Keywords:: higher vocational entrepreneurship education resource pool model
Carrying out entrepreneurship education in higher vocational colleges and actively encouraging college students to start their own businesses is an important way to cultivate students' innovative spirit and practical ability, which has important practical significance and long-term strategic significance for improving the quality of personnel training. However, China's entrepreneurship education started late, and there is a lack of resource base construction closely related to entrepreneurship education, which leads to great constraints in teaching content, teaching concepts and methods, entrepreneurship education activities and so on. It has become an urgent task to develop a resource database suitable for the characteristics of entrepreneurship education in higher vocational colleges.
First, the characteristics of higher vocational entrepreneurship education
Because there are obvious differences between students in higher vocational colleges and students in undergraduate colleges in terms of ability and quality, study time at school and future employment opportunities, entrepreneurship education in higher vocational colleges also has different characteristics.
(A) Higher vocational students' demand for entrepreneurship education is more urgent.
According to the Blue Book of Employment published by Max Company, the average proportion of college graduates who started their own businesses in China was between 1.0%- 1.2% from 2007 to 2009. Among them, the proportion of self-employed graduates of "2 1 1" colleges in 2009 was 0.4%, that of non-"2 1 1" undergraduate colleges was 0.8%, and that of higher vocational colleges was 1.6%. From 2007 to 2009, the proportion of graduates in higher vocational colleges who started their own businesses was much higher than that of undergraduates. On the one hand, influenced by the traditional concept of employment, undergraduate graduates tend to choose large units or enterprises with relatively stable income, such as state organs, institutions, state-owned enterprises and large companies; On the other hand, the external environment of college students' self-employment is poor, and the risk of self-employment is greater. However, higher vocational graduates have relatively few opportunities to enter large units or enterprises, and they have accumulated experience and talents through internships and working in small and medium-sized enterprises, which is easy to encourage them to start their own businesses. According to the follow-up survey of graduates majoring in marketing in our college, there are very few graduates who start their own businesses after graduation, but the proportion of graduates who start their own businesses has risen sharply two years after graduation. By the end of 20 10, the self-employment rate of 2006 graduates reached 8%. It can be seen that vocational college students will encounter realistic entrepreneurial choice problems in a short time after graduation, and there is a more urgent need for entrepreneurial education.
(B) Entrepreneurship education in higher vocational colleges is a multi-level and modular education.
Due to the short school time of higher vocational students, not every student will face the problem of self-employment. Therefore, entrepreneurship education should not be a unified and extensive education, but should fully consider students' current interests and arrange different levels of education content from their long-term career growth. The courses of entrepreneurship education can be divided into three levels: basic, intermediate and advanced. The course content should be modular, flexible and selective, so that students can decide whether to accept further entrepreneurship education according to their own wishes, and students can choose their own learning methods and learning content.
(3) Entrepreneurship education in higher vocational colleges should adopt a diversified and multi-channel educational organization model.
The difference of entrepreneurship education levels determines the characteristics of diversification and multi-channel of entrepreneurship education institutions.
The basic level of entrepreneurship education can adopt the popularization mode, and the school will organize special entrepreneurship courses in a unified way. The purpose is to enable students of all majors to form entrepreneurial awareness and innovative spirit from entrepreneurship education, so that students with professional knowledge can also have the potential to start small businesses.
The intermediate level of entrepreneurship education is to enable students to have a deeper understanding of marketing planning, enterprise management, business analysis and product knowledge needed in the process of entrepreneurship through the study of modular courses, and to further improve their entrepreneurial practice ability. The organizers of intermediate entrepreneurship education should focus on schools. According to the characteristics of entrepreneurship in each major, they can set up entrepreneurship training classes suitable for students of this major, or infiltrate the ideas and contents of entrepreneurship education into the teaching activities of related courses. You can take elective courses, lectures, business simulation competitions and other forms to invite industry experts, successful entrepreneurs in the industry and successful entrepreneurs among graduates to participate in business education activities.
The advanced level of entrepreneurship education is to cultivate more systematic and professional entrepreneurial practice ability, aiming to enable students to form the ability to conceive, create and operate enterprises under the background of commercial society by carrying out guided entrepreneurial practice activities. Students in higher vocational colleges mainly complete the professional training of entrepreneurship through autonomous learning and practice. Schools should provide basic conditions for students' entrepreneurial practice by opening up entrepreneurial practice bases, and equip corresponding teachers to guide and manage students' entrepreneurial practice activities.
Second, the demand analysis of higher vocational entrepreneurship education for resource pool
At present, one of the bottlenecks in developing entrepreneurship education is the lack of entrepreneurship education resource database. To build a resource library suitable for the characteristics of entrepreneurship education in higher vocational colleges, we should build a resource library of entrepreneurship education according to the hierarchical entrepreneurship education curriculum.
Entrepreneurship education at the basic and intermediate levels is mainly to cultivate students' entrepreneurial awareness, stimulate students' entrepreneurial passion, and have basic knowledge of entrepreneurial policies and laws, industry and product knowledge, entrepreneurial finance, enterprise management and so on. In the teaching process, we all need to adopt the form of course teaching, mainly using task-driven, case teaching, group learning, role-playing and other teaching methods. In the aspect of resource database establishment, it is necessary to establish teaching design resource database, including task design, case design, activity design, academic evaluation design and so on. A large number of vivid and intuitive multimedia resources such as pictures, videos and audio are needed in teaching activities, and a corresponding teaching material resource base is established to facilitate teachers to choose and make multimedia courseware suitable for teaching according to the content and organization form of teaching activities.
In the process of entrepreneurship education, we should pay attention to the cultivation of students' awareness and ability of autonomous learning, and advocate students to acquire the required knowledge and ability through autonomous learning. In entrepreneurship education at all levels, we should support students' independent learning resource pool. Basic and intermediate independent learning resource libraries mainly provide students with teaching videos, online Q&A, learning exchanges, case libraries, exercise libraries and other contents, while advanced independent learning resource libraries mainly provide students with industry trends, market analysis, special lecture videos, interactive exchanges and other contents.
Intermediate entrepreneurship education should provide students with learning opportunities for entrepreneurship simulation exercises. To this end, we should build a resource library of entrepreneurship simulation drills, including providing software and hardware conditions, simulation data and accumulation and sharing of experience of entrepreneurship simulation drills.
Advanced entrepreneurship education focuses on the cultivation of students' entrepreneurial practice ability, and a resource library of entrepreneurial guidance should be established to provide students with entrepreneurial practice guidance, including laws, regulations and policy documents that should be paid attention to in entrepreneurial practice, the accumulation and sharing of entrepreneurial experience, and online guidance on entrepreneurial process.
Third, the construction mode of higher vocational entrepreneurship education resource database
The construction of entrepreneurship education resource pool in higher vocational colleges is a strong support to promote entrepreneurship education, but it is not achieved overnight. The construction of enterprise education resource library should emphasize efficiency and benefit, and seek a reasonable construction mode of resource library.
(A) Problems that should be paid attention to in the construction of vocational entrepreneurship education resource database
1, the construction of entrepreneurship education resource base should pay attention to quality and practicality, and avoid low-level repeated development.
In recent years, there are many problems in the construction mode of resource base represented by excellent courses in higher vocational colleges, such as emphasizing form over content, emphasizing quantity over quality, emphasizing teaching over learning, etc. Although the number of resource libraries is quantitative, the content of resource libraries is basically low-level repeated development. There are some problems in the educational resource database, such as boring content and poor teaching effect. Some educational resources are even just the accumulation of teaching documents, which can attract students. Some well-made video resources are also limited by compression technology and network transmission speed, so students can't watch them smoothly. With the rise of entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities in China, the construction of entrepreneurship education resource database will also become the focus of specialty construction and curriculum construction in colleges and universities. We should learn from the construction of excellent course resource base in the past. The construction of the resource library should be student-oriented, pay attention to the effectiveness of the resource library, change the service object of the resource library from the teacher subject to the student subject, emphasize the interaction between teachers and students, and form a complementary, unique and constantly improving resource library content.
2. The construction of entrepreneurship education resource database should be dynamically updated, and the content and form of resources can be continuously enriched and improved.
Because the entrepreneurial practice environment is constantly changing, the content of entrepreneurship education should be adjusted accordingly; With the development of entrepreneurship education, some good educational models, typical cases and practical methods should also be accumulated and enjoyed; With the continuous updating of modern information technology represented by network technology, the presentation of educational materials, educational cases and educational activities is also undergoing profound changes. These factors determine that an attractive educational resource library must have the ability of dynamic updating. However, the dynamic nature of resource pool will inevitably lead to the increase of resource pool maintenance cost. Therefore, we should pay attention to the study of incentive mechanism and guarantee mechanism in the construction of resource database.
3. The construction of enterprise education resource library should give full play to the strength of all sectors of society and adopt various ways to develop and operate.
The construction of entrepreneurship education resource pool should be jointly built by the state, enterprises, schools, teachers and other multi-subjects; Development funds should also be invested by state funds, professional institutions and enterprises. Through national overall planning, enterprise participation, regional and school coordination, teachers' personal production and other ways, teachers are encouraged to make their own teaching resources, enterprises are encouraged to develop high-quality education and teaching resources, and schools establish their own characteristic resources. The use of resource pool can be combined with free and market-oriented operation, and professional institutions and enterprises can be mobilized to participate in the construction of resource pool.
4. The construction of enterprise education resource database should attach importance to standardization research and adopt unified technical standards and norms.
At present, many colleges and universities do not follow the relevant technical norms and standards when developing teaching resource database, which brings great inconvenience to data sharing, exchange and updating, and also causes repeated construction of resources, wasting a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources. In the process of resource library development, we should emphasize the use of standard and unified media formats, common development languages and development tools. In the development, we should pay attention to the maintenance and management of the system and adopt advanced, universal and mature technologies.
(B) Vocational entrepreneurship education resource database construction model
Based on the above analysis, this paper puts forward the construction mode of higher vocational entrepreneurship education resource database. In this model, the education department is the planner, builder and manager of the dynamic resource library of entrepreneurship education; The school is the main builder of entrepreneurship education resource pool and the planner and manager of school-based characteristic resource pool. Enterprises, trade organizations and students (including students and graduates) are the main bodies in the construction of entrepreneurship education resource database.
In the construction of enterprise education resource database, we should pay attention to the complementarity of dynamic resource database and school-based characteristic resource database in function and content. Based on the network platform, the * * * shared resource database established by the education authorities is open to the public, mainly providing constantly updated information resources such as entrepreneurship education teaching methods, teaching cases and teaching materials, entrepreneurship practice, relevant laws and policies and autonomous learning, aiming at enabling more schools and students to obtain information needed for teaching and learning from the * * * shared resource database and avoiding repeated development of low-level entrepreneurship education resource database. In operation, the education authorities can stimulate the enthusiasm of higher vocational colleges and teachers to participate in the construction of resource database by holding activities such as entrepreneurship education courseware contest, entrepreneurship education case contest and major entrepreneurship cases. Through market-oriented operation, it can also attract enterprises or industry organizations to build high-quality resources with relatively high technical difficulty and high cost, such as the development of entrepreneurship simulation exercise systems, animation production, entrepreneurship lecture videos and so on.
The school-based characteristic resource database of entrepreneurship education developed by higher vocational colleges directly serves our school's entrepreneurship education. Mainly through self-development, learning from entrepreneurship education, resource pool sharing, cooperation with enterprises or industry organizations, etc., its content is directly aimed at the entrepreneurial teaching and learning needs of teachers and students in our school. Through the follow-up survey of graduates, the school can continuously excavate and accumulate the entrepreneurial practice cases of previous graduates, which is not only conducive to providing better entrepreneurial guidance for graduates of the school, but also conducive to providing students with rich entrepreneurial practice cases that are more closely related to themselves.
The construction of entrepreneurship education resource library should pay attention to interactive communication. Whether it is the construction of * * * enjoyment resource library or the construction of school-based characteristic resource library, it should be a platform for students to learn independently. Students are both users and participants in the construction of resource pool. Through the interaction between students and teachers, students and students, more information resources that students can enjoy are formed.
Fund Project: This paper is a research fund project of Changzhou Science and Education City (Higher Vocational Education Park) on 20 10, and a project funded by the University Philosophy and Social Science Fund of Jiangsu Provincial Department of Education on 2010, entitled "Research on the Construction of Hierarchical and Classified Three-dimensional Teaching Model for Entrepreneurship Education in Higher Vocational Colleges" (the project is entitled "Research on the Construction of Three-dimensional Teaching Model"). Achievements of "Blue Project" in Jiangsu universities.
References:
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