Transportation graduation thesis 1 highway transportation analysis
In the eastern part of China, where railways and waterways are developed, highways play an auxiliary role in transportation and undertake short-distance transportation. In the southwest and northwest, responsible for trunk transportation. With the deepening of overload control and the implementation of policies and measures such as reducing road and bridge tolls for large-tonnage vehicles, the freight rate will drop, the freight volume will maintain rapid growth, and the transportation market will show a situation of oversupply.
Road transport; Transport characteristics; Transport prospect
Looking at the present situation of China's transportation, various modes of transportation have developed rapidly, and road transportation still plays an indelible role in China. China's highways are far ahead of the sum of other modes of transportation in terms of passenger volume, freight volume and passenger turnover.
First, the status and role of highway transportation
Highway transportation is in a basic position in the whole transportation industry and plays the following roles:
(1) Highway transportation is flexible, fast and direct, and it is the most convenient and only transportation mode with delivery function (except pipeline transportation).
(2) Other modes of transportation need road transportation to provide conditions for centralized transportation.
(3) Wide coverage of highway transportation.
(4) With the gradual improvement of highway grade, the proportion of highway passenger and freight volume in the comprehensive transportation system is increasing.
(5) In the past half century, road transportation has developed fastest among various modes of transportation in the world, and now it has become the most important mode of transportation in many countries. For example, the number of cars in China is increasing year by year.
Second, the characteristics of highway transportation
1. Strong flexibility and adaptability: Because the density of road transport network is generally ten times larger than that of railway and waterway network, and the distribution area is also wide, so road transport vehicles can? All the time, everywhere? . Highway transportation is also flexible in time, vehicles can be dispatched at any time, and the connection time between each link is short. In particular, road transport has a strong adaptability to passenger and freight volume. The tonnage of automobiles varies from 0.25 t to 1t to 200 t, which can be transported independently by single vehicle or in a fleet of several vehicles at the same time, which is of great significance to emergency rescue and disaster relief and military transportation.
2. Can it be realized? Go door to door? Direct transportation: because the car is small, there is generally no need to change trains halfway. In addition to running along the widely distributed road network, you can also leave the road network and go deep into factories, enterprises, rural fields, urban residents' homes and other places, that is, you can directly transport passengers and goods from the gate of origin to the gate of destination. Go door to door? Direct transportation. This is one of the characteristics that other modes of transportation are inferior to road transportation.
3. In short-distance transportation, the transportation speed is faster: in short-distance transportation, because road transportation can be realized? Go door to door? Through transportation, passengers and goods can be transported directly to their destinations without transshipment or transfer. Therefore, compared with other modes of transportation, passengers and goods have shorter transit time and faster transportation speed.
4. Less initial investment and quick capital turnover: Compared with railway, water transport, air transport and other modes of transportation, road transport requires simple fixed facilities, the vehicle purchase cost is generally lower, the investment is easy to set up and the payback period is short. According to relevant data, under normal operation, highway transportation investment can be turned over 1 ~ 3 times a year, while railway transportation needs 3 ~ 4 years to turn over once.
5. Vehicle driving skills are easy to master: compared with the training requirements of train drivers or plane drivers, vehicle driving skills are easier to master, and the requirements for drivers in all aspects are relatively low.
6. Small traffic volume and high transportation cost: At present, the largest car in the world is a mine dump truck produced by General Motors of the United States, which is more than 20 meters long, weighs 6 10t and has a load of about 350t, but it is still much less than trains and ships. Because the car has a small load, the driving resistance is 9 ~ 14 times greater than that of the railway, and the fuel consumed is liquid gasoline or diesel with high price, so the cost of car transportation is the highest except air transportation.
7. Poor continuity of operation: According to relevant statistics, among all modern modes of transportation, the average distance of highway is the shortest and the continuity of operation is poor. For example 1998, the average distance of China highway is 55km for passenger transport, 57km for freight transport, 395km for railway passenger transport and 764km for freight transport.
8. Low safety and great environmental pollution: According to historical records, since the birth of the automobile, more than 30 million people have been killed, especially since the 1990s, the number of people who died in automobile traffic accidents has increased sharply, reaching an average of more than 500,000 every year. This figure exceeds the annual death toll of AIDS, war and tuberculosis patients. The exhaust gas and noise produced by automobiles also pose a serious threat to human health and are one of the biggest environmental pollution sources in big cities.
Third, the status quo of highway transportation
After decades of development, the traditional road transport industry in China has begun to take shape. It has reached a certain level in terms of overall scale, transportation capacity, traffic volume and service quality. In the era of planned economy, the traditional highway transportation industry can meet the requirements of social economy and has made important contributions to the development of China's national economy in the past. However, with the gradual deepening of China's reform and opening up and the continuous establishment of the socialist market economic system, the traditional road transport enterprises born out of the planned economy era have become increasingly unable to meet the needs of social and economic development under the new situation, and their inherent disadvantages have gradually emerged. At present, the traditional road transport industry in China mainly faces the following problems:
1. In terms of industry management, due to the low market access threshold of the road transport industry, transport enterprises have emerged in the road transport industry. Small scale, large quantity and chaotic management? Situation. This fragmented and over-competitive situation makes road transport enterprises usually fail to reach the scale of economic operation, forming a scale advantage, which seriously affects the healthy development of road transport.
2. In terms of management concepts, a large part of traditional road transport enterprises have not changed their management concepts and models in time to adapt to the new economic environment. Enterprises are still pursuing the completion of traditional indicators such as ton-kilometer and actual load rate, and only provide customers with low-level and low-level transportation services. In the case of vicious competition in the market and the prevalence of disorderly management, road transport enterprises have difficulties in operating.
3. In terms of enterprise management means, the traditional road transport enterprises are still in the paper operation stage, and most transport enterprises have not applied advanced computer management systems. Therefore, the transportation services provided are at a low level in timeliness, accuracy, reliability and diversity.
Fourth, the development trend of highway transportation
1. With the completion and putting into use of expressway and special highways for automobiles, it is a trend to increase the express passenger and cargo business on expressway.
2. With the improvement of the road network, in the process of establishing intensive transportation enterprises according to the scale requirements, the boundaries of administrative regions will tend to fade.
3. Road transportation will be incorporated into the development system of logistics service industry, and cooperation under the principle of specialization will be further strengthened, including cooperation between different modes of transportation and cooperation with customers.
4. In transportation management, the dynamic monitoring system of vehicle operation and the automatic recorder of vehicle operation will be adopted.
5. The transportation organization mode develops in different levels according to the production level. In accordance with the requirements of modern enterprise system, large-scale intensive transportation enterprises will be established on highways with good highway traffic conditions and large passenger and cargo flows.
6. Strengthening traffic planning step by step is to better coordinate the road construction, the configuration of traffic station facilities and the passenger and cargo flow law.
refer to
[1] Wang Jun. Highway transportation analysis. 20 12, (07).
[2] Wang Yu. Trajectory of skill development and innovation in transportation industry.2012, (08).
[3] Cao Hongyang Traffic evaluation and countermeasures. 20 1 1, (02).
Discussion on Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)
? First, the concept of intelligent transportation system
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is a real-time, accurate and efficient comprehensive transportation and management system that effectively integrates advanced information technology, communication technology, sensing technology, control technology and computer technology into the whole traffic management system. The system will collect all kinds of road traffic and service information and transmit it to all users of the road traffic system (drivers, residents, police stations, parking lots, transportation companies, hospitals, rescue and troubleshooting departments, etc.). After centralized processing by the traffic management center, it is convenient for travelers to choose transportation modes and routes at any time; Traffic management departments can automatically conduct reasonable traffic guidance, control and accident handling; The traffic department can keep abreast of the vehicle operation and make reasonable dispatch. So as to make the traffic flow on the road network in the best state, improve traffic congestion and congestion, maximize the capacity of the road network, and improve the mobility, safety and production efficiency of the whole road transportation system.
Second, the development and connotation of intelligent transportation system
In 1980s, although developed countries have basically built a modern national highway network extending in all directions, with the development of economy, the capacity of national highway network can no longer meet the rapidly growing traffic demand. Traffic congestion, traffic accidents, environmental pollution, energy shortage and other traffic problems are * * * problems faced by all countries in the world, and both developed and developing countries are plagued by traffic problems to varying degrees. In the process of industrialization in developed countries, the traditional way to solve traffic problems is to build roads and expand the scale of road network to meet people's growing traffic demand. However, in both developed and developing countries, due to the increasing shortage of land resources, the space for building roads is getting smaller and smaller. At the same time, the negative effects brought by the rapid development of traffic are increasingly apparent. Faced with these traffic problems, whether or not to find an effective way to solve the above traffic problems, reduce economic losses and improve the efficiency and safety of traffic operation is the main motivation for developed countries to initially study intelligent transportation systems. The emergence of advanced technologies such as communication, control and information technology provides strong technical support for the emergence of intelligent transportation system. It has become the consensus of all countries to transform traditional industries with high technology and improve the overall efficiency and level of transportation.
1. USA.
Paying attention to the construction of its safety facilities, according to the characteristics and actual needs of China's transportation infrastructure, we have established four relatively perfect systems, including fleet management, bus travel information, electronic non-stop charging and traffic demand management, as well as several subsystems and technical standards. ? 9. 1 1? The terrorist incident made the American government and people in the transportation industry reflect that it should and can effectively prevent terrorist attacks, strengthen the safety of infrastructure and travelers, and can be used to assess the degree of disasters, speed up traffic recovery, and achieve rapid evacuation and isolation. Therefore, one of the future construction trends of ITS in the United States is to study its role in maintaining ground traffic safety in the American security system, focusing on security defense, user service, system performance and traffic safety management.
2. Japan
Attach importance to the construction of its guiding facilities, and organize 25 companies headed by Toyota to jointly develop the Automated Highway System (AHS). In recent years, Japan has also invested 654.38+0.5 billion yen to develop the national expressway electronic map system, which has opened up the car electronic navigation market, and nearly 4 million car navigation systems have been applied in the market. Its construction in Japan mainly focuses on providing traffic information, electronic toll collection, public transportation, commercial vehicle management and emergency vehicle priority.
3. Europe
Pay attention to the construction of its basic platform, and its construction progress is between Japan and the United States. At present, telematics technology is being fully applied and developed, and it is planned to establish a wireless data communication network for special traffic (mainly road traffic) throughout Europe. The main functions of ITS, such as traffic management, navigation and electronic toll collection, are realized around telematics technology and wireless data communication networks all over Europe. At present, advanced travel information system (ATIS), vehicle control system (AVCS), commercial vehicle operation system (ACVO) and electronic toll collection system have been developed.
It can be seen from the process of intelligent transportation in the above developed countries that the emergence of intelligent transportation system is the product of historical development and the integration of economic and technological development in the transportation field. Its development is inseparable from the economic promotion and technical support system. The ultimate goal of intelligent transportation is to promote the efficient, safe, comfortable and sustainable development of transportation.
Third, the application of intelligent transportation system
At present, the most widely used intelligent transportation system in the world is Japan, and the VICS system in Japan has reached a quite perfect and mature stage. Intelligent transportation system has also been widely used in the United States, Europe and other regions.
1. Traffic management of inter-provincial highway (expressway).
Inter-provincial highway traffic management mainly includes national highways, provincial highways and other common highways between cities and expressway management system. What is the main application system of inter-provincial highway traffic management at present? National expressway Online Charging and Service System (ETC)? , referred to as the non-stop toll collection system. In the future, ETC system will be networked in the region and even the whole country.
2. Urban road traffic management.
Urban road management system also includes signal light control system, road condition indication system, license plate recognition system, road video monitoring system and so on.
Signal light control system and road signs mainly help management departments and vehicles to better understand the road conditions, so as to carry out the most reasonable road management and road selection and improve the efficiency of road transportation; License plate recognition system and road video monitoring system not only improve the efficiency of road transportation, but also play a certain role in urban public safety monitoring; Road video monitoring system is the most widely used system in many cities. Safe city? During the construction period, road video surveillance has been included in the scope of construction.
3. Urban public transport management.
Urban intelligent public transport system is an intelligent system mainly aimed at the command, management, scheduling and emergency of urban public transport. Urban intelligent bus system mainly realizes the comprehensive monitoring of urban bus lines, stations and vehicles. Predict and reasonably dispatch public transport resources through various auxiliary equipment, optimize the public transport system, and cooperate with the road traffic management system to realize the established urban traffic strategy. For example, during the Beijing Olympic Games, the bus positioning and signal light remote control system was coordinated by GPS. Bus priority? Traffic policy.
4. High-speed railway traffic system management.
High-speed railway information digitization system, also known as high-speed railway intelligent system, mainly includes five systems: communication system, signal system, electric power system, electrification system and information system.
Four. abstract
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is a transportation development field that fully applies information technology. The construction of ITS is not only the accumulation of various advanced electronic systems, but also the core role of information in ITS construction. Focusing on the core of information, we should strengthen the management of expressway, urban roads, public transportation and rail transit facilities to realize safer, more convenient, more effective and more harmonious passenger and freight transportation with the environment.
References:
[1] Du, Overview of Intelligent Transportation System [J]. Jiangsu Institute of Transportation Science, 200 1.5
[2] Wei Ming, Gong Jiachuan, Intelligent Transportation System and its development status [J]. Journal of Guizhou University (Agricultural and Biological Sciences Edition), No.5, 2002.