Duck farming in China has a long history. As early as 500 BC, there were records of a large group of ducks raising and eating duck meat and eggs in China. In 1980s, duck industry developed rapidly, with an average annual growth rate of 5% ~ 8%. According to FAO statistics, in 2005, the number of ducks in China exceeded 725 million, accounting for 72% of the world total. Duck meat, duck eggs and down products are exported to EU, Southeast Asia, Japan, South Korea, China, Taiwan Province Province and Hongkong. The annual output of down (wool) in China reaches 360,000 tons, of which duck down (wool) accounts for about 75%. In 2005, down products earned US$ 654.38+08 billion for the country, accounting for about 55% of the world's down products exports. In 2005, the number of adult laying ducks in China was about 300-400 million, accounting for about 20.0% of the total output of poultry eggs in China.
In 2005, the annual output value of duck meat and down products in China reached 50 billion yuan, and the total output value of duck eggs was about 38 billion yuan. The laying duck and meat duck industry consumes about 30 million tons of compound feed every year, valued at 45 billion yuan, and promotes the development of down, food processing and catering industry. Therefore, meat duck breeding industry is an important industry for farmers to get employment, get rid of poverty and increase income in China. It has become a new bright spot of increasing farmers' income and plays a very important role in building a new socialist countryside.
Table 1 lists the production of meat ducks and laying ducks in China in 2004. The data in this table are obtained by the author through various channels after consulting a large number of materials, and there may be errors, which are for reference only.
Secondly, duck meat and duck egg products are traditional nutritious foods for China residents.
Duck meat and duck egg products are traditional and very important sources of high-quality protein for Chinese residents, with unique flavor and rich in unsaturated fatty acids beneficial to human health. Beijing roast duck, represented by Quanjude, enjoys a good reputation at home and abroad. Nanjing salted duck, Guangdong roast duck, Sichuan Zhangcha duck, Fujian braised duck and Hangzhou old duck pot are favored by consumers in China. The processing of Beijing roast duck and Nanjing salted duck is exquisite and complicated, with an annual consumption of more than 30 million. Hangzhou old duck pot has a legendary culture, spending more than 20 million in the past two years. It can be seen that duck meat food is an important part of Chinese traditional food culture. Beijing Quanjude Roast Duck contains profound Chinese food culture and has become a well-known brand in the domestic food industry.
Duck eggs are an important food for China residents and a traditional food for southern residents. Salted duck eggs, preserved eggs, preserved eggs, grooved eggs and other duck egg processing products have a long history in China. The processing method and technology are simple and easy to operate, which can effectively maintain the flavor and nutrition of duck eggs. Salted duck eggs, preserved eggs and preserved eggs processed in China are exported to the United States, ASEAN, Japan, South Korea, China, Taiwan Province Province and Hongkong.
Food safety, nutrition and health care have become the main theme of food production in 2 1 century. Duck meat products are foods with high protein, low fat and low cholesterol. It has been recorded in China since the Ming Dynasty that Peking Duck has the function of nourishing and strengthening the body: "Duck tastes sweet and cool, nourishes the yin of the five internal organs, clears the heat of exhaustion, nourishes blood and promotes blood circulation, nourishes the stomach and soaks water, relieves cough and calms convulsions, and eliminates snail stagnation". Modern nutritionists even regard duck meat and goose meat as human health food together. With the nutrition and health care functions of duck products being recognized and accepted by more and more people, the demand for duck products will be increasing. Table 2 and Table 3 list the main nutritional components of Beijing duck breast meat and duck eggs respectively.
Four, the main problems and countermeasures of duck industry in China.
1, the traditional meat duck and egg duck varieties can no longer meet the needs of industrial production.
China's meat duck varieties include a series of Beijing ducks, muscovy ducks and several meat and egg dual-purpose varieties. Breeding and strain selection of Beijing Duck began in 1980s, and its growth rate, feed conversion rate and lean meat rate are at the same level as those of Beijing Duck mating lines cultivated by British Cherry Valley Farm, French Cremo Company and American Maple Leaf Company. However, this kind of large-scale meat duck variety (including the Peking Duck matching line cultivated by foreign companies) can not meet the demand of China market. It is characterized by strong fat deposition ability, low breast and leg meat rate, high sebum rate and overweight, and is suitable for making roast duck or chopping duck. When making traditional meat duck food in China, such as salted duck, Zhangcha duck and sauce duck, the quality is low and the palatability is poor. China market needs a large number of meat duck varieties with high breast and leg meat rate, good meat quality, high feed conversion efficiency and live weight of 2.0 ~ 2.5 kg. Beijing duck series is a large meat duck. At the age of 30 days, their weight has reached 2.0 ~ 2.3 kilograms, but the breast meat weight is only about 20 grams, and the breast meat rate is about 2.5%, which fully shows the "empty shell" characteristics of low lean meat rate and cannot meet the needs of the domestic market. Cultivating new varieties (lines) of small-sized high-quality meat ducks and establishing breeding system have broad prospects in China's meat duck market. The growth rate of dual-purpose duck breeds in China is slow and the feed conversion efficiency is low, which needs to be improved. In addition, with the rapid development of duck industry in China, the breeding density has been greatly improved, and the disease harm is more serious. It is very important to cultivate a new strain of meat duck with high quality and strong disease resistance.
China's laying duck breeds are rich in resources and have high reproductive performance. For example, Shaoxing duck can lay 330 eggs at 500 days old, and Jinding duck can lay 280 eggs. However, Shaoxing duck and Jinding duck have late sexual maturity, low feed conversion efficiency and weak disease resistance. The market of laying ducks in China needs new strains of laying ducks with short reproductive cycle, early sexual maturity, high egg production, low feed consumption and strong disease resistance. At the same time, green eggshells are thick and have high dry matter content, which are deeply loved by consumers at home and abroad. There is a lack of systematic research on the breeding, strain breeding and cross utilization of other egg-laying duck varieties in China, and the individual production performance is quite different, and the genetic potential has not been fully exerted. Therefore, the breeding of green shell laying ducks, the breeding of new strains (varieties) with early maturity, high yield and stress resistance, and the research on healthy breeding technology will promote the rapid development of laying duck industry in China.
2. Backward feeding methods.
China's meat duck breeding industry mainly adopts low-input and open greenhouse production mode. Decentralized farming in rural family courtyard greenhouses accounts for 90% of the total aquaculture in China, with poor infrastructure and equipment, poor farming environment and backward farming technology. Courtyard-style breeding is mainly based on ground flat farming, and some farmers use online flat farming. Duck disease cross-infection is very serious, and drug use is very common, frequent and serious, which can not guarantee the hygiene and safety of products. Therefore, improving the feeding method of meat ducks will promote the overall upgrading of the industry.
In China, laying duck breeding has always adopted traditional water grazing and semi-grazing feeding methods. This feeding mode has the following shortcomings: First, the waters where laying ducks live may be polluted by industrial or civil water to varying degrees. At the same time, laying duck activities seriously pollute the surrounding waters. Therefore, grazing can not guarantee the drinking water and feeding safety of laying ducks, and it is not conducive to the prevention and control of the epidemic, which is easy to cause the spread and spread of the epidemic and seriously affects the health and product safety of laying ducks. Secondly, under the traditional breeding mode, laying ducks lay eggs directly on the ground, which is easy to cause duck eggs to be polluted by feces, and the pollution rate is about 90%, which reduces the quality of duck eggs; Third, it takes up a lot of water surface and land resources, which is highly dependent on the water environment and has low resource utilization rate; Fourthly, we can't recycle and treat feces without pollution, which will cause environmental pollution. According to relevant data, the annual output of livestock manure in China is about1710.30 billion tons, which is 2.7 times that of industrial waste. Among them, nitrogen emission is about 6.5438+0.597 million tons, and phosphorus emission is about 3.63 million tons. With the improvement of intensive feeding level of laying ducks in China, extensive feeding methods will pose a threat to water resources and environment in China. And eventually become the bottleneck that hinders the sustainable development of laying duck industry. Therefore, it is imperative to change the traditional feeding methods. Cage rearing and indoor free-range rearing of laying ducks may be more suitable feeding methods.
3. The research on duck feed nutrition is relatively backward.
The research on physiology, biochemistry, nutrition, feeding and feed preparation technology of meat ducks and laying ducks in China is becoming less and less in-depth. Feed preparation lacks scientific basis and resources are wasted seriously. Domestic enterprises only refer to the poultry nutrition requirement standard formulated by nrc (1994) in the United States or make it according to experience. However, the standard data of raising ducks recommended by nrc in the United States comes from the standard of raising chickens, which has a large error and cannot be used in actual production. For example, nrc( 1994) recommended that the dietary energy and protein requirements of 3-7 week-old meat ducks were 3000 kcal/kg and 16.0% respectively, and the ratio of energy to egg feed was 187.5: 1. The low level of protein in diet is not conducive to the growth of meat ducks, and it is easy to cause meat ducks to peck. The calcium and phosphorus requirements of 0 ~ 2 weeks old and 3 ~ 7 weeks old meat ducks are 0.65, 0.65, 0.40 and 0.30% respectively, and the data of calcium and phosphorus requirements are low, which is easy to cause chondropathy of meat ducks. The requirements of methionine and lysine in the diet of 0 ~ 2 weeks old and 3 ~ 7 weeks old meat ducks are 0.40, 0.30, 0.90 and 0.65% respectively. The above data is low, which will significantly inhibit the growth of meat ducks and reduce the feed conversion rate. There are few reports on the requirements of trace elements such as copper, iron, manganese, zinc, selenium, iodine, cobalt and chromium and vitamins A, D, E, K, nicotinic acid, riboflavin, choline and folic acid at home and abroad, and the data recommended by nrc are very limited. Therefore, it is urgent to study and formulate feeding standard for meat ducks and laying ducks in China. Table 4 is the data obtained by the experimental research institute of Animal Husbandry Institute of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences for reference.
4. Diseases do great harm to poultry industry in China. On the one hand, diseases endanger the health of poultry and reduce the production performance of poultry and the economic benefits of aquaculture; On the other hand, it brings hidden dangers to food safety and harms human health. Whether diseases can be strictly controlled has become the key to the healthy development of poultry breeding industry in China and whether poultry products can enter the international market. Compared with chickens, ducks have stronger disease resistance. However, the current feeding methods in China are relatively extensive, which is not conducive to the prevention and control of duck disease. What is more noteworthy is that most practitioners in China have a serious misunderstanding of poultry diseases, that is, "paying more attention to treatment than prevention", and they don't know enough about epidemic prevention and pay enough attention to it, so they are lucky. In recent years, bird flu, duck hepatitis, duck serositis, Escherichia coli and other diseases have caused huge economic losses to duck industry in China. In the past two years, there have been cases of h5n 1 avian influenza in 27 countries around the world, and about1.500 million birds died of avian influenza, resulting in direct economic losses as high as $3 billion. In 2005, China culled 225,743.8+200,000 poultry for the prevention and control of avian influenza, and the government subsidized more than 200 million yuan. The annual slaughter of meat ducks in China is about 2.4 billion, with an average survival rate of 95%. The direct economic loss caused by disease death can reach 65.438+0.8 billion yuan every year, and the economic losses caused by disease, such as the decline of production performance and the increase of veterinary health expenditure, are immeasurable. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a scientific poultry disease prevention and control system and resolutely implement the policy of "prevention first, prevention is more important than treatment". To block the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, etc.). ), on the basis of scientific immunization, improve the living environment quality, hygiene level, feed quality and drinking water safety of ducks. Strengthen the cleaning and disinfection of facilities and tools; Timely and harmless treatment of feces, padding and waste.
5. Feed is human's indirect food, and its safety is related to human health. In recent years, in order to improve animal production level, feed conversion efficiency and reduce feed cost, producers have widely used animal feed such as meat and bone meal and oil in livestock and poultry feed. Abuse of growth promoters, such as antibiotics, chemically synthesized drugs and arsenic preparations; Incidents that endanger human and animal health and food safety occur frequently. Such as mad cow disease, clenbuterol hydrochloride, dioxin and mycotoxin poisoning, have caused serious social unrest and economic losses to relevant countries and regions. Nowadays, food safety has attracted worldwide attention, which challenges China duck products to enter the international market. On June 5438+065438+1October 12, 2006, the weekly quality report column of CCTV News Channel reported that the red-hearted duck eggs produced in Anxin County (Baiyangdian) of Hebei Province contained a high dose (5.4 mg/kg) of industrial dye Sudan II with high carcinogenicity. At present, drug residues and epidemic disease control have become the main obstacles to the export of poultry products in China, which has affected the development of duck industry. As we all know, Japanese poultry products exported from China have been closely monitored since 1990, and the monitoring intensity and scope have been even greater in recent two years. Although some standards have been formulated in China, such as technical specifications for feeding meat ducks and laying ducks, veterinary epidemic prevention guidelines, etc. They are not perfect. China should learn from the poultry production technology and technology, detection technology of toxic and harmful components, regulations and standards for the use of veterinary drugs, product standards and so on in developed countries. , further improve the relevant standards and regulations in China and strictly enforce them.
In the production of meat ducks and laying ducks, the use of various veterinary drugs prohibited by the state should be strictly prohibited; It is forbidden to use toxic and harmful substances such as antibiotics and organic arsenic preparations as feed additives; Strictly abide by the provisions of the state on the period of drug withdrawal before slaughter to avoid drug residues exceeding the standard.
6. The deep processing level of products needs to be improved.
China is a big producer of duck products. However, at present, the structure of duck meat and eggs in the domestic market is single, and there are few deep-processed products and brand-name products. At the same time, the product packaging technology is backward, which affects the original flavor of the product, shortens the shelf life of the product and restricts the development of the duck industry. The deep processing of products can increase the variety of products, extend the shelf life of products, improve the added value of products, help expand product sales and improve economic benefits; Secondly, deep processing can also turn waste into treasure, improve the utilization rate of duck primary products and fully tap the economic value of poultry.
China's food culture has a long history, and many traditional processing techniques of delicious duck meat and eggs are circulated among the people. In order to continuously meet the needs of consumers, how to transform the existing folk processing methods of duck meat and eggs into industrial production will greatly enrich the varieties of duck meat and eggs in China.
7. The market information system needs to be established and improved.
Information is productivity. It is very important to give full play to the role of information in the production, operation and management of meat ducks and laying ducks. At present, the information system of meat, duck, egg and duck production, processing, sales, circulation and consumption in China has not yet been formed, and farmers and small-scale producers have very limited access to information, so it is difficult to accurately judge and evaluate the relationship between supply and demand, risks, production costs and benefits of the market, which often leads to blind production and sales difficulties and heavy economic losses. Market information system can help producers understand the relationship between supply and demand, trade level, price trend, product quality requirements and related industry trends at home and abroad, so as to guide producers and operators to make production plans and avoid losses caused by blind production.
V. Development trend of duck industry in China.
1, the level of industrialization has been rapidly improved.
Although the modern production mode of meat duck, egg duck in China developed late, it has the characteristics of high starting point by learning from the development experience of pig and chicken breeding industry, and the industrialization pattern is rapidly taking shape. A number of large-scale leading enterprises with strong competitiveness have emerged in China, adopting the production mode of company plus farmers, or company plus base plus farmers, integrating duck breeding, egg incubation, feed processing, commercial duck breeding, slaughtering and processing, and down production and processing. This mode of production, supply and marketing is well organized. The close combination and high efficiency between the company and farmers have greatly promoted the development of rural economy and social progress in China.
2. Organic combination of "production, learning and research" to promote industrial upgrading.
The organic combination of "production, learning and research" can closely link the technological, talent and information advantages of scientific research units and universities with the technological, talent and information needs of enterprises. It can not only strengthen the scientific and technological strength of enterprises, accelerate technological innovation and transformation of achievements, promote industrial upgrading, but also provide financial support for scientific research and teaching units and a stage for scientific and technological personnel to display their talents. It is a new idea to help farmers increase their income.
3. Safety, high quality and high efficiency will become the goal of meat duck and egg duck production in the future.
Safety, hygiene, nutrition and health care are the two major themes and inevitable trends of food industry development in China in the future. Pure natural, pollution-free, low residue, rich nutrition, good color, fragrance and taste are the eternal goals of consumers. Domestic consumers' requirements for duck meat and eggs will develop in the direction of low fat, low cholesterol, high protein, balanced nutrition, safety and health care. Duck has strong disease resistance and low incidence rate, so there is no need to add any medicine in ordinary feed, and there should be no (or low) residue problem in duck meat and duck egg products; Duck meat products are low in fat, cholesterol and protein, which meets the needs of consumers. Therefore, the production, processing and sales enterprises of meat ducks and egg ducks should adopt scientific and advanced breeding techniques and processing methods to meet the demand of future consumers for safe and high-quality food and realize efficient production.