Current location - Recipe Complete Network - Catering industry - Who has an interesting conversation about Chinese? Make it short and interesting.
Who has an interesting conversation about Chinese? Make it short and interesting.
The teacher came from a family and taught Chinese in middle school for several years. He abides by his own "ink rules". For those seasonal articles that are not punctuated or incomplete, one can't understand them, and the other can't learn them. Whenever I see these articles, I always think of the story of Editor and Author. An author sent an article to the editor with a postscript: "I have always been indifferent to punctuation, please help me supplement it." The editor politely returned the article and wrote to the author: "I am just the opposite of you, but I don't care about the words." Next time you want to contribute, just send some punctuation marks. " Let's talk about some old names first.

The appellations of the ancients were complicated, including "surname" and "name", as well as "word" and "number". For example, Confucius named Zhong Ni; Qu Yuan's name is Ping; Liang Qichao's ci is outstanding as a public official, nicknamed the owner of the icehouse, and so on. So, how did the ancients use it specifically?

First, there are three situations in which you call your first name: 1, calling yourself by your first name or first name. Such as "Within five steps, please ask the king to spill blood on his neck" and "Luling Wen Tianxiang preface his poems". 2. Used for introduction or biography. For example, "Sui and Lu Su are both interested in Sun Quan" and "Liu Jingting is from Taizhou". 3. Call someone you don't like and despise. For example, "Unfortunately, Lu Shimeng is evil in the former, but flattering in the latter".

Second, the word: the ancients named it when they were young, and they took the word when they were adults (male 20 years old, female 15 years old), and the word has a meaningful connection with the name. Chinese characters are for the convenience of others, courtesy and respect for peers or elders. For example, Qu Ping is Qu Yuan, Sima Qian is Sima Zichang, Tao Yuanming is Tao, Li Bai is Du Fu, Han Yu is Han Tui, Liu Zongyuan is Liu Zihou, Ouyang Xiu is Ouyang Yongshu, Sima Guang is Sima Junshi, and Su Shi is Su Zizhan.

Third, the title:No. is also called nickname and table number. The fundamental difference between a name, a character and a number is that the former is decided by the father or elder, while the latter is decided by himself. Number, generally only used to claim to express some interest or express some emotion; The address of a person is also a kind of honorific title. Such as: Mr. Wu Liu, Li Bai's Qinglian Jushi, Du Fu's Shaoling Yelao, Bai Juyi's Xiangshan Jushi, Li Shangyin's Yuxi Sheng, He's self-proclaimed Siming Fancy in his later years, Ouyang Xiu's Drunk, Liu Yi Jushi in his later years and Wang Anshi's Mid-Levels in his later years.

4. posthumous title: The title added after the death of ancient princes, senior officials and famous scribes is posthumous title. For example, Tao Yuanming's name is Jing Shi, Ouyang Xiu is Ouyang Wenzhong, Wang Anshi is Wang Wengong, Fan Zhongyan is Gong, Wang Ao is Su Gong, Zuo Guangdou is Zuo Gong, Shi Kefa is Shi Zhonglie Gong, and Lin Zexu is Lin Wenzhong Gong. Calling Qin Gui a traitor is a kind of "evil death".

5. Name of fasting: refers to the name of fasting or the room number. For example, Yang Wanli, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, called Zhai Wei, and people called him Yang. Yao Nai is called Mr. Bao and Mr. Bao because of his name. Another example is Pu Songling's name is Mr. Liaozhai, Liang Qichao's name is the owner of the icehouse, and Tan Sitong's name is Tan Zhuangfei (his fasting name is Zhuangfei Building).

Sixth, birthplace: For example, Meng Haoran, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was from Xiangyang, so he was called Meng Xiangyang; Zhang Jiuling is from Qujiang, so he is called Zhang Qujiang. Liu Zongyuan is a native of Hedong (now Yongji, Shanxi), so he is called Liu Hedong; Wang Anshi was born in Linchuan, Jiangxi Province in the Northern Song Dynasty, so people called him King Linchuan. Tang Xianzu, a dramatist in the Ming Dynasty, was named Tang Linchuan (Linchuan, Jiangxi). Gu, a beginner in Qing Dynasty, was born in Kunshan Town, Jiangsu Province, and was called Gu. Kang Youwei is a native of Nanhai, Guangdong Province, known as Kang Nanhai; Yuan Shikai, the leader of Beiyang warlord, is called Yuan Xiangcheng (from Xiangcheng, Henan). There is a famous couplet full of irony in the late Qing Dynasty: "Hefei, the prime minister, is thinner than the world, and Changshu, the farmer, is barren." The first couplet "Hefei" refers to Li Hongzhang (from Hefei, Anhui), and the second couplet "Changshu" refers to Weng Tonghe who was born in Changshu, Jiangsu.

7. Counties: Although Han Yu was from Heyang, Henan (now Mengxian, Henan), the Han family in Changli (now Yixian, Liaoning) was a famous family in the Tang Dynasty, and Han Yu often called himself "Changli Han Yu", so the world called him Han Changli. For another example, Su Shi was originally from Meizhou, Sichuan, but he sometimes called himself "Su Shi in Zhao County" and "Su Zhao County" because Su Shi was a noble family in Zhao County.

Eight, official name: such as "Sun Qiulu is smart and kind", "Sun Qiulu" is Sun Quan, because he was awarded the official position of General Qiu Lu, so he called it. Ji Ling of Plum Blossoms in Wang Zu in the Qing Dynasty has the following sentences: "Running northward" and "Yan Taishi is a teacher with knowledge and soldiers, and less literature ensures knowledge and great light". Running is Hong Chengchou's official position, "Taishi" is the provincial name of Yan Zhenqing's official position "Taizi Taishi", and "Shaobao" is Wen Tianxiang's official position. Lin Juemin, a revolutionary of 1911, and his wife wrote a book: Sima Chun Shirt, you can't learn much. "Sima" refers to Bai Juyi, who was once a Sima in Jiangzhou. It was quite common to use official names as titles of people in ancient times, such as calling Jia Yi Jia Taifu; Ruan Ji, one of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest", used to be a captain of the infantry and was called Ruan Infantry in the world. Ji Kang once worshipped Zhong Sanyi, who was known as Zhong Sanyi in the world. Wang Xizhi, a great calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was a general of the right army, and people still call him Wang Youjun. Wang Wei, formerly known as Shangshu Youcheng, was called Wang Youcheng. Du Fu is called the left scavenger, and he is also called Du Gongbu, because he is a foreign minister. Liu Yuxi used to be a guest of honor of the prince and was called Liu Ke. Liu Yong was the foreign minister of wasteland, known as Liu wasteland; Su Shi was once a bachelor of Hanlin in Duanmingtang, and was called Su.

9. Title: Sima Guang's "Training Festival to Show Health", "In modern times, Lai Gong was extravagant and won the title for a while", and the title of Kou Zhun was Lai Gong, and Lai Gong was the title of the province. In Meihualing, Duoduo was named Prince Yu by the Qing Dynasty. In the biography of Liu Jingting, "Ningnan goes south, Anhui Shuai wants to marry Ningnan and pay tribute to the shogunate Zhongting". Ningnan was the provincial name of Zuo Liangyu in the late Ming Dynasty. For example, Zhuge Liang was once conferred the title of marquis of Wu, so later generations are commensurate with marquis of Wu; Xie Lingyun, a poet in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, attacked the title of Xie Xuan, his ancestor, and he thanked him in the past. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, it was named Zheng Guogong, so it was called Wei in the world. Guo Ziyi, a famous soldier, was named Guo Ziyi and called "Guo Fenyang" for putting down the Anshi Rebellion. Chu Suiliang, a great calligrapher, was named Duke of Henan, known as Chu Henan in the world; In the Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi was named King Gong Jing. Sima Guang was once named the Duke of Wen, and the world called Sima Wengong. In the early Ming Dynasty, Liu Ji, the minister of Zhu Yuanzhang, was knighted with sincerity, and people were commensurate with sincerity.

Official land: refers to the place name of official land. Such as "Battle of Red Cliffs": "What does Yuzhou want now?" Because Liu Bei used to be the secretariat of Yuzhou, he called it an official place. Another example is Jia Yi, who was once dismissed as Teacher Wang of Changsha, and was known as Jia Changsha in the world. Kong Rong, one of the "seven sons of Jian 'an", was once a Beihai phase, known as Kong Beihai in the world; Tao Yuanming was once the magistrate of Pengze County, and was known as Tao Pengze in the world. Luo was once the magistrate of Linhai County, and was known as Luo Linhai in the world. Cen Can used to be a secretariat, known as CenJiaZhou; Wei was once the secretariat of Suzhou, known as Wei Suzhou in history; Liu Zongyuan used to be the secretariat of Liuzhou, known as Liu Liuzhou in the world; Jia Dao used to be the master book of Changjiang County, known as Jia Changjiang in the world, and his poetry collection was called Changjiang Collection. In addition to the above names, there are also the following, which are also briefly introduced.

The first one is also called: for example, "four people, Lu, the father of Changle Wang, Yu's father and An Shangchun's father". The first two people are called native place, name and word, and the latter two write the relationship with the author first, then the name and word; "Five Tomb Monuments" "The wise men are Wu Gong, the Taishi Wen Qi Wengong and Meng Changyao Yegong", the first two are called official positions, characters and surnames, and the last one is called characters and surnames; Meihualing is called official posthumous title, also known as surname, official position and first name. "Sheng Zhi" is called "official position, native place and honorific title".

Modesty: 1, which means modesty and is used to claim. Fool, modestly calling himself not smart. Despicable and modest, claiming to have little knowledge. We humbly call ourselves or our things bad. Humble, call yourself humble. Stealing means privately, privately, and it often means bold and abrupt when used. I humbly declare that I am not as tall as the other person. Servant, humbly calling himself the servant of the other party, uses it to mean serving the other party. 2. The ancient emperors' words of self-modesty included loneliness (the king of a small country), widowhood (the person without virtue) and ingratitude (bad). 3. The words of modesty of ancient officials include Xiaguan, Houguan and Xuli. 4. Scholars laugh at themselves by saying that they are young, late in life and late in study. , indicating that they are new learners; If you are modest, unworthy and unworthy, it means that you have no talent, or your talent is mediocre. When the ancients addressed relatives and friends, they often used modest words such as "home" and "shed". "Home" is a modest word used to address a person's elders or older relatives, such as my father, mother and brother. "Sheshe" is used to humble one's home or one's relative. The former is like my humble abode, while the latter is like my brother, sister and nephew. 6. Other self-deprecating words are: because the elders were above when the ancients were seated, the younger generation or people with low status were humble; Small is the modesty of people with a certain status, indicating that they are ordinary and insignificant; Boys are the opinions of children's younger generations on their fathers and brothers; Old people use old people, old people, old people, old people like me, and so on. When they are modest; Women call themselves concubines; The old monk calls himself an old woman; Call your monarch a widowed monarch in other countries.

3. Respect: A respectful and polite attitude, also called "respect". 1. The honorifics for the emperor include Long Live, Saint, Saint, Son of Heaven, Your Majesty, etc. Driving, this refers to the emperor's car driving. The ancients thought that the emperor should ride a car to run around the world, so he called the emperor "driving". Ancient emperors thought that their political power was determined by heaven, so they called the emperor the son of heaven. Ancient courtiers were afraid to go directly to see the emperor, so they told the people under the palace (the steps of the palace) to convey their meaning, so they used your majesty as the emperor. 2. The honorific title for Crown Prince and Prince is Your Highness. 3. The general is regarded as a subordinate. 4. honorific words for people with certain status: address the envoys under the festival; People with certain social status, such as Sangong, County Chief, etc., are called Your Excellency, and now they are mostly used in diplomatic occasions, such as Your Excellency the Ambassador. 5. The honorific terms for each other or their relatives are Order, Respect and Virtue. Ling, which means beautiful, is used to address relatives of the other party, such as your father (the other party's father), your mother (the other party's mother), your location (the other party's wife), your brother (the other party's brother), your son (the other party's son) and your lover (the other party's daughter). Honorific terms are used to refer to people or things related to the other party, such as respecting the Shang (called the other party's parents), respecting the public, respecting the monarch, respecting the father (called the other party's father), respecting the Tang (called the other party's mother), respecting the Qin (called the other party's relatives), respecting the driver (called the other party), honorific terms (instructed by the other party) and honorific terms (called the other party's meaning). Xian, used to address peers or younger generations, such as Xian Jia (called the other party), Xian Lang (called the other party's son) and (called the other party's brother). Benevolence, meaning love, is widely used. For example, friends who are longer than themselves in their peers are applauded, and those with high status are called benevolent people. So, in a word, it is "a big family, a small house, an outsider." 6. Call old people husbands and fathers-in-law, such as "Go your way and you will meet your father-in-law" (The Analects of Confucius). After the Tang Dynasty, husbands and husbands specifically refer to wives and fathers, also known as Mount Tai, and wives and mothers refer to husbands and mothers or Tai Shui. 7. adding "xian" before the title means dead. It is used to address people with high status or older people. For example, the dead emperor is called the first emperor, the dead father is called the first test or father, the dead mother is called the first kind or sage, and the dead talented and virtuous people are called sages. Adding "Tai" or "Da" before the title indicates another generation, such as calling the emperor's mother the queen mother, grandfather the great (great) father and grandmother the great (great) mother. After the Tang Dynasty, the dead emperors were often called temple names, such as Emperor Taizong, Emperor Xuanzong, Song Taizu, Song Renzong, Yuan Shizu and Ming Taizu. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, emperors were also called by titles, such as Zhu Yuanzhang's Hongwu Emperor, Zhu Youjian's Chongzhen Emperor, Michelle Ye's Kangxi Emperor and Li Hong's Qianlong Emperor. 8. The honorifics for elders and peers are Jun, Zi, Gong, First Step, Master, Sir, Adult, etc. 9. Your address to the minister is Qing or Mourning Qing. 10, using "saints" to show respect for people with noble moral character and superior wisdom, such as Confucius as a saint and Mencius as a son. Later, "saint" was mostly used for emperors, such as saints and holy drivers.

4. Nickname: shows the attitude of sneering and scolding. For example, Jing Ke Stabbed the King of Qin: "Those who don't look back now stand up straight." "Mao Sui recommended himself": "Tian Lei, Xiao Shu Er." "The Hongmen Banquet": "Even if there are shortcomings!" Peacock flies southeast: "A boy is fearless, how dare he help a woman!" " "

Verb (abbreviation of verb) special appellation: there are mainly the following four types:

1, the title of the people. The common ones are Buyi, Shoushou, Limin, Sheng Min, Suburb, Pear Tree, Cangsheng, Pear Garden and Mangzhong.

2. Professional name. For some people who take skills as their profession, a word indicating occupation is often added before their names, so that people can know their professional identity at a glance. For example, in Street Cow, "Ding" is a person's name, and "Dong" is a chef, indicating occupation. Heshi in Shi Shuo and Biography of Jianggan Heroes all mean musicians and indicate their occupation. The "dream" in Liu Jingting's Biography refers to an artist named "dream". "You", also known as a performer or actor, was used in ancient times to refer to an artist who took music and dance as his profession, and later called a traditional opera actor.

3. Appellations between different friends. The friends you make when you are poor and in a low position are called "poor friends"; Friends who are friendly and close as brothers are called "the turn of Jin Lan"; Friends who share weal and woe are called "embarrassed friends"; Friends formed when encountering hardships are called "friends in need"; Friends with similar interests and deep friendship are called "friends who don't look back"; A good friend of the opposite sex who grew up together is called "friendship of bamboo and horses"; Friends who associate as civilians are called "friends of cloth"; Friends of different generations and ages are called "forgetting to make friends"; Friends who don't care about their identity or appearance are called "forgetful friends"; Friends who don't change their deep friendship because of the change of nobility and inferiority are called "car hats"; Friends who support each other morally are called "friends of gentlemen"; Friends who are like-minded and know each other well are called "friends who have never met before" ("friends who have never met before").

4. Age title. The age of ancient people is sometimes not expressed by numbers, not by telling someone's age or age directly, but by an age-related title instead. "Pam" refers to children aged three or four to eight or nine (Pam, short hair hanging from the head of ancient children). The "total angle" is a teenager between the ages of eight or nine and thirteen or fourteen (ancient children divided their hair in half and tied it in a knot at the top of their heads, which looks like two horns, so it is called "total angle"). "Cardamom" is 13 to 15 years old (Cardamom is a plant that blooms in early summer, but it is not yet midsummer, which means that people are still underage, so it is called "cardamom youth"). "Bundle hair" means that a man is fifteen years old (when he is fifteen, the man will dissolve the original total angle and tie it into a bundle). "Weak crown" refers to a man who is twenty years old (in ancient times, a man was crowned at the age of twenty, indicating that he has reached adulthood, so he was called "weak crown" because he has not yet reached the prime of life). "Li" means that a man is thirty years old. "Not confused" refers to july rhapsody (not confused, meaning "not confused, not confused"). "know life" is a man of fifty years old (know life, meaning "knowing the destiny"). Hua is sixty years old. Gu Xi is seventy years old. "Eighty or ninety years old" means eighty or ninety years old. "Yi" means one hundred years old.

Let's talk about something beside the point. Everyone who has reached a certain age knows that in the 1960s and 1970s, there was a jargon in our wartime movies: "Comrades, I found you!" Then, I will explain the affairs intermittently, or confidential documents, or underground party member lists, or party dues, etc., and repeatedly urge them to be handed over to the party organization. If you don't give an order, you will not die. In 1960s, the great man's "learning from Comrade XX" pushed the title of "Comrade" to the peak. For a time, regardless of gender and age, they were all collectively called "comrades", which is the brand of the times and the absurdity of history. Imagine, in daily life, how do you know that men (women) you have never met share the same ideals and interests with you, but call you a "comrade"? I don't know when the word "comrade" became a special term for gay men or lesbians, but now few people use it in peacetime except on special occasions.

The word "miss" usually refers to young women. This word is by no means imported, nor does it belong exclusively to capitalism. It seems to have originated from the feudal society in China. For the rich and noble families and bureaucrats at that time, such as Cui Yingying in The West Chamber. However, after 1949, it was put on hold for a long time because it was regarded as subsidized maintenance. In 1980s, with the reform and opening-up, this term was revived and widely used. Adult women, as long as they are not too old to know whether the other party is married or not, are absolutely right to be called "miss". Perhaps the addressed person will be complacent because he will always maintain the image of youth in the eyes of others. Unfortunately, the good times did not last long. With the development of economy and the opening of cities and towns, the porn industry, which has been extinct for many years, has revived and spread rapidly. The word "Miss" has become a special term for young women engaged in this industry. In this way, this title will no longer be valued, despised, improperly used, not only thankless, but even supercilious. The next question is, "Miss" can't scream. What do you call young women in your daily life and work? The author believes that the shop is still called "salesman"; Restaurants and hotels are also called waiters, because you are a buyer and there will be no mistakes; When you go to the office of a company or enterprise, you know that a position is called a position, such as section chief, accountant, manager and so on. If you don't know, you can always put the word "please" in front, "excuse me", "excuse me" and so on. If you want to know the things on the road, don't ask young women, which can also avoid Li's suspicion that he has bad motives.

I don't know when it started, and husband and wife called each other "husband" and "wife", which was very popular for a while. The kitsch film and television dramas in the entertainment circle are even more pretentious and flying all over the sky. In fact, the word "husband" is called by gender, and "male" is relative to "mother", which distinguishes the male and female of human or animal. There are many male and female "sexual animals and plants" in the world. In other words, they are men and women. When we know animals, we must first distinguish between male and female: male and female, male and female dogs, bulls and cows, male and female flowers, etc. Human interpersonal relationship is no longer a simple title between animals that can express human relationships and emotions. Therefore, since ancient times, some great thinkers have regarded the definition and handling of interpersonal relationships as a top priority. After careful thinking and research, we have obtained some appellations, which have been fully proved by long-term practice. Now we call our husband "husband", which is not only too simple, but also easy to misunderstand. Let's imagine that the husband is a "husband". What does his father call him? Call it "husband" Zhao Benshan satirizes the phenomenon that his wife is called "old mother" in his essays, which is not spicy. At this rate, isn't it a mess? The wife's name is "old mother". What's her mother's name? The extension of abbreviations along their meanings will lead to "old man" and "old man" addressing their husbands, and "old woman" and "old mother" addressing their wives. It not only confuses the appellation, but also brings inconvenience to daily life.

China has a profound culture and a long history. In the climax of a foreign language craze, some people of insight were alarmed. They shouted and ran around, emphasizing the importance and necessity of learning their mother tongue. The feudal society of Han Dynasty suffered many foreign invasions in history, and the reason why the Chinese language did not die out played a vital role. I was shocked to find Chinese textbooks for junior high schools in Taiwan Province Province. I just have a feeling that thanks to Taiwan Province Province, the incense of Chinese culture can continue without worrying about the current language situation in Chinese mainland.

Occasionally comparing Chinese and western cultures, we will find some interesting examples, especially those involving social sciences. In ancient China, everything was comprehensive. What westerners study seems to be confirmed in our historical documents. /kloc-Montesquieu, an outstanding French thinker in the 0/8th century, expounded the theory that "an unjust system is more harmful than an unjust society". Our Kong Old Master Q has an extremely incisive saying: "Tyranny is more fierce than a tiger." In 1960s and 1970s, decadent ideas prevailed among young people in Europe and America, and flowered shirts, bell bottoms and long hair shawls became popular in The Beatles. In fact, didn't Li Bai have this image long ago, with the poem "Life is not arrogant, and tomorrow I will let myself go fishing"? "Send" means "The Beatles"? At the beginning of last century, Mr. Li Shutong had a more wonderful description in one of his songs "Golden Blue"-the vivid image of The Beatles. In 1930s, sages such as Wen Yiduo and Liang Shiqiu were also proud of their clothes, imitating the clothes of scholars in Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties. To put it bluntly, it is a life attitude of the Dance Academy that yearns for freedom, and it is also another face of "hippies". This is also the reason why I have a soft spot for China culture. Although I have died nine times without any regrets, I swear I will die.

2. Born in a certain year, the traditional dating method is popular in China, that is, twelve elephants are matched with twelve kinds of animals: rats, ugly cows, silver tigers, hairy rabbits, dragons, snakes, noon horses, sheep, monkeys, pheasants, dogs and sea pigs, and the trunk of a certain year is regarded as a certain animal, commonly known as the "Zodiac".

In China, celebrating the Year of heavenly stems and earthly branches has a long history. However, how did the zodiac come into being in the later circulation? Why are there twelve kinds of animals attached to it, which makes people more accustomed to expressing birthdays with twelve kinds of animals? What does the zodiac have to do with our life? The practice of the zodiac is often confusing. How can some creatures in nature be associated with our lives?

Formally, the zodiac is a way for our ancients to mark the year, but in essence, the zodiac is an important symbol of our national cultural life. It is impossible to completely solve the mystery of human life if human beings only know about their biological life and have a little knowledge of cultural life. It is reported that experts in the field of life sciences have deciphered that chickens and mice are most similar to human genes. They are very similar to humans in terms of biological life genes. Why? Experts who study human genes are puzzled. As a folklorist, they caused another layer of thinking: in China's ancient creation myth, many legends attributed this credit to a chicken and a mouse. For example, in the Chronicle of Jingchu, the ancients regarded the most solemn day of the year, the first day of the New Year, as the birthday of chickens, and rats ranked first among the 12 zodiac animals. In the analysis of related genes, they are similar to human genes, so we can't help asking, is this a coincidence or an evolutionary trajectory of biological life that we don't know yet? Or something else? It seems that experts who study biological life genes and scholars who study cultural life genes need to discuss this in depth.

On the basis of previous studies, I also made some explorations on the origin of the Chinese zodiac. However, the more I explore, the more difficult it becomes. The geological culture-folk custom of a country is different from the surface culture-the formation of the upper class culture or the Japanese elite culture. The former, like the practice of folk customs such as the zodiac, is the result of people's casual habits in daily life, the infection of group behavior and the recognition of the cultural and psychological model of "our senses". Confucianism and other upper-class cultures were gradually constructed and promoted by individuals headed by Confucius. In addition, the traditional emperors and generals all have a view of history, and the historical records of the old history books are mainly based on the upper culture. When writing a book, there are many clear records, even those that have been destroyed or lost can still be found, while the folk cultural history is often in a marginal state and rarely leaves its own footprints in historical documents. Therefore, the complete decryption of the habits of the zodiac still needs the discovery of new materials on the ground and underground.

I was ordered to write this book, and I followed its purpose. Try to be rational and interesting in the analysis of academic research. In addition to my own experience, I also adopted and quoted the views and materials of other experts and scholars. Because of the style of this series, I didn't list them one by one. I express my heartfelt thanks to them.