream enterprises by the whole upstream enterprises will continue to intensify, especially when the entrepreneurs' experience is not mature enough. In my opinion, the key to solving the problem is to break the international blockade, strengthen independent innovation, and take low-end industrial clusters upstream. The international blockade is actually the blockade of interest groups, because the higher the profits to the higher end, the lower the consumption of resources. In the face of this situation, there is only one way out, is to rely on independent innovation to the upstream breakthrough.
For China, innovation clusters are inspirational and policy guiding significance for promoting the development of traditional industries. In the past, people often think that the development trend of traditional industries is to establish big companies and very long assembly lines, and small enterprises can only depend on big enterprises and process spare parts for them, and think that the innovation activities of traditional industries are concentrated in big enterprises, and the small enterprises generally can't carry out the innovation activities, and their technological progress relies on the technological transfer from big enterprises. However, the concept of innovation cluster can change people's thinking about the development of traditional industries, that is, the development of traditional industries can be formed through a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) of the same kind, similar or upstream and downstream of the industrial chain in a certain geographical area to gather and form the so-called "scale effect", and the innovation activities are not only limited to one or a few large enterprises, but a large number of SMEs. Through innovation networks, SMEs are able to carry out a variety of innovative activities on a regular basis and in large quantities. The practice of some regions in China also shows that traditional industrial clusters and scientific and technological innovation activities can promote each other and form innovation clusters of traditional industries, thus promoting the rapid development of traditional industries.
Improve the independent innovation ability of characteristic industrial bases
Ma Songde, vice minister of the Ministry of Science and Technology
The development of characteristic industrial bases has achieved remarkable results, but on the whole it is only the first step of the long march. Under the new situation, the specialized industrial base still faces many serious challenges. Firstly, the characteristic industrial base is still in the early stage of development, with small scale, weak scientific and technological conditions, and its contribution to the support of national economic development and competitiveness enhancement has not been fully shown; secondly, the innovation network is underdeveloped, with insufficient connection between related supportive industries, as well as enterprises, universities, scientific research institutes, intermediary organizations, the government and other innovation subjects, and the innovation consciousness of small and medium-sized enterprises needs to be further improved; thirdly, the regional distribution is not sufficiently developed, and the innovation consciousness of small and medium-sized enterprises needs to be further improved; thirdly, the regional distribution is not sufficiently developed. further enhancement; thirdly, regional distribution is unbalanced, and the characteristic industrial bases are mainly concentrated in the eastern coastal areas, while the development of the central and western regions is insufficient.
To this end, to promote the development of the characteristic industrial base, we should take the construction of an innovative country as the main goal, promote the development of regional characteristic advantageous industries as the purpose, follow the requirements of regional coordinated development, strengthen the leading and supporting role of science and technology to the regional economy, and make efforts to improve the competitiveness of the characteristic industrial base, and comprehensively promote its benign and rapid development.
I. Leading the construction of characteristic industrial bases with the construction of independent innovation capacity
The 10 years of the development of characteristic industrial bases is to promote the rapid development of local economy and the rapid improvement of independent innovation capacity
The development of characteristic industrial bases is to promote the rapid development of local economy and the rapid improvement of independent innovation capacity.