Basic introduction Chinese name: liquefied natural gas mbth: liquefied natural gas abbreviation: LNG main components: methane characteristics: high calorific value, high performance, environmental protection energy type: it is a clean and efficient energy application: the definition of automobile fuel, China LNG utilization, basic knowledge, characteristics, clean energy, high safety performance, application fields, automobiles, liquefied gas carriers, China status quo, supply projects, gas-fired power plants and LNG are defined as liquefied natural gas. Formation: The natural gas produced in the gas field is purified first, and then liquefied at ultra-low temperature (-162℃) and normal pressure to form liquefied natural gas. The critical temperature between LNG gas and liquid at atmospheric pressure is-162℃. The most commonly used standard in LNG manufacturing is API gravity (API) 620. China LNG uses LNG (liquefied natural gas), which is the English abbreviation of liquefied natural gas. Natural gas is a combustible gas produced naturally in gas fields, which is mainly composed of methane. LNG is condensed into liquid by cooling gaseous natural gas to-162℃ under normal pressure. Liquefied natural gas can greatly save storage and transportation space, and has the characteristics of large calorific value and high performance. Liquefied natural gas is a clean and efficient energy source. Because importing LNG helps energy consuming countries to realize energy supply diversification and ensure energy security, while exporting LNG helps natural gas producing countries to effectively develop natural gas resources, increase foreign exchange income and promote national economic development, LNG trade is becoming a new hot spot in the global energy market. As a clean energy source, natural gas is increasingly favored. Liquefied natural gas is listed as the first choice fuel in many countries, and the proportion of natural gas in energy supply is increasing rapidly. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) grows at a high speed of about 12% every year, and becomes one of the fastest growing energy industries in the world. In recent years, the global production and trade of liquefied natural gas (LNG) has become increasingly active. LNG has become a scarce clean resource and a new hot spot in the world oil and gas industry. In order to ensure the diversification of energy supply and improve the energy consumption structure, some major energy consuming countries pay more and more attention to the introduction of liquefied natural gas, and Japan, South Korea, the United States and Europe are all building lng terminal on a large scale. International oil companies have also shifted their new profit growth point to liquefied natural gas business, and liquefied natural gas will become the next hot energy commodity in the world after oil. The utilization of natural gas in China is extremely unbalanced, and the proportion of natural gas in China's energy is very small. Judging from the development of natural gas in China, natural gas resources are limited, natural gas production is far less than demand, and the gap between supply and demand is getting bigger and bigger. Although it has not yet formed a scale, the characteristics of LNG determine the rapid development of LNG. It can be predicted that LNG will become the main force in China natural gas market in the next 10-20 years. In 2007, China imported 2,965,438+/kloc-0,000 tons of LNG, more than three times that of 2006. In June 2008, the total import volume of LNG in China was +0- 1 1 41475 tons, an increase of 18. 14% over the same period in 2007. While China's economy continues to develop rapidly, the energy power to ensure the economy is extremely scarce. China's energy structure is dominated by coal, with oil and natural gas accounting for only a small proportion, far below the world average. With the country's increasing demand for energy, the introduction of LNG will play an important role in optimizing China's energy structure, effectively solving the dual problems of energy supply security and ecological environment protection, and realizing sustainable economic and social development. China pays more and more attention to the development of LNG industry. Coastal LNG projects being planned and implemented in China include Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Shandong, Liaoning, Ningxia, Tangshan and Hebei. These projects will eventually form a coastal lng terminal and pipeline network. According to the LNG use plan of China, the domestic production capacity will reach 90 billion cubic meters in 20 10 and 240 billion cubic meters in 2020. In terms of importing natural gas, the National Development and Reform Commission predicts that by 2020, China will import 35 billion cubic meters, equivalent to 25 million tons/year, which is seven times the total number of receiving stations in Guangdong Province. Basic knowledge 1. Natural gas is a colorless and odorless combustible gas, which is produced in oil and gas fields. Its main component is methane (CH4), accounting for 80 ~ 99%, followed by ethane, propane, total butane, total pentane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, total sulfur and moisture. In the standard state, the boiling point is-162℃, the density of natural gas is generally 640-750g/m 3, and the relative density to air is 0.55-0.62. 2. The working principle of natural gas as fuel is CH 4+2O 2-2H2O+CO 2+38mJ/m 3. The main uses of natural gas are important industrial raw materials and fuels. 1) The main fuel for industrial enterprises such as power plants, heat energy, heating and air conditioning; 2) Catering industry and civil fuel; 3) The main raw materials of chemical industry, which can synthesize or refine a variety of industrial raw materials and semi-finished products; 4) As a clean fuel for motor vehicles that meets the requirements of environmental protection, it is an ideal substitute for gasoline and diesel, and a new technology that has developed rapidly at home and abroad in recent years, and can be used in automobiles, ships, trains and even airplanes. 4. Basic parameters of LNG The main components of LNG are methane (above 90%), ethane, nitrogen (0.5- 1%) and a small amount of C3-C5 alkanes. Liquefied natural gas is another form of energy converted from natural gas. 1) the main component of liquefied natural gas is methane, whose chemical name is CH 4, and a small amount of ethane C 2 H 6, propane C 3 H 8 and nitrogen N 2. 2) The critical temperature is -82.3℃. 3) The boiling point is-162℃ and the ignition point is 650℃. 4) The liquid density is 0.420 ~ 0.46 t/m3, and the gas density is 0.68 ~ 0.75 kg/m3. 5) The gas calorific value is 38MJ/m 3, and the liquid calorific value is 50MJ/kg. 6) Explosion range: upper limit 15% and lower limit 5%. 7) Octane number ASTM: 130. 8) Colorless, tasteless, nontoxic and non-corrosive. 9) The volume is about 1/625 of the same volume of gaseous natural gas. 5. Briefly describe the six advantages of LNG. 1) The volume of liquefied natural gas is 624 times smaller than that of natural gas with the same quality, and it can be easily transported to places without natural gas by car and ship. 2)LNG storage efficiency is high, and it occupies less land. With less investment, the LNG storage capacity of 65438+1 00m3 can supply the domestic gas of 10000 households1day. 3) As a high-quality vehicle fuel, LNG has higher octane number, better antiknock performance and longer engine life compared with gasoline. The fuel cost is low. Good environmental protection performance and the like. It can reduce 72% hydrocarbons, 39% nitrogen oxides, 90% carbon monoxide and zero sulfur oxides and lead. 4) 4) The latent heat of vaporization of LNG is high, and the cold energy during liquefaction can be recycled. 5) Because the density of liquefied natural gas after vaporization is very low, only about half that of air, it will fly away immediately if it leaks slightly, so as not to cause explosion. 6) LNG is pure in composition, completely burned, and produces carbon dioxide and water after combustion, which is beneficial to protecting the environment and reducing urban pollution. It is a good clean fuel. 6. The main purpose of 6.LNG is 1). As a clean fuel, it is gasified and used by urban residents. It has the characteristics of safety, convenience, quickness and little pollution. 2) Used as a substitute for automobile fuel. When LNG is used as the fuel of automobile engine, it is only necessary to replace the engine properly, which is not only safe and reliable, but also low in noise and pollution. Especially in today's increasingly stringent emission regulations, the exhaust emissions of vehicles using LNG as fuel have been significantly improved. According to data reports, compared with compressed natural gas (CNG), for medium-sized and heavy-duty vehicles, the fuel cost of LNG vehicles is 20% lower and the weight is 2/3 lighter. At the same time, the cost of fuel supply system is reduced by at least 2/3. It can be proved that liquefied natural gas and its storage in liquid state is the most economical and effective method to popularize its application in transportation fuel. 3) As a cold source, it can be used for the production of quick-frozen food, the low-temperature crushing of plastics and rubber, seawater desalination and cable cooling. 4) As industrial gas fuel, it is used in glass shell factory, craft glass factory and other industries. 7.LNG transportation modes mainly include ships, trains and tankers. Within the economic transportation radius of 500 ~ 800 kilometers, the tank car is an ideal way to transport LNG. The tank body of tank car adopts double-wall vacuum powder insulation, and is equipped with operating valve and infusion hose safety system. The manufacturing technology of domestic cryogenic liquid tank car is relatively mature and safe to use. LNG products are stored in cryogenic liquid storage tanks, which are insulated by double-wall vacuum powder. The daily evaporation rate of LNG can be controlled within 0.46%, and the storage period is 4 ~ 7 days. 8. Liquefied natural gas is a clean automobile fuel. Among all clean fuels, natural gas is regarded as the most suitable alternative fuel for automobiles by many countries and experts in the world because of its mature application technology, safety, reliability and economic feasibility. Compared with gasoline, the automobile uses natural gas as power fuel, and its exhaust emissions are reduced by 72% HC, 39% NOx, 90% CO, and 0 SOx and Pb. The noise is reduced by 40%. Therefore, promoting the use of natural gas fuel will play a positive role in reducing air pollution and improving the environment. It is characterized by low temperature, high gas-liquid expansion rate, high energy efficiency and convenient transportation and storage. 1 standard cubic meter of natural gas has a thermal mass of about 9300 kcal, 1 ton of LNG can produce 1.440 standard cubic meter of natural gas, which can generate 8300 degrees of electricity. The sulfur content of clean energy LNG is extremely low. If 2.6 million tons/year LNG is used to generate electricity, it will reduce SO _ 2 emissions by about 450,000 tons compared with coal (lignite) (roughly equivalent to twice the annual SO _ 2 emissions in Fujian), and prevent the expansion of acid rain trend. The NO X and CO 2 emissions of natural gas power generation are only 20% and 50% of those of coal-fired power plants, with high safety performance, high ignition temperature-about 590℃, narrow explosion range (5% ~ 15%), lighter than air and easy to spread. In the place of leakage or overflow, obvious white vapor clouds will be produced. The vapor cloud is formed because the overflowing LNG cools the water vapor in the air. When LNG is converted into gas, its density is 1.5kg/m/m, and when the temperature of gas rises to-107℃, the density of gas is the same as that of air. That is, when the temperature of liquefied natural gas after gasification is higher than-107℃, the density of gas is lower than that of air and it is easy to diffuse in the air. Application field The application of automobile LNG in automobiles mainly includes city buses, sanitation vehicles, taxis, intercity buses and heavy trucks. ① Urban public vehicles: Because of the high energy storage density of LNG, it is easy to store and carry. Therefore, the use of liquefied natural gas as vehicle fuel will extend the mileage of buses, reduce the number of refueling, enhance operational capacity and improve efficiency. Under the condition of convenient refueling of LNG buses, the existing CNG buses are more likely to be upgraded or converted into LNG vehicles, so buses can become one of the main LNG customers. ② Urban sanitation vehicles: Sanitation vehicles mainly include sprinklers, sweepers and garbage trucks. In some cities in China, natural gas sanitation vehicles have been popularized. With the continuous strengthening of environmental protection policies, sanitation vehicles can be used as potential customers of LNG. ③ Taxi: Because LNG cylinders are generally of double-layer metal vacuum and multi-layer winding ultra-low temperature insulation structure, the cylinders are thick and the trunk of taxis is small, so the modification is limited. But with the continuous development and market cultivation of LNG, taxis can be used as potential customers of LNG. ④ Intercity buses and heavy trucks: Intercity buses and heavy trucks generally travel a long distance. If LNG filling stations are set up along expressway to provide fuel for them, these vehicles will also become the main LNG customers. Liquefied gas carriers At present, the average cost of each conventional LNG carrier (calculated by 65.438+74 billion cubic meters) is about 65.438+90 billion US dollars. In other words, if the United States wants to import Russian natural gas instead of the European Union, it will generate at least $38 billion in shipbuilding orders (basically equivalent to one year's natural gas revenue). Even at the rate of 23%, China Shipyard will surely get a "big cake" of $9 billion. The construction technology of LNG carriers is complex and the entry threshold is high. Shipowners often favor shipyards with construction experience. Once the United States decides to export a large amount of natural gas to Europe, it will inevitably increase the order of LNG ships in large quantities, and most of them can only be purchased from China, Japan and South Korea. Although European and American shipyards also have the ability to build LNG ships, the shipbuilding industry in Europe and America has been declining for a long time, and it is difficult to greatly improve the shipbuilding capacity in the short term. The new generation of thin-film LNG ships is basically only mastered by China, Japan and South Korea. In particular, several major shipyards in South Korea have held nearly 100 orders, and their production capacity will be close to saturation in the next few years. However, due to the Fukushima nuclear accident, Japan gave up nuclear power in policy and needed to import a large amount of LNG, so the construction of LNG carriers in Japan was almost reserved for domestic demand. So China's expected harvest may be much higher than the 23% share. Moreover, with the short-term shortage of LNG carriers, the ship price will also rise. At present, China is in the stage of industrialization, and the energy structure is dominated by coal, so the task of controlling greenhouse gas emissions is arduous. Natural gas is a kind of clean energy. The greenhouse gas produced by natural gas combustion is only 1/2 of that of coal and 2/3 of that of oil, and the pollution to the environment is far less than that of oil and coal. Therefore, accelerating the development and rational utilization of natural gas can effectively improve the atmospheric environment and promote the realization of emission reduction targets. Global climate change will increase the demand for natural gas and bring opportunities for the development of natural gas and liquefied natural gas industries. According to statistics, the annual output of LNG in China reached 9 million tons in 20 10. 20 1 1 With the successive commissioning of two LNG import receiving stations in Rudong and Dalian, Jiangsu Province, and the commissioning of domestic LNG factories and downstream supporting facilities, the LNG output has further increased substantially. 20 1 1 year, the annual output of LNG in China exceeds150,000 tons. By the end of 20 1 1, there were 5 LNG receiving station projects in China, and 6 projects have been approved by the state and are under construction. With the completion and operation of LNG project, China's LNG reserves will continue to increase. Distribution Map of LNG Gasification Station in China LNG is a kind of clean energy, which conforms to the development direction of energy saving, environmental protection and low-carbon economy in the world and China. Its usage will continue to increase in the future, and the development prospect of the industry is promising. Up to now, there are more than 40 LNG plants under construction and 20 operating plants in China, with a total production capacity of 2.5 million tons/year. It is estimated that the total production capacity of domestic LNG plants will reach 7.5 million tons/year 20 15 years ago. During the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period, as a clean energy, the development of LNG not only improved the energy structure, but also promoted the development of related technologies, equipment, new energy vehicles and other industries. With the shortage of domestic natural gas production, domestic oil companies began to build lng terminal projects to receive liquefied natural gas from overseas to meet the domestic market demand. According to the statistics of China Industrial Gas Industry Association, in addition to the lng plant, five imported LNG receiving stations have been built in China, and three of them are under construction. Supply project LNG supply project has been put into production: Jiangsu Yangkou Port LNG receiving station project (Rudong County), Guangdong Dapeng LNG receiving station project (Shenzhen Dapeng Town), Fujian LNG receiving station project, Shanghai LNG receiving station project, Zhejiang Ningbo LNG receiving station project, Dalian LNG receiving station project, Xinjiang LNG project, Chongqing LNG project, Bayannaoer LNG project in Inner Mongolia, Hainan meilan airport LNG project, Qinghai Yushu LNG Project, Tibet LNG Project and Shaanxi Yan 'an LNG Project under construction and planning (including Yan 'an): Zhuhai LNG Project, Shenzhen LNG Project, Hainan LNG Project, Yuedong LNG Project, Yuexi LNG Project, Jiangsu Nantong LNG Project, Tangshan LNG Project, Shandong LNG Project, Gansu Dunhuang LNG Project, Dalate Banner LNG Project in Inner Mongolia, Dengkou LNG Project in Inner Mongolia, Inner Mongolia Otog Banner LNG Project, Inner Mongolia Wushenqi LNG Project, Shaanxi Ansai LNG Project, Hebei Bazhou LNG Project, Sichuan Bazhong LNG Project, Sichuan Guangyuan LNG Project, Sichuan Guang 'an LNG Project, Fujian Fuzhou LNG Project, Jilin Songyuan LNG Project, Jilin Gan Yuan LNG Project, Tianjin Floating LNG Project, Shaanxi Yangling LNG Project and Changchun Nongan LNG Project. As a clean, efficient, convenient and safe energy source, LNG in gas-fired power plant has become one of the high-quality energy sources that people can choose in modern society because of its high calorific value, little pollution and convenient storage and transportation. Natural gas is a gas, which becomes liquid after deep freezing. This kind of gas is the cleanest, because impurities become solid and are eliminated in the process of liquefaction, and finally combustible gas is left. In recent years, with the gradual development and maturity of gas-steam combined cycle technology, gas-steam combined cycle power generation with natural gas as fuel has become the first choice for developing and constructing power projects all over the world because of its high efficiency and high performance. Because the main component of natural gas is methane, compared with coal, using natural gas to generate electricity can greatly reduce the emission of pollutants such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, soot and cinder, which is conducive to the improvement of environmental quality, which is a major advantage of LNG power plants.