The data of environmental pollution should be in 2116

1. Air pollution

1. Pollution status quo

According to "China Environmental Status Bulletin", in 1997, urban air quality in China was still at a heavy pollution level, with northern cities being heavier than southern cities (see Figure 3-1). The annual average concentration of sulfur dioxide ranges from 3 to 248 μ g/m3, and the national average is 66 μ g/m3. More than half of the northern cities and more than one third of the southern cities have an annual average value exceeding the national secondary standard (61 μ g/m3). The annual average of northern cities is 72 μ g/m3; The annual average of southern cities is 61 μ g/m3. The cities in high sulfur coal areas in southwest China, such as Yibin, Guiyang and Chongqing, and cities in Shanxi, Shandong, Hebei, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Henan and Shaanxi, where energy consumption is high, have serious sulfur dioxide pollution.

the annual average concentration of nitrogen oxides is in the range of 4 ~ 141 μ g/m3, and the national average is 45 μ g/m3. The annual average of northern cities is 49 μ g/m3; The annual average of southern cities is 41 μ g/m3. 34 cities exceeded the national secondary standard (51 μ g/m3), accounting for 36.2% of the statistical cities. Among them, the pollution of nitrogen oxides in Guangzhou, Beijing and Shanghai is serious, and the annual average concentration exceeds 111 μ g/m 3; Jinan, Wuhan, Urumqi, Zhengzhou and other cities are also heavily polluted.

the annual average concentration of total suspended particles is in the range of 32 ~ 741 μ g/m3, and the national average is 291 μ g/m3. There are 67 cities that exceed the national secondary standard (211 μ g/m3), accounting for 72% of the total number of cities. The annual average of northern cities is 381 μ g/m3; The annual average of southern cities is 211 μ g/m3. In terms of regional distribution, most areas of Beijing, Tianjin, Gansu, Xinjiang, Shaanxi and Shanxi, and some areas of Henan, Jilin, Qinghai, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shandong, Hebei and Liaoning are seriously polluted by total suspended particulate matter.

according to the research report of the world bank, the concentration of air pollutants in some major cities in China far exceeds the international standards, ranking among the best in the world and among the most polluted cities in the world.

3. Pollution hazards

Due to the serious air pollution in China, the incidence of respiratory diseases in China is very high. Chronic obstructive respiratory diseases, including emphysema and chronic tracheitis, are the main causes of death, and their disease burden is more than twice the average level in developing countries. Disease investigation has found the health consequences caused by exposure to certain concentrations of pollutants (such as particulate matter and sulfur dioxide in the air), such as the decline of respiratory function, chronic respiratory diseases, premature death and the increase of outpatient rate and admission rate in hospitals. In 1989, researchers studied the correlation between air pollution and daily mortality in two residential areas in Beijing. Very high concentrations of total suspended particulate matter and sulfur dioxide were detected in both areas. The estimation results show that if the concentration of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere increases by 1 times, the total mortality will increase by 11%; If the concentration of total suspended particles increases by 1 times, the total mortality will increase by 4%. The analysis of the cause of death shows that the death rate of chronic obstructive respiratory disease and pulmonary heart disease will increase by 38% and 8% when the concentration of total suspended particles increases by 1 times. In 1992, researchers studied the relationship between air pollution and daily mortality in Shenyang. The results showed that the total mortality increased by 2.4% and 1.7% respectively when the concentration of sulfur dioxide and total suspended particles increased by 111 μ g/m3.

Other human health losses caused by urban air pollution are also great. The analysis shows that the outpatient rate of respiratory diseases in hospitals has increased by 34,611 cases due to air pollution; Serious air pollution also leads to 6.8 million emergency cases every year; Every year, the work loss caused by excessive air pollution reaches 4.5 million person-times.

indoor air quality is sometimes worse than outdoor air quality. Studies on indoor pollution in some areas of China show that the level of indoor particulate matter (from biomass energy and coal combustion) is usually higher than that outside (more than 511 μ g/m3), and the concentration of particulate matter in the kitchen is the highest (more than 1,111 μ g/m3).

According to conservative assumptions, there are millions of premature deaths caused by indoor air pollution every year. Carbon monoxide poisoning deaths occur every year in northern China due to the use of coal stoves to keep warm in closed rooms. In China, the health problems caused by burning coal indoors are almost the same as those caused by smoking. Women and children suffer the most from indoor air pollution.

Acid rain caused by acid pollutants such as sulfur dioxide is another important aspect of the harm of air pollution in China. Acid rain is the product of chemical reaction between air pollutants (such as sulfide and nitride) and water and oxygen in the air. Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides produced by burning fossil fuels are discharged into the atmosphere and form sulfuric acid and nitric acid with other chemicals. These emissions can stay in the air for several days, and the wells move hundreds or thousands of kilometers, and then return to the ground in the form of acid rain.

At present, acid rain in China is spreading rapidly, and it is the third largest acid rain area in the world after Europe and North America. In 1981s, acid rain in China mainly occurred in Sichuan, Guangxi and Guangxi, represented by Chongqing, Guiyang and Liuzhou, with an area of 1.7 million square kilometers. By the mid-1991s, acid rain had spread to the south of the Yangtze River, the east of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the vast area of the Sichuan Basin, and the area of acid rain had expanded by more than 1 million square kilometers. The acid rain areas in Central China, represented by Changsha, Ganzhou, Nanchang and Huaihua, have become the most seriously polluted areas in China. The annual precipitation pH value in the central area is lower than 4.1, and the frequency of acid rain is higher than 91%, which has reached the level of acid rain. The coastal areas of East China, represented by Nanjing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Fuzhou, Qingdao and Xiamen, have also become the main acid rain areas in China. Acid precipitation also appeared in parts of North China and Northeast China. Acid rain has almost started a prairie fire in China, and the damage area has accounted for about 29% of the national area. Its development speed is very alarming and it continues to increase year by year.

Acid rain has many hazards, including direct and potential hazards to human health, ecosystems and building facilities. Acid rain can reduce children's immune function, increase the incidence of chronic pharyngitis and bronchial asthma, and increase the prevalence of eyes and respiratory tract in the elderly. Acid rain can also greatly reduce the yield of crops, especially wheat. Under the influence of acid rain with PH value of 3.5, the yield can be reduced by 13.7%. When the PH value is 3.1, the yield is reduced by 21.6%, and when the PH value is 2.5, the yield is reduced by 34%. Soybeans and vegetables are also vulnerable to acid rain, which leads to the decrease of protein content and yield. Acid rain is also harmful to forests and plants, which often makes the leaves of forests and plants yellow, aggravates pests and diseases, and finally causes large-scale death.

according to the study of eight southern provinces, acid rain causes 93 million mu of crops, 4.26 billion yuan of economic losses and 1.8 billion yuan of economic losses of wood every year. From a national perspective, the direct economic loss caused by acid rain is 14 billion yuan every year.

pollutants emitted by motor vehicles are very harmful. Due to the low-altitude emission of motor vehicle exhaust, it happens to be in the range of human breathing zone, which has a very obvious impact on human health. For example, the discharged carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides can greatly hinder the oxygen transmission function of human body, lead can inhibit the intellectual development of children, cause liver dysfunction, and particulate matter has carcinogenic effect on human body. Exhaust emissions have a serious harm to traffic police. Some data show that the life span of traffic police is much lower than the average life span of urban people. In addition, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons emitted by automobiles will react in the atmosphere under the irradiation of the sun to form photochemical smog, which has a wider pollution range and is more harmful to human health and ecological environment.

IV. Noise Pollution

1. Pollution Status

According to "China Environmental Status Bulletin", in 1997, noise in most cities in China was at a moderate level of pollution, among which domestic noise affected a large area and showed an expanding trend. Traffic noise has the strongest impact on the environment.

the equivalent sound level of road traffic noise in China ranges from 67.3 to 77.8 decibels, with a national average of 71 decibels (length-weighted). Among the 49 urban roads monitored, the sound level exceeding 71 decibels accounts for 54.9% of the total monitoring length.

the equivalent sound level of environmental noise in urban areas ranges from 53.5 to 65.8 decibels, with a national average of 56.5 decibels (area-weighted). Among the 43 cities, 33 have sound levels exceeding 55 decibels, among which the equivalent sound levels of Datong, Kaifeng and Lanzhou are over 61 decibels, which is very polluted.

the noise of various functional areas generally exceeds the standard. The percentage of cities exceeding the standard is: 57.1% in special residential areas; Residents, cultural and educational areas 71.7%; Residential, commercial and industrial mixed area 81.4%; Industrial concentration area 21.7%; 51.1% on both sides of traffic trunk roads < P > 2. Sources of pollution < P > Among the main sources of urban environmental noise, the influence range of industrial noise is 8.3%; The influence range of construction noise is about 5%. Because of the high noise of construction machinery, the phenomenon of disturbing people is serious in recent years. The influence range of traffic noise accounts for about 1/3 of the city. Because of its high sound level and large influence range, it has the greatest interference to the acoustic environment. The influence range of social life noise is increasing year by year, which is the most extensive noise source affecting the urban sound environment, and its influence range has reached about 47% of the urban scope. According to environmental monitoring, nearly two-thirds of urban residents in China live and work in an environment with excessive noise.

According to national statistics, among the complaints about environmental pollution, the number of letters and visits from people about noise pollution has increased year by year, from 27,811 in 1991 to 39,111 in 1995, an increase of more than 41%. The proportion of complaints reflecting noise pollution in environmental pollution complaints increased from 25% in 1991 to 35.6% in 1995, an increase of 11 percentage points in five years. This ratio ranks first among all kinds of pollution complaints. Due to the wide range of environmental noise pollution, disputes caused by noise disturbing people have appeared constantly in recent years, most of which reflect the noise disturbing people in commercial, catering and construction sites.

3. Pollution hazards

Noise annoys people, makes them difficult to concentrate, affects work efficiency, and hinders rest and sleep. The extent to which noise affects sleep is roughly proportional to the sound level. About 11% people are affected at 41 decibels, and 51% people are affected at 71 decibels. The situation that a sudden sound wakes people up is basically proportional to the sound level. The sudden noise of 41 decibels wakes up about 11% of the sleepers, and the sudden noise of 61 decibels wakes up about 71% of the sleepers. Under strong noise, it is easy to cover up conversations and danger warning signals, distract people's attention and cause work-related accidents.

noise causes deafness. Exposure to strong noise for a period of time will cause certain hearing fatigue and dullness, which can be recovered after rest. However, if you work under strong noise for a long time, the hearing fatigue will not recover, and the hearing organs in the inner ear will be diseased, leading to noise deafness, also known as occupational hearing loss. If people are suddenly exposed to high-intensity noise (141-161 decibels), acute trauma will occur to the hearing organs, causing the eardrum to rupture and bleed, and both ears will be completely deaf. This kind of explosive deafness will be encountered in the explosion of the battlefield.

noise causes diseases. Some diseases may be induced under the influence of strong noise. It has been found that workers who work under strong noise for a long time have symptoms such as dizziness, headache, neurasthenia and indigestion besides deafness, which leads to hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Stronger noise stimulates the vestibule of the inner ear cavity, causing dizziness, nausea, vomiting, eye vibration, blurred vision, fluctuation of breathing, pulse and blood pressure.

4. Economic value of pollution hazards

According to the research of the World Bank, at present, the loss value caused by air and water pollution in China, if estimated according to the value of willingness to pay, is about 54 billion US dollars/year. It accounts for 8% of GDP in 1995. Based on the value of human capital, the loss caused by air and water pollution is $24 billion per year, accounting for 3.5% of GDP (Table 3-2).

Table 3-2 Current economic losses of air and water pollution in China

Problems

Willingness to pay value

Valuation of human capital

Urban air pollution

32343

11271

Early death

11648

1597

Illness

. 192