The fact that he did not seek fame and fortune and did not admire the rich and powerful allowed Hua Tuo to concentrate on the study of medicine. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty - Hua Tuo's biography said that he was "well-versed in several scriptures and knew the art of nourishing sex", and he was especially "good at prescriptions and medicines". People called him the "Divine Doctor". He once organized his rich medical experience into a medical work called "Qing Nang Jing", but unfortunately it was not passed down. However, it cannot be said that his medical experience was completely lost. Because many of his accomplished students, such as Fan A, who was famous for acupuncture, Wu Pu, who authored Wu Pu Ben Cao, and Li Dang Zhi, who authored Ben Cao Jing, partially inherited his experience. As for the extant copy of Hua Tuo's Zhongzangjing, it is the work of a Song man, published under his name. However, it may also include some of the contents of Hua Tuo's writings that still survived at that time.
What is so brilliant about Hua Tuo is that he was able to critically inherit the academic achievements of his predecessors and create new doctrines on the basis of summarizing the experience of his predecessors. Chinese medicine had already made brilliant achievements by the Spring and Autumn Period, and Bian Magpie's elucidation of physiology and pathology can be regarded as its greatest achievement. It is possible that Hua Tuo's learning developed from Bian Magpie's doctrine. At the same time, Hua Tuo also studied Zhang Zhongjing's doctrine in depth. When he read the tenth volume of the Treatise on Typhoid Fever by Zhang Zhongjing, he said happily, "This is really a book of the living", which shows that Zhang Zhongjing's doctrine had a great influence on Hua Tuo. Hua Tuo followed the path opened up by his predecessors and opened up new horizons on the ground. For example, he discovered the extracorporeal heart squeeze method and mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration method at that time. There are many such examples. The most prominent ones are the invention of the anesthesia technique of taking anesthesia powder in wine and the creation of the sports therapy "Five Animal Play".
The use of certain medicines with anesthetic properties as anesthetics had been used before Hua Tuo. However, they were either used in war, assassination, or manipulation, but not in surgery. Hua Tuo summarized his experience in this area, and observed the state of slumber when people were drunk, and invented the anesthesia technique of taking anaesthetics with wine, which was formally used in medicine, thus greatly improving the technique and efficacy of surgical operations and expanding the scope of surgical treatments. According to the testimony of the Japanese foreign scientist Hwaoka Aoshu, the composition of Ma Bo San is one liter of Mandragora flower, four qian each of raw Cao Wu, whole Angelica sinensis, fragrant Angelica dahurica, and Chuanxiong rhizome, and one qian of fried Nanshing. Since the anesthesia method, Hua Tuo became more skillful in surgery and cured more patients. When he came across those abdominal diseases that could not be cured by acupuncture, moxibustion and tonics, he told the patients to first take Ma Zuosan with wine, and when the patients were not conscious after anesthesia, he would apply surgical hands to cut open the abdomen and back and cut off the diseased parts. If the disease in the stomach and intestines, cut open and wash, and then suture, put ointment. The wound healed in four or five days, and in a month or so, the disease was completely cured. At that time, Hua Tuo was already able to do tumor removal and gastrointestinal suture surgery. Once, there was a patient who was pushing a cart, bending his feet and shouting that his stomach hurt. Soon, his breath was weak, and his voice gradually decreased. Hua Tuo cut his pulse and pressed his stomach, and concluded that the patient was suffering from intestinal carbuncle. Because of the danger of the disease, Hua Tuo immediately gave the patient with wine to take "Ma Bo San", to be anesthetized, and then gave him a knife. After treatment, the patient recovered in about a month. His surgical operations have been highly praised throughout the ages. Chen Jiamu's "Materia Medica Monchuan" of the Ming Dynasty summarized it by quoting a poem in "Famous Doctors of All Ages": "There was Hua Tuo in Wei, who set up the Sore Section, and healed the disease by picking out the bones, with many miraculous effects". It can be seen that later generations honored Hua Tuo as the "originator of surgery," is true to his name.
"Five birds of the theater" is a set of muscles and joints of the whole body can be stretched medical gymnastics. The movements imitate the tiger's fluttering forelimbs, the deer's stretching head and neck, the bear's crouching and standing up, the ape's jumping on its toes, and the bird's spreading wings and flying. According to legend, when Hua Tuo was in Xuchang (the name of the county in Henan Province), he instructed many thin and weak people to do this gymnastics on the open ground every day. Said: "We can often exercise to get rid of the disease, and benefit the hooves and feet, as a guide. The body is not happy, up for a bird of the theater, Yi and sweat, because of the powder, the body is light and want to eat".
Hua Tuo, in addition to the systematic acceptance of the ancient medical experience, but also to attach great importance to and apply the folk medical experience. He traveled a lot in his life, collecting herbs everywhere and learning medicine from the masses. While looking for medicines from the folk, he also collected a lot of single prescriptions from the folk and often used them to cure diseases. Once, Hua Tuo met a patient on the road who suffered from throat obstruction and could not eat, and was traveling by car to get medical treatment. The patient was moaning and in great pain. Hua Tuo went up and carefully examined the patient, and said to him, "Ask the roadside cake seller for three taels of ping finely chopped pork, add half a bowl of sour vinegar, mix it well and eat it to get well naturally." The patient ate the finely chopped ping and vinegar according to his words, and immediately spit out a parasite like a snake, and the disease was really cured. The patient hung the worm on the side of his car and went to Hua Tuo to thank him. Hua Tuo's child happened to be playing in front of the door, saw it and said, "That must be the patient my father cured." That patient went into Hua Tuo's house and saw that dozens of similar worms were hanging on the wall. Hua Tuo had long cured many patients with this single folk remedy.
Hua Tuo's medical skills improved rapidly due to his method of treatment, and his fame spread far and wide. His fellow villager Cao Cao, who often suffered from head wind disease, invited many doctors to treat him, but they were not effective. When he heard that Hua Tuo was an excellent doctor, he asked him to cure him. Hua Tuo only gave him one injection, and the headache stopped immediately. Cao Cao was afraid that his illness would recur, so he forced Hua Tuo to stay in Xuchang to be his own doctor, for his personal use. Hua Tuo was a man of noble character, not interested in profit and not willing to be a servant doctor. When he "went to his home and wanted to return", he said he was going back to his hometown to look for a prescription and never returned. Cao Cao wrote to him several times to ask him to come back and sent local officials to urge him to do so. Cao Cao wrote to him several times to ask him to come back, and sent local officials to urge him to do so, but he refused to come back because his wife was very sick. Cao Cao was so furious that he sent someone to Hua Tuo's hometown to investigate. Cao Cao said to him, "If Hua Tuo's wife is really sick, I will give her 40 ducats of beans and give her a day's leave of absence, but if she is "false and deceitful", I will arrest her and punish her for the crime." Soon after, Hua Tuo was arrested and brought to Xuchang, where Cao Cao still asked him to cure her. Hua Tuo diagnosed the disease and said, "Your illness is too serious for acupuncture to work. I think it's better to give you anabolics, then cut open your head and perform surgery, which will remove the root of the disease." Upon hearing this, Cao Cao became furious and pointed at Hua Tuo and sternly rebuked, "Can a person live after his head is cut open?" Thinking that Hua Tuo was trying to plot against him, he put Hua Tuo in jail to be killed. One of Cao Cao's strategists pleaded, "Tuo's skill in the art of prescription is real, and a man's life is at stake, so it is appropriate to forgive him." Cao Cao refused to listen, saying, "If I don't worry, will the world be free of this rat?" Cao Cao killed the doctor, who had made great contributions to medicine. Before his death, Hua Tuo handed the medical writings he had organized in prison to the head of the cell and said, "This can live." Unexpectedly, this jailer was afraid and did not dare to accept it. Hua Tuo had to endure the pain and "ask for fire to burn it".
It has been more than 1,700 years since Hua Tuo was killed, but the people still miss him forever. Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, there is a memorial tomb of Hua Tuo; Peixian County, there is a temple of Hua Zu, a couplet in the temple, expresses the feelings of the author, summarizes the life of Hua Tuo:
"Doctor router abdomen, really different from the opening of the Qi Sheng door, who knows that the prison guards of the mediocrity, resulting in the remains of the book into a torch;
Shi Gui clean body, I would not care to serve around the traitorous heroes, and the only regret of the history of the ministers of the pen, the opposite will be the anorexia defamation of thousands of autumns.
These are the first time I've ever seen a person who has been in a position to do this.
Hua Tuo was also an expert in the use of psychotherapy to treat diseases. Once, a governor asked him to see a doctor, and Hua Tuo thought that after a great anger, he would be cured. So he accepted a lot of wealth but did not give him a proper medical treatment, and soon abandoned him and left a letter scolding him. The Taishou was furious and sent men after him. Knowing the truth of the matter, his son quietly stopped those who went after him. In his extreme indignation, the Taishou vomited several liters of black blood, and he soon recovered from his illness.
About Hua Tuo's medical skills, he once treated Chen Deng, the governor of Guangling, when Chen Deng's face was red and irritable, and his subordinates said that Hua Tuo was in this place, and then he ordered people to go to ask Hua Tuo to treat him, Hua Tuo first asked him to prepare more than a dozen basins, and then he treated him as a result of the Chen Deng spit out dozens of pots of redheaded worms, and prescribed medicines, saying that Chen Deng ate fish to get the disease and telling him that This disease will recur after three years, then ask him for this kind of medicine, this disease can be cured, and left to tell him (Hua Tuo home) address, that year Chen Deng 36 years old, the result is really Chen Deng three years after the recurrence of the old disease, and sent people in accordance with the address to look for, but Hua Tuo's medicine boy told Chen Deng's emissary that Hua Tuo went to the mountains to collect medicine has not come back also do not know when he can come back, the result of the Chen Deng 39 years of age was Because of this disease died at the age of 39, in fact, Hua Tuo's medical skills are very good, just that the Guangling Taishou bad luck, did not wait until he came back to pick medicine, which is Hua Tuo treated all the patients of the only one exception. (Based on the Three Kingdoms * Chen Deng biography)
Hua Tuo is also a great advocate of guided health. He created the "five birds play", is to imitate the form, movement and demeanor of the five animals, to stretch the muscles and bones, smooth the meridians. Five birds, respectively, for the tiger, deer, bear, ape, bird, often do five bird play can make the hands and feet flexible, blood flow, but also can prevent and eliminate disease. His student Wu Pusang use this method to strengthen the body, living to 90 years old or ear, teeth and hair strong.
Cao Cao suffered from head wind disease, each attack is very painful, heard of Hua Tuo's excellent medical skills, so he called him to stay with him. Whenever he had an attack, Hua Tuo would prick his liyu point with a needle, and the headache would stop immediately. However, Hua Tuo's heart was for the people and he did not want to serve the princes and nobles, so he claimed that his wife was sick and went home on leave, but he did not return to the court for a long time. Cao Cao was so angry that he sent his men to find out what had happened to his wife, and when they found that she was fine, they put Hua Tuo in a cell and sentenced him to death. Before his execution, Hua Tuo took a book out and gave it to his jailer, saying, "This book can be used to save lives." The jailer did not dare to take it, and Hua Tuo did not force himself, so he burned the book. After Hua Tuo was executed, when Cao Cao's head wind disease came on, no one treated it, so it got worse and worse and was very painful, but he still resented Hua Tuo, saying that Hua Tuo could obviously eradicate his disease, but did not cure it at once, and used it as a way to elevate himself, and that even if he didn't kill him, he wouldn't have been able to cure his disease for himself. It was only when his beloved son, Cangshu, was critically ill that he sighed, "I regretted killing Hua Tuo, or my child would not have died."
Hua Tuo was one of the few outstanding surgeons in China's medical history, who made good use of anesthesia, needles and moxibustion, and specialized in surgical procedures that opened the chest and broke the abdomen. Surgery is not a mainstream treatment in Chinese medicine, which is based on the culture of "respecting Confucianism", and under the Confucian belief that "the body's hair, the skin, and the parents are the recipients of the body's hair and skin", surgery has not been developed on a large scale in Chinese medicine. Some medical historians have proved that the treatment methods used by Hua Tuo were recorded in Indian medicine, and that the main drug "Mandragora" in the Ma Bo San he used was also produced in India. Therefore, they suggested that Hua Tuo traveled around the Central Plains during his life, and that he was most likely a doctor from the India's Tian Zhu (天竺). Although this kind of argument is not traceable, it has some reference value.
At the same time, we should also realize that Chinese medicine surgery is not non-existent, and as far as in the Han Dynasty, had reached a fairly high level, but with the passage of time and the continuous progress of Chinese medicine in the theory and practice of methods, most of the diseases can be cured through acupuncture, drugs and other treatment methods to achieve the effect of healing, and these painful, heavy damage, injuries to the meridian break the surgical methods are gradually being These surgical methods, which are more painful, damaging and break the meridians and channels, have gradually been replaced by more "civilized" and "simple" internal treatments, which is not a defect of Chinese medicine, as some people think. On the contrary, this is actually a civilization created by culture, the special cultural atmosphere of China has created a special research method of Chinese medicine, under such conditions, Chinese medicine has also been a great development, many other medicine can only use surgical methods to solve the problem of internal treatment can be used to achieve the same effect, we have to admit that it transcends the scientific and its theory of the subtle and far-reaching. At the same time, this is also the Chinese medicine has been its theory over other medicine, the root of the enduring.
Medicine Doctor Hua Tuo
Ma Bo San
When it comes to Hua Tuo, people are no strangers to him, and they all know that he is a doctor who can cure all kinds of diseases. In China's famous historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", there is a paragraph dedicated to the story of Hua Tuo scraping the bones of Guan Yu, a famous general of the State of Shu, and curing his poison. In fact, Hua Tuo's contribution to mankind is far more than that, his innovation in medicine is more than 1000 years ahead of the West.
Hua Tuo was born at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty in China, more than 1700 years ago. He was a native of Qiao County, Pei State (now Hao County, Anhui Province). He loved medicine and studied the art of healing from a young age. He aspired to be a doctor who solved people's problems. He was once recommended to become an official in the government, but he politely refused. He picked up his medicine chest and traveled around the world to cure the people. Because of his excellent medical skills, he soon became a well-known household name in the region.
Once on a road trip, Hua Tuo saw a group of people surrounded by the roadside. When he came closer, he saw that a cart driver had fallen on the ground. He saw that the driver's face was yellow, his feet were curled up, his hands covered his belly, and he couldn't stop making painful sounds that were hard to bear. Seeing this, Hua Tuo immediately put down his medicine box and squatted on the ground to check for the patient. After a while, Hua Tuo turned to the onlookers and said, "He is suffering from intestinal carbuncle (appendicitis), which can be treated with acupuncture if treated earlier." "Is he hopeless now?" The people around him asked eagerly. Hua Tuo smiled and shook his head, "Don't be anxious, don't be anxious, this little illness is nothing. However, I need to remove his intestines for treatment." Hearing about the disembowelment, some people stuck out their tongues in fear, while others couldn't help but suck in a breath of cool air. For they could not imagine how painful the disembowelment would be. Hua Tuo calmly took out a packet of medicine, asked for some wine, and gave the patient to take. Not long after, the patient quieted down, and after a while, the patient even fell into a sound sleep. Hua Tuo let the car driver carried to a nearby house, with a scalpel, the car driver's belly cut open, take out the patient's intestines, cut off the ulcerated section, after sewing, put on the muscle of the ointment. After all this work was done, the patient woke up from his sleep, opened his eyes, and was surprised to find that his stomach no longer hurt. When he learned what had just happened, he gratefully took Hua Tuo's hand and said, "You saved my life, I really don't know how to thank you. You are truly a god!" The bystanders asked Hua Lun what he had given the patient before the operation so that he felt no pain during the whole operation. Hua Tuo smiled and took out some powder from the box, saying, "This is it, called 'Ma Bo San'. Eat it and you won't feel any pain no matter what kind of surgery you do." A young man asked aloud, "Which immortal came down to earth to give it to you?" Hua Tuo smiled and pointed to the crowd, and then pointed to himself, said: "Speaking of immortals, that can be a lot, I am based on the tips of the townspeople, and summarize their own after the preparation."
A few days later, the driver of the car was completely cured, and appeared on the main road again like other people. The news of Hua Tuo's medical skill was spreading, and the miraculous function of "Ma Bo San" was also spreading to thousands of households along with Hua Tuo's name.
The "Ma Bo San" is a very effective anesthetic drug made by Hua Tuo, which is even more potent if taken together with wine, and can have the effect of general anesthesia. The modern use of anesthetic agents in medicine, just over 100 years of history. A long time ago, the Europeans for surgery, using the method of bloodletting so that the patient shock, and then surgery. With this method, it is very dangerous to bleed too much, and the patient will never wake up. Even if there is no danger, the patient is also due to a large amount of blood loss before the operation, resulting in extreme physical weakness, for the restoration of health is very difficult. 1842, the Frenchman Heckman began to use carbon dioxide as anesthetic, but this can only be used in animals, and can not be used for people. After two years, the American Colton with nitrous oxide to do anesthetic, the effect is not very good. Until 1848, the American Morton began to use ether to do anesthetic, today, western medicine still use this drug. China's god doctor Hua Tuo used anesthesia to do surgery for patients, at least 1600 years earlier than the West. However, it is a pity that this formula has been lost. Fortunately, there are historical books that record this miracle. China's historical documents, the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, recorded: "If the disease is knotted within, the needle and medicine can not be reached, was first made to take wine with the ephedra, that is, drunkenness without realizing, because of the router through the back of the abdomen, extracting and cutting the accumulations." It can be seen, the invention and use of the hemp boiling powder, can not be said to be a miracle in the history of world medicine.
Five Animal Play
People in ancient times, due to the underdevelopment of science, wrongly believed that "life and death by fate, wealth and fortune in heaven", that people can only listen to the mercy of God. But Hua Tuo did not believe in this. He believed that people can fully utilize their active role to improve their health and ward off diseases. He was in favor of the ancient Chinese
"Do not treat the disease, treat the disease," the idea of prevention.
One day, he said to his student Wu Pu: "You know the 'household center is not stupid, flowing water does not rot' reasoning? People get diseases are caused by the lack of circulation of qi and blood. If people move around a lot and let their qi and blood flow freely, they can strengthen their body and reduce diseases."
Hua Tuo himself paid close attention to exercise, and every morning, he moved around in the courtyard before reading or giving medical consultations. Whenever he sat for a long time, he stopped his work, stretched his arms, lifted his legs and feet, and immediately felt refreshed. He believed that human life did not lie in heaven, but in movement. He always wanted to find a way to enable people to prolong their lives.
One day, Hua Tuo saw an eagle soaring in the sky, its two outstretched wings driving its body to fly freely in the air. From this, he thought of the deer on the grassland, the tiger on the mountain, and the apes and bears in the forest, which are so strong and have their own characteristics. If we can take their strengths and use them for ourselves, can we not live on the earth as freely as they do? Since then, Hua Tuo studied these five beasts of the action characteristics, and then according to the principle of acupuncture points and veins in medical books, created a set of medical gymnastics, called the "Five Animal Play". The five birds play is to ask people to imitate the tiger, deer, bear, ape, bird to make a variety of movements to promote blood circulation, so that the whole body joints and muscles can be stretched, in order to achieve the purpose of strengthening the body to prevent disease.
Hua Tuo's "Five Animal Circus" was so popular that it was soon popularized in Xuchang. There are many weak people due to adhere to do the "five birds play", physical fitness has obviously been enhanced. There is a person with poor appetite, often diarrhea. As a result of doing the "Five Animal Play", did not take medication, three months on the disease is completely well. Hua Tuo's students Wu Pu, in accordance with this method of exercise, live to more than 90 years old, but still "Wei eyes smart, teeth complete firm.
As early as 1700 years ago, Hua Tuo was able to combine prevention and treatment, and put exercise in the first place, which is a major contribution to the cause of human health. His idea of "life is in motion" still plays a positive role in guiding human health care.
He had no regard for the rich and powerful
Hua Tuo lived at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, when eunuchs were in power and politics were corrupt. Due to years of war, the government's shakedowns and taxes on the peasants were increasing, and the life of the majority of the working people was miserable. Hua Tuo was very sympathetic to the people's misfortune, and he vowed to contribute everything he had to relieve their suffering.
Hua Tuo has been practicing medicine for many years, and has built up a deep relationship with the working masses. As long as he meets the patients, he will cure them enthusiastically without any compensation.
Once, Hua Tuo gave a boatman a medical treatment, and diagnosed that his spleen was rotten. He gave the boatman a drink of homemade ma zao san, opened the belly, the ulcerated part of the removal, and then sewed up the wound, and gave him some medicine, a month or so the patient was cured.
Another time, he met a throat obstruction disease on the road, the patient could not eat, just moaning, very painful. Hua Tuo looked after nothing to say, walked to the roadside of a store, looking for the owner to ask for a bowl of garlic paste with vinegar, after he mixed, to the patient poured down. In a short while, a long worm spit out of the patient's mouth, and the patient was immediately cured. The patient's family was so grateful to Hua Tuo that they wanted to thank him. After Hua Tuo excused himself, he hurried on his way without looking back.
Hua Tuo is a very serious and careful doctor, according to the patient's different conditions, pay attention to the characteristics of the onset of the disease, so as to achieve the right medicine, the effect is remarkable. Once, both patients came to see the doctor, both of them had a headache and fever. Warren one by one after checking their condition, to both of them prescribed two very different kinds of medicine. He put one patient on a laxative and the other on a dispersant. The two men were perplexed. Hua Tuo patiently said to them, "Although both of you have headache and fever, the causes are different. One of you has eaten too much; the other has a cold caused by wind-cold. So your medicines are not the same!" The patients were relieved of their doubts. They took the medicine according to Hua Tuo's request, and all of them got well the next day.
There was a man named Chen Shushan in Dongyang, whose two-year-old son was sick. When Hua Tuo heard about it, he rushed there overnight. It turned out that Chen Shushan's son was suffering from dysentery, and his life was in danger, but thanks to Hua Tuo's timely arrival, his life was saved.
Hua Tuo gave people medical treatment, not bargaining for money, not afraid of the road, tireless, the majority of the working people love him very much, affectionately called him a folk doctor.
At that time, Cao Cao, who was holding the emperor hostage, was dominant in the Central Plains. One day, he had a splitting headache and sent someone to get Hua Tuo. When Hua Tuo arrived, he carefully diagnosed him and determined that he was suffering from migraine. He took out a silver needle and stabbed Cao Cao's head with a few needles, and the headache stopped immediately. When Cao Cao saw that Hua Tuo was really an excellent healer, he wanted to keep him by his side and offered him a high rank and salary. But Hua Tuo refused Cao Cao's request. He did not want to stay in Xuchang and enjoy his happiness, but wanted to help the people of the world to overcome their suffering. In order to get away, he lied that his wife was sick. This worked, and Cao Cao let him go home to take care of his wife, asking him to return as soon as she was well. Hua Tuo left and did not return for many days. It turned out that he was thinking of his parents and his patients. After leaving Cao Cao, he traveled around again, practicing medicine for the people.
Cao Cao was not willing to give up, and was furious to send people to catch Hua Tuo back. At this time, Cao Cao's headache came back, and he asked Hua Tuo to treat him. Hua Tuo was worried about his patient and asked to be released immediately after treating Cao Cao, but Cao Cao did not agree. When Hua Tuo refused to give Cao Cao acupuncture, Cao Cao threatened him with death. Hua Tuo was fearless and righteous. Cao Cao had no choice but to put him on death row. Knowing that he would not be able to escape, Hua Tuo asked someone to bring him a pen and ink stone, and wrote a few books on his years of experience in medicine, and gave them to his jailer the day before his execution, asking him to pass on his valuable experience to save the people from their illnesses. But the jailer was too timid and afraid to accept Hua Tuo's medical books. There was nothing he could do but throw these materials in the fire with tears in his eyes and burn them. The next day, Cao Cao sent someone to kill Hua Tuo. A generation of famous doctors thus bid farewell to the earth.
The murder of Hua Tuo is a great loss to the medical profession in China. Although he left no monographs, his students, Wu Pu and Li Dangzhi, partially inherited Hua Tuo's experience and knowledge, and wrote medical books such as Wu Pu Ben Cao and Ben Cao Jing, which played a positive role in the development of medicine in the motherland.