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the three-knot righteousness in taoyuan is the first story in the romance of the three kingdoms. When Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei are mentioned, people will always associate them with their early years in Taoyuan, which was flourishing in bloom after Zhangfeizhuang in Zhuojun County. They prepared black cows and white horses, offered sacrifices to heaven and earth, burned incense and worshipped again, and became half-brothers. They did not expect to be born on the same day in the same year, but only wished to die on the same day in the same year. People have been telling this story, and others have followed suit again and again. Liang Qichao said in an article: "Today, there are heroes in the national greenwood everywhere, and there are worships in Taoyuan every day ..." ("On the Relationship between Novels and Group Governance") In the Qing Dynasty, some social parties, such as triads, will definitely not forget to insert peach branches in their solemn joining ceremony, which symbolizes that they are sworn in Taoyuan.

Liu Yan went out to recruit volunteers. Bangwen went to Zhuoxian, which led to a hero in Zhuoxian. That man is not very good at reading; Wide-minded, reticent, and invisible; Known as ambitious, specializing in making friends with heroes in the world; Born seven feet and five inches long, with two earlobes and shoulders, his hands over his knees, his eyes can look after his ears, his face is like a crown jade, and his lips are coated with fat; After Liu Sheng, the King of Zhongshan Jing, Emperor Han Jing was your great-grandson, surnamed Liu Mingbei, whose name was Xuande. Yesterday, Liu Zhen, the son of Liu Sheng, sealed the pavilion of Zhuolu in Hanwu, and later lost his position by gilding gold, so he left this branch in Zhuoxian. Liu Xiong, father of Xuande Zu, ricas. Hong once gave filial piety, but also tasted being an official, and died early. Xuande is young and lonely, and the mother is filial; The family is poor, and it is a business to sell woven seats. Who lives in Lousang Village, this county. To the southeast of his home, there is a big mulberry tree, which is more than 51 feet high. From a distance, Tong Tong is like a car cover. Xiangzhe cloud: "There must be a noble person in this family." When Xuande was a child, he played under a tree with children in the countryside and said, "I am the son of heaven, so I should take this car cover." Uncle Liu Yuanqi made a strange statement and said, "This son is very human!" Seeing that Xuande's family was poor, he often gave it to him. At the age of fifteen, my mother made a study tour, studied with Zheng Xuan and Lu Zhi, and became friends with Gongsun Zan.

when Liu Yan made a list to recruit troops, Xuande was already 28 years old. On the same day, I saw the announcement and sighed deeply. Then a man said in a stern voice, "A gentleman doesn't contribute to the country, so why sigh?" Liu Bei looked back at the man, who was eight feet long, with a leopard head and eyes, a bearded beard, a loud thunder and a galloping horse. Seeing his abnormal appearance, Liu Bei asked his name. The man said, "A certain name is Zhang Mingfei, whose word is Yi De. Living in Zhuojun County, I have quite a farm, selling wine and slaughtering pigs, and I am good at making friends with heroes all over the world. I just sighed when I saw the public reading the list, so I asked. " Liu Bei said, "I am a relative of the Han family. My surname is Liu and my name is Bei. When I heard that the Yellow Scarf advocated chaos, I wanted to break the thief and protect the people, but I couldn't hate it, so I sighed. " Fei said, "I have a lot of money. How about recruiting rural brave and doing great things with the public?" Xuande was very happy, so he went to the village shop to drink with him.

In the drinking room, I saw a big man pushing a car, stopped at the front of the store, entered the store and sat down. I called the bartender, "Pour the wine quickly, and I will rush into the city to join the army." Liu Bei looked at him: he was nine feet long and his beard was two feet long; If the face is like a heavy jujube, if the lips are coated with fat; Phoenix eyes, lying silkworm eyebrows, good-looking, majestic. Liu Bei invited him to sit with him and knocked on his name. The man said, "My name is Guan Mingyu, and my word is immortal. Later, it was changed to Yunchang, and Hedong was also a good person. I killed you and fled the rivers and lakes for five or six years because we were powerful and powerful. I heard that the army is recruiting thieves here, and I have come to recruit. " Xuande then told him with his own will, and the cloud was overjoyed. Let's go to Zhangfeizhuang to discuss important matters. Fei said, "There is a peach garden behind my village, and bloom is in full bloom; Tomorrow, we should sacrifice to heaven and earth in the garden, and the three of us will become brothers and work together, and then we can achieve great things. " Liu Bei and Yun Chang replied in unison, "That's very good."

The next day, in the Peach Garden, the three of them prepared a ritual of black bull and white horse. They burned incense and worshipped again and swore, "Remember Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. Although they have different surnames, since they are brothers, they will make concerted efforts to help the poor. Report to the country, and rest in peace. I don't want to be born on the same day in the same year, I just want to die on the same day in the same year. After heaven and earth, I will learn from this heart, be ungrateful, and kill heaven and man! " After the oath, Liu Bei was sworn as his brother, followed by Guan Yu and Zhang Fei as his brother.

taoyuan became sworn friends

anecdote:

at the end of the eastern Han dynasty, the political corruption in the dynasty, coupled with years of famine, made people's lives very difficult. Liu Bei intends to save the people, and Zhang Fei and Guan Yu are willing to do something together with Liu Bei. The three of them hit it off, and they chose Zhangfeizhuang as a peach garden. At this time, the peach blossoms were in full bloom and the scenery was beautiful. Zhang Fei prepared a green cow and a white horse as a sacrifice, burned incense and prayed, and took the oath. Three people recognized their brothers by age. Liu Bei became the eldest brother, Guan Yu the second, and Zhang Fei the youngest. This is the famous "Taoyuan sworn" in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

Are there three sworn meanings in Taoyuan in history

When it comes to Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei, people always associate them with their early years in Taoyuan, which was flourishing in bloom after Zhangfeizhuang in Zhuojun County, where they prepared black cows and white horses, offered sacrifices to heaven and earth, burned incense and worshipped again, and became brothers with different surnames, instead of being born on the same day in the same year, they only wished to die on the same day in the same year. So, in the history of the Three Kingdoms, has there ever been a matter of Taoyuan becoming sworn?

The relationship between Liu, Guan and Zhang in history is really extraordinary. The biography of Guan Yu in the Three Kingdoms records that Guan Yu was desperate to run to Zhuojun, while Liu Bei was gathering disciples in the village, and Guan Yu and Zhang Fei voted for him. Later, Liu Bei was the plain, and Yu and Fei were the other Sima, and they were divided into different parts. Liu Bei and the two of them "slept in the same bed and were brothers." Guan Yu often sat in the crowd and stood all day long. Later, Xuzhou fell, Guan Yu was captured, and Cao Cao sent someone to surrender. Guan Yu also said, "I was sworn to death by General Liu great kindness, and I can't carry it back." "Biography of Zhang Fei" also records: "Zhang Fei ..... and Guan Yu are less in advance, Yu is several years older, and Brother Fei will take care of it."

judging from Guan Yu's "swear to die with * * *", it seems that they made some vows in those years, but the history books only say that they are "brothers", not that they have become sworn brothers.

It may be based on the three men's "Enroe Brothers" that they imagined and played, and the folk had the legend of Taoyuan's loyalty, while the Yuan people wrote the story into the Three Kingdoms Pinghua and zaju according to the folklore. It is generally believed that The Romance of the Three Kingdoms was written in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. Prior to this, Pinghua of the Three Kingdoms, one of the Five Kinds of All-phase Pinghua published during the Yuan Dynasty to the reign of Emperor Zhi (1321-1323), although only 81,111 words, initially had the main outline of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Among them, there is a section on "Making a vow in Taoyuan". First, Guan Yu killed the county magistrate who was greedy for money and greedy for bribes, and was cruel to the people, and fled to Zhuojun. Seeing that he was not vulgar in appearance, Zhang Fei invited him to the hotel for a drink. Just after Liu Bei sold his shoes, he also entered the hotel. After a few glasses of wine, the three of them hit it off, so they were invited to Zhangfeizhuang's Houtaoyuan, and each year, "Kill the white horse to worship the sky, kill the black cow to worship the ground" and "sit and sleep with each other and swear to be brothers". This is similar to the description in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. According to the statistics of Fu Xihua's Complete Catalogue of Zaju in the Yuan Dynasty, there are more than 41 kinds of Zaju in the Yuan Dynasty with the story of the Three Kingdoms as the theme, and almost all the main characters of the Three Kingdoms have been put on the stage of drama, which has also played an important role in the book. There is also a special play "Liu Guan Zhang Tao Yuan San Jie Yi", the plot of which is different from Pinghua. It is written that Guan Yu killed Zhou Yin, who took advantage of the chaos to make him king, and fled to Fanyang, Zhuojun. One day, he went to Zhang Fei's butcher's shop to buy meat and drink wine, but the butcher's knife was pinned down by Zhang Fei with a thousand pounds of stones in advance. Guan Yu moved the boulder, which made Zhang Fei admire. Zhang Fei flew to the inn to visit, first worshiping Guan Yu as his brother, and then meeting Liu Bei. Seeing that he was handsome, rich, and descended from the emperor, he and Guan Yu * * * worshipped each other as brothers, and the three of them * * * went to Taoyuan outside the city to kill cattle and horses, offering sacrifices to heaven and earth, and vowed to live and die together to help the Han Dynasty. The story of Taoyuan's loyalty also has the shadow of real life. In the Three Kingdoms period, there was a custom of killing white horses as allies. In the seventh year of Jian 'an (212), Cao Cao attacked Nanpi and killed Yuan Tan. Yuan Xi's ministry was anxious to touch, and Zhang Nan turned his back to Cao Yuan. When they started an uprising, they swore to kill the white horse, which was found in the reflection of Yuan Shaochuan. But this is just an oath, not a sworn brother. Later, many leaders of the peasant uprising used this form when they became sworn brothers. For example, in the Red Scarf Uprising of Liu Fushun and others in the Yuan Dynasty, The History of the Yuan Dynasty, Shun Di Ji, describes their sworn relationship as "killing white horses and black cattle, swearing to heaven and earth, and wanting to join forces for chaos". ?

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms may be based on folklore and the story of peasant uprising, and it may also be related to the author's own experience. Luo Guanzhong, the author of Romance, lived about 1331-1411 according to Lu Xun's examination. His life stories are numerous. Some people say that he is from Taiyuan (now Taiyuan, Shanxi), some people say that he is from Dongyuan (now Dongping, Shandong), and some people say that he is from Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). I only know that he was born in troubled times and has rich experience. There are two points worth noting: First, Ming Wang Qi's Collection of History says that he is a "king with ambition", and second, Qing Xu Wei-ren and Xu Wei-yi's Inscription and Postscript on the Map of 111 Outlaws of the Marsh says that he had a relationship with Zhang Shicheng, one of the leaders of the peasant uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty. He has a zaju "Zhao Taizu's Dragon and Tiger Meeting". In addition to The Romance of Three Kingdoms, his novels also include Little Qin Wang's Ci Hua, Biography of Sui and Tang Dynasties, Historical Romance of the Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties, and Biography of Three Sui Dynasties, and he participated in the compilation of Water Margin. These novels and operas are all based on heroic deeds in troubled times, which should have something to do with his experience and ambition. A large number of descriptions in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, first of all, describe Taoyuan's loyalty, which should also be related to his experience.

From the artistic conception of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, writing the three vows in Taoyuan not only leads to the three main heroes in the book, but also reveals the loyalty theme that the book will show in many ways, which may be one reason why the author wrote the vows in Taoyuan at the beginning of The Romance.

One's opinion

"On the History of Cooking Wine" and "unofficial history's Scattering" Liu Bei was the real murderer who killed Guan Yu with a knife

Recently, a book called The True Face of Zhuge Liang: Zhuge Liang Walking Down from the Altar was quite popular. In the book, the author Zhu Ziyan put forward the view that Guan Yu's death was caused by Zhuge Liang. In his view, it was because Guan Yu did not send a single soldier and stood by while fighting Xiangfan, escaping from the Forbidden City, beheading Pound and encircling Coss until he left Maicheng that Guan Yu finally failed and lost his head.

According to the author Zhu Ziyan, the reason why Zhuge Liang used the knives of Cao Cao and Sun Quan to kill Guan Yu is that Guan Yu's position is too high and his relationship with Liu Bei is too close, so once Liu Bei dies, Zhuge Liang may have no power.

Although Ah Yuan doesn't think Zhuge Liang is particularly noble, and although He doesn't think Zhuge Liang is an example of a loyal minister, He even disagrees with imposing Guan Yu's death on Zhuge Liang.

The first reason to say that Guan Yu's death was not Zhuge Liang's work is that even though Zhuge Liang saw that Guan Yu was the first obstacle in his power struggle, he was unable to kill Guan Yu with a knife. If you have to, you can't.

why do you say that? The reason is that after Zhuge Liang took refuge in Liu Bei, he did not hold power from the beginning, as written in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. According to the records of the reflection, after Zhuge Liang arrived at Liu Bei, although he got along well with Liu Bei and made Liu Bei feel like a duck to water, Liu Bei didn't give him any official, but he was still a Bai Ding. After arriving in Battle of Red Cliffs (AD 218), Zhuge Liang was given a miscellaneous title: "Liang is a military commander", and he was not the overall responsible person. He only controlled the three counties of Jingzhou, Lingling, Guiyang and Changsha, and levied taxes on these three counties to expand the army's food expenses. After Liu Bei won Yizhou, Zhuge Liang was only given a general strategist with a rank of 2,111 stone, which was equivalent to the prefect of the Eastern Han Dynasty, that is, an official at the mayor level.

when Liu Bei is called the king of Hanzhong, Guan Yu is a former general, and Zhang Fei is a right general, all of which rank three, almost equal to all Ge Liang. And at that time, the person Liu Bei trusted more was Fazheng. Before Liu Bei died, Zhuge Liang was not with Liu Bei for a long time, and Zhuge Liang could not rely on all kinds of military and political events. It was Fazheng and Pang Tong's idea to decide to enter Shu and attack Liu Zhang. The capture of Hanzhong was also done by Fazheng and Liu Bei, and it had nothing to do with Zhuge Liang. During this time, Zhuge Liang did not have much power and was not trusted by Liu Bei. For example, after Guan Yu's death, Liu Bei wanted to levy Sun Quan on the east, "to restore Guan Yu's shame". Everyone felt that this matter was not sure, so he advised Liu Bei not to do it, but Liu Bei refused to listen. At this time, what did Zhuge Liang say? "Liang sighed and said,' If the law is filial, you can control the Lord. If you don't make it to the east, you will return to the east and you will not be in danger.' "(The Story of the Three Kingdoms, Volume 37, The True Story of the Fa) What does it mean? It's good that this Fa Zheng is still alive, because Liu Bei will only listen to it.

Also, at that time, Liu Bei "took (Fa Zheng) as the prefect of Shu County and general of Yang Wu, and the external system was the capital, and the internal system was the master", which meant that Comrade Fa Zheng was too big to say anything, and he held an important position both at home and abroad, which won Liu Bei's absolute trust.

So, at that time, Fa Zheng didn't care about people, and he took revenge for "the virtue of a meal and the resentment of others". In other words, take revenge on those who have offended Fazheng before, even if you just gave him a sidelong look. In this regard, Liang has nothing to do. "The law is filial to Tamenosuke's wing, which makes it soar and cannot be copied. How to prohibit the law from doing its evil?" What does it mean? Fa Zheng, that is, Fa Xiaozhi is Liu Bei's right-hand man. What can I do with him?

All these situations show that the military and political power at that time was firmly in the hands of Liu Bei Zi Er, and there was only one justice who could speak. At this time, Zhuge Liang and Liu Bei positioned him as an internal affairs talent, which is equivalent to a logistics minister. Do you think Zhuge Liang has the right to send troops to save Guan Yu under such circumstances? What ability does he have to kill Guan Yu with a knife?

Besides, it was Fa Zheng, not Guan Yu, who hindered Zhuge Liang the most in the struggle for power at that time. At that time, "He was the official secretary and general of protecting the army" ("The True Story of the Three Kingdoms"), that is, the secretary-general of the court of King Hanzhong, and also served as a general. At this time, Zhuge Liang was just a general strategist, and his position was similar. Judging from this situation, if Fazheng doesn't die later, he is more likely to be prime minister than Zhuge Liang, which should be the first stumbling block in Zhuge Liang's power struggle. If Zhuge Liang is really that bad and wants to remove all the stones that stand in his way, he should also move the law first.

Besides, Guan Yu, no matter what, is just a military commander, and his age is similar to that of Liu Bei. Do you know which one of them died before the other? So the author Zhu Ziyan's statement also has the possibility of deifying Zhuge Liang.

Guan Yu is a military commander. According to the author Zhu Ziyan, Zhuge Liang wanted to kill Guan Yu with the knives of Cao Cao and Sun Quan because Guan Yu's position was too high and his relationship with Liu Bei was too close, so once Liu Bei died, Zhuge Liang might have no power.

But Guan Yu's death was really strange. For more than half a year, only Guan Yu, who was short of troops, was fighting alone until he left Maicheng and lost his head. He didn't expect a single soldier. Liu Bei, on the other hand, ignored the second brother and stood by as if nothing had happened. What happened? Is it really someone who wants to borrow a knife to kill Guan Yu?

the answer is yes, but this person is not Zhuge Liang, but Liu Bei.

After hearing the conclusion of A Yuan, everyone may jump up and say that A Yuan is talking nonsense. This Liu Bei and Guan Yu are brothers, and the relationship is as good as one person. How can they kill Guan Yu with a knife? This is not nonsense. What is it?

First of all, Liu Bei and Guan Yu are not sworn brothers. Taoyuan Sanjieyi, which has become a model of loyalty since ancient times, was made up by Luo Guanzhong, and it has never existed in history.