What are the manifestations of economic prosperity in the Tang Dynasty

Economic prosperity in the Tang Dynasty is manifested in:

First, agriculture:

① water conservancy developed;

② advances in farming techniques and cultivation methods;

③ the emergence of new plant varieties (there are new varieties of vegetables and tea. During the Tang Dynasty, the tea-drinking trend prevailed nationwide, and Jiangnan became an important place for growing rice and tea)

④ Improvements in production tools - the curved plough and the cylinder wagon.

Second, handicrafts:

① Silk weaving industry developed;

② Ceramics industry developed (Yue Kiln celadon, Xing Kiln white porcelain and Tang Sancai are the most famous)

Third, commerce: commercial prosperity, the metropolis of Chang'an, Luoyang, Guangzhou, Yangzhou. Chang'an was both the center of interactions among the various ethnic groups at that time and an international metropolis.

Extended information

The Tang Dynasty was a large prosperous and powerful dynasty, the development of the economy and the scale of the development of a long way. The end of the Sui dynasty was marked by war, which created a great deal of landlessness, allowing the equalization of land to be sustained and helping to stabilize agriculture.

And since the development of the six dynasties of the Sun-Wu and the Eastern Jin dynasties, the Jiangnan economy has continued to improve, and has shown a tendency to overtake the Yellow River Valley. And the Tang Dynasty mastered the economy of the North and the South to make the economy very strong.

Even after the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty *** could rely on the economy of Jiangnan to continue to recover, even though northern China was devastated. Since the beginning of the Sui and Tang dynasties, the Chinese economy has entered a higher stage of development.

Reference:

Tang Dynasty Economy_Baidu Encyclopedia

What was the development of the economy in the "Tang Dynasty"?

The Tang Dynasty was a large and prosperous and powerful dynasty, and the economy had grown considerably in development and size. At the end of the Sui Dynasty, a large amount of land was lost due to the war, which made it possible to implement the system of equalization of land, which helped to stabilize agriculture. The economy of Jiangnan, which had been developed since the six dynasties of Sun-Wu and Dong-Jin, continued to improve, and had already shown a tendency to surpass the Yellow River Valley. The Tang Dynasty's mastery of the North-South economy made the economy very strong. Even after the Anshi Rebellion, although northern China was in a state of disrepair, the Tang Dynasty *** could still rely on the economy of Jiangnan to continue to recover. Since the beginning of the Sui and Tang dynasties, the Chinese economy entered a higher stage of development.

In the early period, the social economy was dominated by the natural economy, and the commodity economy was in the stage of recovery and at a very low level. Under such circumstances, the monetary system of both money and silk was better adapted to the needs of small commodity transactions. But with the end of the Zhenguan period, especially the Tang Emperor Gaozong, Wu Hou and Tang Emperor Xuanzong period of the commodity economy continues to develop, money and silk currency system gradually exposed its backward side. First manifested in silk as money because of the body of large objects heavy, inconvenient to split, difficult to transport storage and other shortcomings began to be unpopular with the market, silk as the function of the currency tends to decline, commodity transactions tend to like the use of a higher level of copper for the intermediary, put forward to increase the amount of copper put in circulation, however, the Tang dynasty's official minting can not meet this requirement, which resulted in the circulation of copper shortage of worsening, and And then triggered a serious copper money private casting and indiscriminate casting, resulting in price fluctuations, currency circulation instability and economic development of the chaos, a threat to the national financial system.　Tang *** constantly introduced severe crackdown on private and indiscriminate casting of decrees, and prohibit the use of bad money, but due to the serious shortage of copper money supply, the value of the currency continues to rise firm, private and indiscriminate casting of profiteering, so the results are not ideal.　During the Tang Dynasty, overseas trade began to flourish, and cities such as Jiaozhou, Guangzhou, Quanzhou, Mingzhou (present-day Ningbo, Zhejiang Province), and Yangzhou along China's coastline flourished as they interacted frequently with the tombs and became important foreign trade ports. In order to cope with the new situation of maritime trade, the Tang Dynasty also set up the "City Hublot Department", which was used to manage the entry and exit of the tomato ships as well as to collect taxes. Since then, the number of overseas trade has been growing.　The urban commodity economy of the Tang Dynasty was in its embryonic stage of growth. Chang'an, Luoyang, Suzhou, Yangzhou, Chengdu, Guangzhou, etc. were all commercial centers within a certain area. Domestic transportation in the Tang Dynasty was very developed in the world at that time. Land transportation was centered on Chang'an, with roads all over the country. The waterway transportation was dominated by the North-South Grand Canal centered in Luoyang. There were one thousand four hundred and sixty-three post stations throughout the country. Among them, there were one thousand two hundred and ninety-seven land posts and one hundred and sixty-six water posts.　In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, the handicraft industry in the south made great progress, especially silk weaving, paper making and shipbuilding: the popularization of mulberry sericulture, bamboo paper making, and the manufacture of human-powered pedal boats. Yuezhou Yue kiln fired the secret color porcelain is the outstanding representative of the late Tang Dynasty southern ceramics industry. Reasons for the economic development of the Tang Dynasty

in agriculture: with the emergence of Jiangdong plow, get perfected and used for the world.

In the handicrafts: the formation of the two major systems of southern blue and white, commonly known as "southern blue and white". In the commercial sector: Chang'an, Luoyang; Yangzhou, Yizhou ("Yang Yi two") Guangzhou and other foreign trade ports, set up Hublot, specializing in foreign trade. . The most glorious period of the Tang Dynasty was the Kaiyuan Sheng Shi (开元盛世). The reign of Emperor Li Shimin of the Tang Dynasty (唐太宗李世民) lasted 23 years, resulting in unprecedented economic development, social stability, political clarity, and prosperity for the people. Since his reign was called Zhenguan (贞观), this period of his rule is called the "Rule of Zhenguan" (贞观之治). The "Rule of Zhenguan" was the most brilliant period in China's history. Learning the reasons for the fall of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Taizong attached great importance to the lives of the common people. He emphasized the people-oriented, often said: "The people are water; the ruler is a boat. Water can carry the boat, but also can overturn the boat." At the beginning of his reign, Emperor Taizong ordered a light labor force to let the people recuperate.? Tang Taizong loved the people and never levied levies lightly. He suffered from a gas disease that made him unfit to live in a damp old palace, but he kept on living in his old palace in Sui for a long time. At the beginning of the Zhenguan Dynasty, under the leadership of Emperor Tang Taizong, the whole country was united, and the economy was soon improved. By Zhengan ***, cattle and horses were everywhere, the people were well fed and clothed, the night was not closed, the road was not, there was a thriving scene of prosperity. Emperor Taizong reigned for more than 20 years, no less than 30 officials to advise, including the minister Wei Zheng a person remonstrated before and after more than 200 things, hundreds of thousands of words, all the ills of the times, to improve the government is very helpful. Emperor Taizong paid great attention to the selection of talents, and strictly followed the principle of both virtue and talent. Emperor Taizong believed that only by selecting a large number of people with real talent and knowledge could the world be ruled, so he was thirsty for talent, and had issued an edict on five occasions to seek talent and increase the number of subjects in the imperial examinations and expand the scope and number of people taking the examinations, so as to make more talents visible. Because of the Tang Taizong attach importance to talent, ZhenGuanYears emerged a large number of outstanding talent, can be said to be "talent, both military and civilian". It is these talented people, with their wisdom, for the formation of the "rule of Zhenguan" made a great contribution. Tang Taizong paid great attention to the rule of law, he once said: "The law of the state is not the emperor's law, is the world to *** with the compliance of the law, so everything should be based on the law." As a monarch of ten thousand people can say something like this, Tang Taizong is worthy of being an enlightened emperor.? After the law was enacted, Tang Taizong set an example by taking the lead in abiding by the law and maintaining its uniformity and stability. During the Zhenguan period, it was truly the case that a prince who violated the law committed the same crime as the people. When enforcing the law, he was ironclad and impartial, but when sentencing, Taizong thought over and over again and was cautious. He said, "People can't live again after death, and law enforcement must be lenient and simple." Due to the hard work of Emperor Taizong, the legal system during the reign of Zhenguan was very good, fewer people broke the law, and even fewer were sentenced to death. It is reported that Zhenguan three years, the national death penalty only 29 people, almost reached the highest standard of the legal system of feudal society - "criminal measures" that can not be punished. The idea of people-oriented, wide-open speech, open-mindedness to receive advice; reuse of talent, the only talent is the guideline of appointment; the iron face of selflessness, according to the law of the temperament; constitutes the basic characteristics of the rule of Zhenguan, became the best example of feudal governance. At that time, the Tang Dynasty was at the forefront of the world in terms of politics, economy and culture compared with the Western countries. After the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Xuanzong, the reform measures taken: 1, good at appointing good ministers, 2, pay attention to local officials, 3, thrifty and frugal It is precisely because of his inspirational governance, the implementation of reforms, so that the political situation during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, known as the "rule of Emperor Xuanzong". In short, in the early reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the politics were clear, the economy was unprecedentedly prosperous, the storehouses were full, and the number of people increased significantly, and the Tang Dynasty entered a period of prosperity, which is known as "The Golden Age of the Kaiyuan Dynasty." Emperor Li Shimin (598-649) came to the throne in 626, and he reigned for 24 years. Li Shimin was a famous ruler who was one of the few people who was able to fight the world and rule the world in the Chinese history. Li Shimin was one of the few Chinese kings in history who was able to fight and rule the world. He was the decisive army commander in the series of wars that united the country during the Tang Dynasty, and after his accession to the throne, he realized the famous "Rule of Zhenguan" through a series of reform measures. Li Longji (685-761) (712-756), reigned for 43 years Li Longji was the third son of Emperor Ruizong. In the early part of his reign, he was an inspiring emperor, making the state treasury abundant and the people happy. But later, but reused Li Linfu, Yang Guozhong, etc., resulting in political corruption, "An Shi Rebellion" nearly buried the Tang Dynasty. 756 years he gave way to his son Li Heng, died in 761, aged 77. What is the economic situation of the Tang Dynasty

The Tang Dynasty was a prosperous and powerful dynasty, and the development of the economy and the scale of the development of a long time. At the end of the Sui Dynasty, a large amount of landless land was created because of the wars, which made the equalization of land could be implemented continuously, and it was very helpful to stabilize agriculture. And the economy of Jiangnan, which had been developed since the six dynasties of Sun-Wu and Dong-Jin, continued to improve, and had already shown a tendency to surpass the Yellow River Valley. Even after the Anshi Rebellion, although northern China was in a state of disrepair, the Tang Dynasty *** could still rely on the economy of Jiangnan for its continued recovery. Since the beginning of the Sui and Tang dynasties, the Chinese economy entered a higher stage of development. This period is generally regarded as a critical period in the gradual transformation of the Chinese economy from the Upper to the Middle Ages.

Currency

After the establishment of the Tang dynasty, it quickly introduced its own minting policy. In the seventh month of the fourth year of Wude (621), "the five-baht coins were abolished, and the Kaiyuan Tongbao coins were introduced, with a diameter of eight cents, a weight of two baht and four taels, and a cumulative weight of ten wen of one tael, and a weight of one thousand wen of six catties and four taels". Established the status of the state minted legal tender. At the same time, but also inherited the Wei Jin and North and South Dynasties period of silk as the tradition of money, the implementation of the "money and silk" monetary system - money that is, copper money, silk is a general term for silk fabrics, including brocade, embroidery, damask, Luo, silk, silk, silk, silk, qi, thick waterproof, Communicator, etc., in fact, a kind of physical money and metal money both. In fact, it was a diversified monetary system with both physical and metallic currencies. Tang *** continuously issued decrees to crack down on private and indiscriminate minting, etc., and prohibited the use of evil money, but due to the serious shortage of copper money supply, the value of the currency was rising and firm, and there were profiteering in private and indiscriminate minting, so the results were not satisfactory. After the implementation of the two tax laws, one of the major contradictions in the development of the society has long existed, which is highlighted by the worsening of the so-called "money shortage" problem, in which the GDP of the Tang dynasty was at a high level, and the money supply was at a high level. By the year 740, there were 8,412,871 households and 48,143,609 mouths. In 754, a year before the Anshi Rebellion, the number of households reached 9,069,254,000 and the number of mouths reached 52,880,488,000. In 760, during the Anshi Rebellion, there were 1,933,174,000 households, of which 1,174,592,000 were non-curriculum households, and 16,990,386,600 were non-curriculum households, of which 14,619,587,000 were non-curriculum households. In the late Tang Dynasty, household registration statistics and management were so chaotic and incompetent that it was difficult to trust the data. Basically in three or four million households.

Tax revenues

Tang Dynasty in the middle of the 780 years of the implementation of the two-tax law, the year the tax money 10,890,000 more than 8,000 coins, grain 2,150,000 more than 7,000 stone. 821-824 years of the average annual tax of 35,151,228,000 guan, stone (consistent = a cord), the Tang Dynasty late 853 years of tax revenue declined to 9,250,000 more than 9,500,000 coins, of which the salt profit of up to more than 2,780,000 yuan. As the Tang Dynasty oppression of salt merchants intensified, directly triggered the Huang Chao Uprising.

Agriculture

The Tang Dynasty saw new advances in the tools of agricultural production. The curved plow appeared in the Tang Dynasty. Also appeared new irrigation tools waterwheel and tube car. In the early Tang Dynasty, only in the records of the important water conservancy projects up to more than 160. Among them, the famous ones are Yuliang Canal, Jiangyan Lake, Mirror Lake and so on. During the Tianbao period, the cultivated area of the Tang Dynasty reached 8.5 million hectares. Grain production also increased. In the eighth year of Tianbao, the grain stored in official warehouses amounted to 96 million stones. The lowest price of rice in Chang'an and Luoyang was only thirteen cents per bucket, and only five cents per bucket in Qingzhou and Qizhou. In the late Tang Dynasty, grain production in the south increased dramatically due to the southward movement of the population coupled with land reclamation and major water conservancy repairs.

Handicrafts

The handicrafts of the Tang Dynasty were divided into two types: government-run and private. The Ministry of Industry is the most important department in charge of the government-run handicrafts, the direct management of the institutions are less supervised, will be made to supervise, military weapons supervisor. The Ministry of Industry was the most important department in charge of governmental handicrafts, and the organizations under its direct management were the Shaofu Supervisor, the Shouzuo Supervisor, and the Weapons Supervisor. Under the Supervisor, there was the Department, and under the Department, there was the Workshop. In addition, there were the Money Minting Supervisor and the Metallurgical Supervisor. The products of the government-run handicrafts were generally not sold to the public, and were only for the consumption of the royal family and the government offices. Workers were categorized into craftsmen, criminals, government slaves, government households, and miscellaneous households. The private handicraft industry was less developed than the government handicraft industry. In the early Tang Dynasty, the main handicrafts were textile, ceramics and mining and metallurgy. In the late Tang Dynasty, the southern handicraft industry has made great progress, especially the silk weaving industry, shipbuilding industry, paper industry and tea industry.

Why was the economy of the Tang Dynasty so developed?

The Rule of Zhenguan refers to the era of peace and prosperity that occurred in the early Tang Dynasty. Because Emperor Tang Taizong was able to appoint people to be wise and make the best use of them; he opened the way for people to express their views and accept advice with an open mind, and emphasized the importance of Wei Zheng, etc.; he also adopted a number of policies such as taking agriculture as the basis, reducing the corvée, recuperating, practicing economy, and perfecting the system of scientific and technical examination, which made the society appear peaceful. At that time, the reign name was "Zhen Guan" (627 - 649), known as the "Rule of Zhen Guan", which was the first heyday of the Tang Dynasty, and laid the foundation for the later Kai Yuan Dynasty. Emperor Tang Taizong paid attention to the development of production and the reduction of people's labor and taxes; at the same time, he paid attention to "abstaining from extravagance and keeping it simple" and restrained his desire for enjoyment. He also ordered the merger of counties, to remove the "people less officials" of the malpractice, which is conducive to reducing the burden on the people.

The economy is the most obvious and powerful lever to measure the performance of an emperor. Wu Zetian inherited the basic state policy of the Zhenguan period, put the development of agricultural production in the first place, the implementation of the economic policy of doing nothing. In her political program, "Twelve Proposals", she listed "advising agriculture and mulberry, and thinning taxes" as the first article, and was ordered by Emperor Gaozong to implement it throughout the country. The criteria for the promotion and demotion of local officials were "the fields are well cultivated and the families have surplus food" and "the government is harsh and abusive, and the households are migrating". Wu Zetian also organized the North Gate Bachelor wrote a book of agriculture, "Zhaorenbenye", issued throughout the country, guiding agricultural production. Water conservancy was also developed during this period. In today's Shaanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Hunan, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Gansu, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia and other places, have built up the size of the water conservancy project, the large project flows through several provinces, some can irrigate as much as 90,000 acres of land. To escape the problem of households, Wu Zetian implemented a more lenient policy, the provisions of the fleeing households to return to the industry can enjoy rent-free for 2 years and other preferential treatment. In 686, she issued an imperial edict to exempt the people of the province from all the burdens of mediocrity and adjustment, and they were no longer required to pay for the rest of their lives. It is worth noting that during the reign of Wu Zetian, due to the policy of tolerance, the earliest tenancy contract relationship in China. Dunhuang documents have "the first year of Tianjiu, Zhang Wenxin rent land deed" record, which shows that Wu Zetian period, the feudal relations of production has undergone profound changes. Population is an important symbol of feudal economic prosperity. Wu Zetian period of households, by the end of the Tang Emperor Gaozong 3.8 million households, grew to 6.15 million households in the reign of Emperor Zhongzong, the population of more than 37.14 million, the average annual growth rate of 9.1 per thousand. In feudal society, this is a very large number, population growth, both as a result of the development of production, but also accelerated the economic and cultural prosperity. The Tang Dynasty, the country's long-term unification, relative social stability, productivity has a greater development, the feudal economy showed a high degree of prosperity. The Tang Dynasty appeared easy to plow the curved plough, irrigation water cylinder car and ox-drawn high-turning cylinder car, focusing on water conservancy, expanding the arable land and irrigated area, improve the grain yield, and promote the development of cash crops. The improvement of handicraft production technology and the strengthening of the internal division of labor mechanism, so that this period of government and private handicrafts have gained significant development. The Tang Dynasty innovation of flower glaze porcelain, stranded glaze porcelain, underglaze painted porcelain and three-color glazed pottery, etc., with new technology techniques, showing the Tang Dynasty ceramics decorative diversification. Weft brocade, which utilized weft silk to show flowers, appeared and gradually replaced the traditional warp brocade. Twisted val, wax val, clip val and other printing techniques are widely used, so that the Tang Dynasty silk fabrics more colorful decorations. Exquisite and rich gold and silver, well-cast bronze mirrors, etc., all show the achievements of the development of handicrafts in the Tang Dynasty. Tang Dynasty transportation developed, commercial prosperity. Especially after the middle of the Tang Dynasty, the further development of commerce. The emergence of the night market, savings and payment of money "cabinet workshop", similar to the bill of exchange "flying money" and "line" organization, etc., for the Song Dynasty feudal economy created conditions for a high degree of prosperity. Tang Dynasty economy and culture

Tang Dynasty, "the rule of Zhenguan" and "the rule of Kaiyuan" is a rare period of prosperity in China's feudal society.

The feudal economy of the Tang Dynasty was highly developed. The Tang Dynasty implemented the equalization of land and rent adjustment system, which was conducive to easing class conflicts and restoring the social economy. Irrigation tools have been greatly improved, the creation of the cylinder car. The main achievement in agricultural tools was the invention of the curved plow. Tang Dynasty silk fabric production technology has been quite mature, a wide range of products, exquisite texture. Porcelain industry produced celadon and white porcelain with high artistic value. The achievements of pottery technology represented by the Tang Three Colors. The production of gold and silverware was also very exquisite. Chang'an was the largest commercial city in China, and at the same time a famous international metropolis. At that time, there were frequent economic exchanges between China and foreign countries, and the Tang *** set up a city ambassador in Guangzhou to manage foreign trade. The implementation of the two tax laws reflected the new situation of economic development within the feudal society of China, and set a precedent for the tax system in the following generations. During the Tang Dynasty, China was unified in the north and south, with a vast territory, a developed economy and frequent cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. On this basis, people of all ethnic groups **** with the creation of a brilliant and splendid culture. Achievements such as the Zhaozhou Bridge designed and built by Li Chun, the invention of engraving and printing, the measurement of the length of the meridian by a line of monks and the promulgation of the Tang Materia Medica were among the world's leading achievements. Philosophers Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi wrote books to propagate materialistic ideas. Liu Zhiqi's Histories and Du You's Tongdian represented the highest achievements of Tang historiography. Tang poetry reflected the richness of social life in the Tang Dynasty and had a perfect artistic form. Li Bai, Du Fu and Bai Juyi were the three great poets of the Tang Dynasty. Tang prose had high achievements and calligraphy, painting, music and dance were outstanding. How the economy of the Tang Dynasty developed

1. Agriculture

Promotion of Iron and Oxen Plowing One of the important reasons for the rapid development of agriculture in the Tang Dynasty was the further promotion of iron plows and oxen plowing. In the Yellow River basin and even in present-day Gansu and Xinjiang, iron plows and oxen plowing were commonly used in agricultural production. About this situation not only in the literature, in some tombs and Dunhuang, Yulin Grottoes, many murals "oxen plowing map", are reflected. Most of them are two oxen lifting the bar, with a long single straight yoke plow; a few with a cow plowing, plow has a double long straight yoke, there are also short curved yoke. Plow are made of iron, more use of plow wall (鐴 soil). At this time in the south of the Yangtze River also promoted oxen plowing, and the use of curved yoke plows. (Tang) Lu Guimeng "Lei 耜经" recorded in detail the Jiangdong (now Jiangnan) used the structure and use of the efficacy of the curved plow. The curved plough is lighter than the straight plough, and the plough shaft is bowed to facilitate deep plowing; the traction point is low, and the plough frame is smooth; the plough shaft is shortened, and it is convenient to turn around. This is the most advanced type of ancient walking plow. But at that time, the use of this plow is very few, to use two oxen to lift the bar for the most. According to the literature and archaeological data proved that this time, the frontier areas are also promoting the iron plow ox plowing.　Constructing water conservancy Tang Dynasty water conservancy project has great development. Tang Dynasty water conservancy undertakings have developed greatly. The important water conservancy projects recorded in the early Tang Dynasty are more than 160 places. Spread in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in the north and south, south to the Huai Shui and Yangtze River basin. General canals and ponds, can irrigate hundreds of hectares of fields. Such as the Kaiyuan in Wenshui (now belongs to Shanxi) by repairing the Ganquan canal, irrigating thousands of hectares of fields. In pengshan (now sichuan meixian), wuling (now changde, hunan province) the weir canal, each irrigated more than a thousand hectares.　Irrigation tools have also made progress, such as windlass, orange pulley, turning carts and other traditional water-drawing tools, has been widely used. In addition, there are some new irrigation tools in Jiangnan paddy field area, the main ones are waterwheel and tube car. Waterwheel and tube car is similar, are with a huge wooden wheel bound a number of barrels or bamboo tubes on the wheel, rotating with the current, will be drawn to the high river water tanks, introduced into the ditch watering. Waterwheel in the north has also been promoted. Water pestle, water mill, water mill is also in widespread use.　The development of water conservancy played an important role in the development of agricultural production and food processing.　Reclamation and production Tang early fields deserted a lot, and then gradually reclaimed. To Tianbao years, many high mountains and deep valleys also reclaimed, reclaimed land area of 8.5 million hectares. Grain output also increased. In the eighth year of Tianbao, the official warehouse stored 96 million stones of grain. Qingzhou, Qizhou area, the lowest price of rice per bucket is only five.　2. handicrafts Tang Dynasty handicrafts can be divided into government-run and private.　Government-run handicrafts Government-run handicrafts in the Tang Dynasty handicrafts occupies an important position. The highest organization in charge of the central government-run handicrafts is the Ministry of Industry. The products of the government-run handicraft industry are generally not sold in the market, only for the royal family and the government consumption. The laborers in the government-run handicraft industry were craftsmen, criminal, official slave girl, official households, miscellaneous households and so on. The government handicraft industry is larger, the division of labor is more detailed, and the best craftsmen engaged in production, is conducive to the development of production and technical improvement. However, the mandatory labor of the government-run handicraft industry was prominent, which restricted the labor enthusiasm of the craftsmen.　Private Crafts The private crafts were mainly cottage industries in the countryside, and their products were sold in the market when they had surplus for their own use after paying taxes. Most of the workshops were concentrated in the cities, including paper workshops, felt workshops, wine workshops, copper workshops, dyeing workshops, damask workshops, etc. Some of the workshops were very large in scale, such as the paper workshops. Some workshops were very large in scale, such as He Mingyuan, a rich man in Dingzhou (present-day Ding County, Hebei Province), who "had a damask machine with 500 sheets". The development of private handicrafts was seriously hampered by the *** conscription of handicraftsmen to serve in government workshops.　The main handicrafts in the early Tang Dynasty included textile industry, ceramics and mining and metallurgy.　In the textile industry, the silk weaving industry and hemp weaving industry were the most important. The main production area of silk fabrics is still in the area of present-day Hebei and Henan. The main varieties of silk, damask, brocade, Luo, qi, yarn, etc., with a wide variety of colors, exquisite patterns, bright colors, and exquisite weaving. The vast majority of cloth produced at that time was hemp cloth, hemp fabrics produced in the south, Huangzhou (present-day Huanggang, Hubei Province) of the cost of cloth is one of the top quality. Woolen fabrics were mainly produced in the northwest. Cotton fabrics were mainly produced in Gaochang (present-day Turpan, Xinjiang) and Lingnan. At that time, cotton cloth was called white folding cloth, which was already sold in the mainland. The printing and dyeing technology of the Tang Dynasty also reached a fairly high level, and the methods of printing and dyeing, such as clip val, wax val, and twisted val, were widely popular, and the printing and dyeing patterns were very exquisite.　Ceramics industry in the Tang Dynasty had a great development, porcelain making technology has also made great progress. Yuezhou (today's Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province) celadon jade-like ice, Xingzhou (today's Xingtai, Hebei Province) white porcelain silver-like snow, Changnanzhen (today's Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province) celadon, white porcelain, white porcelain in Dayi, Sichuan Province, are very famous. Pottery to Tang Sancai is the most famous. This is a kind of vivid shape, colorful lead-glazed pottery, because the main green, green, yellow three colors, so the name of the three colors.　Tang Dynasty mining industry is more developed, the main minerals are gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, lead, alum, mercury, cinnabar and so on. The scale of the foundry industry to cast money industry. Xuanzong time, *** there are ninety-nine casting furnace, annual casting money thirty-two thousand seven hundred thousand coins. In addition, there are many private theft casting money. Tang Dynasty metal manufacturing and processing technology has reached a fairly high level. Wu Zetian had cast a hundred and five-foot-high heavenly pivot in Luoyang, under which there was a hundred and seventy-foot iron mountain around it. Sheng Tang's some exquisite gold and silver, using casting, cutting, polishing, welding, riveting, plating, engraving and other processes. At that time there may have been a simple hand-powered lathe.　3. commerce and transportation Tang early, with the development of agriculture and handicrafts, commerce and transportation also developed rapidly.　Commercial and bazaar At that time, the city is still mainly political city, purely commercial city is very little, but all political cities are in varying degrees of rapid increase in the nature of commercial cities. The capital Chang'an was both the political center of the country and the largest commercial city. The city of Chang'an was surrounded by more than seventy miles and consisted of three parts, including the Palace City, the Imperial City, and the Outer Kuo Cheng. The outer city is a residential and industrial and commercial area, **** there are one hundred and eight square and the east and west of the two cities. Square is a residential area, the city is an industrial and commercial area. Stores selling goods in the city were called "wares", and wares of the same kind of goods were concentrated in the same area and called "lines". In the East City, there were 220 rows and thousands of wagons, surrounded by many diyang (邸店) that stored and wholesaled goods for merchants. The West City was more prosperous than the East City, and foreign merchants gathered there, and the "Hu Feng" was very prosperous. At that time, there were cities in all major cities and states, as well as in most counties. In the countryside there were also regular trading places, called "grass market", "market" or "set".　Domestic Transportation Transportation in the Tang Dynasty was quite developed. Domestic land transportation to Chang'an as the center, east to Song (now Henan Shangqiu), Bian (now Kaifeng), as far as the Shandong Peninsula; west to Qizhou (now Shaanxi Fengxiang), Chengdu; northwest to Liangzhou (now Gansu Wuwei), as far as the Western Region; north to Taiyuan, Fanyang (now Beijing); south to Jing (now Hubei Jiangling), Xiang (now Xiangfan), as far as Guangzhou. Domestic waterway transportation has the Grand Canal through the north and south, the Yellow River, the Huaihe River, the Yangtze River and many rivers and lakes in the south to form a crisscrossing network of waterways. Domestic sea transportation also took shape, now Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and other places have coastal routes.　Tang Dynasty stagecoach system also has great development. In the main land and water transportation routes, about every thirty miles set up a post, the country **** there are 1,643 post, of which 1,297 land post, water post two hundred and sixty, both land and water post eighty-six. The land posts were equipped with horses and the water posts were equipped with boats for the transportation of officials and documents. On the land and water transportation routes, there were also privately owned inns to receive merchants and provide food, lodging and horses.　Foreign traffic Tang and foreign traffic is also very developed. The main lines of communication are the northwestern land route and the southeastern coast of the sea. Land route from Luoyang, Chang'an through the Hexi Corridor, the Western Region, leading to Central Asia, West Asia, South Asia and Europe, which is the history of the famous "Silk Road". Southeast sea route from Guangzhou, Yangzhou, Dengzhou (present-day Penglai, Shandong Province), Chuzhou (present-day Huai'an, Jiangsu Province), Mingzhou (present-day Ningbo, Zhejiang Province) and other ports of Southeast Asia, as well as Silla, Japan, Persia, and Daqi and other countries.　Late Tang In the late Tang, the shipbuilding industry in the south was very developed. The government-run shipbuilding industry was very large. Liu Yan had built more than 2,000 ships in Yangzi County (present-day Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province). There were also many large ships built by the private sector, including the famous Yu Daniang sailing ship, which carried tens of thousands of stones. Overseas trade in the merchant ships, the big one up to more than 20 feet long, carrying six or seven hundred passengers. In the Jingnan area, but also appeared with the foot moving two wheels forward ship.　The late Tang paper industry is more developed than in the early Tang, the important place of origin in the south. Yizhou's hemp paper, Zhedong's rattan paper, Shaozhou's bamboo paper, Xuanzhou's Yi paper, Yangzhou's Liuhe paper, Linchuan's slippery thin paper and so on are all famous products.　Tea industry in the late Tang Dynasty had great development. Tea planting throughout the South, tea industry has a considerable scale. Such as Shezhou Qimen County, seven of ten, eight people to plant tea, tea industry. Tang Dezong, began to collect tea tax, tea tax later became an important tax ***. Emperor Xianzong, only floating Liang county annual tea tax is more than 150,000 coins. In the case of tea industry continues to develop, the Tang Lu Yu wrote the book "Tea Classic", describing the tea traits, quality, origin, harvesting and drinking methods and utensils, this is our country is also the world's first monograph on tea.　In the late Tang Dynasty, there was a great development of commerce, and the development of commerce in the south was especially remarkable. The cities in the Yangtze River basin were more numerous and prosperous than before. Yangzhou was a distribution center for canalized rice, sea salt, tea, etc.; many foreign merchants from Da Yi, Persia, and other countries operated jewelry and other luxury goods here, and commerce was very prosperous. Yizhou (now Chengdu, Sichuan Province) is the political and economic center of the southwest, the southwest production of silk fabrics, salt, paper, porcelain, etc., more than this exported to foreign countries, business is also very prosperous. So at that time, the proverb said "Yang Yi two". That is, Yangzhou is the first in the world, Yizhou is the second. Hongzhou (now Nanchang, Jiangxi Province), Ezhou (now Wuhan, Hubei Province) are prosperous cities in the Yangtze River basin. Suzhou and Hangzhou were emerging commercial cities. On the coast, in addition to Guangzhou, Quanzhou and Mingzhou began to become important cities for foreign trade.　As a result of the development of cities and commerce, the old system of strict separation between the residential area "Fang" and the commercial area "Shi" began to break down in some cities such as Yangzhou, where commercial activities were no longer confined to the city. In Yangzhou and other large cities in the night market, breaking the old system of closing the market at sunset. In some big cities also appeared in the cabinet and fly money. Cabinet shop business money deposit and payment, on behalf of people to keep the money, to deposit money to collect a certain amount of cabinet rent, with a book post or letter to pay money. This letter post is similar to the later generations of checks. Flying money, also known as the money exchange. Merchants in Chang'an to the money to a certain way into the Scholarship House (Beijing Office) or a military, a make, a rich family, and then with the parties to pay the coupon, to the destination with the coupon to get money. This kind of coupon is similar to the bill of exchange in later times. Both the cabinet workshop and the flying money were the products of commercial development, frequent transactions and huge turnover. After the creation of this system, it reduced the trouble of paying money, avoided the danger of carrying heavy gold on long journeys, and favored the development of the commodity economy.　As a result of the development of commerce, in the late Tang Dynasty, city ordinances were commonly set up in all states and counties to manage commercial activities. More grass markets and marketplaces appeared on the main transportation routes in the countryside, which traded regularly and dispersed after trading. Some of these grass markets and market cloths had a thriving business, and as more and more people moved to settle down to trade or make a living, they developed into cities and towns. Tang Dynasty(129)Prosperity(2)