I. Conditions of combustion and definition and classification of fire

The exothermic reaction between combustible materials and oxidants, usually accompanied by flame, luminescence and/or smoke, is called combustion.

(1) Conditions for combustion

1. Necessary conditions for combustion

(1) Combustible. Any substance that can react with oxygen or other oxidants in the air is called combustible.

(2) oxidant. Substances that can help and support the combustion of combustible materials, that is, substances that can undergo oxidation reaction with combustible materials, are called oxidants.

(3) temperature (ignition source). Ignition source refers to the energy source that supplies combustible materials to react with oxygen or combustion improver.

(4) chain reaction. There is a chain reaction in flaming combustion.

2. Sufficient conditions for combustion

(1) A certain combustible concentration.

(2) a certain oxygen content.

(3) a certain ignition energy.

(4) Unregulated chain reaction.

(II) Definition of fire

Fire refers to the disaster caused by burning out of control in time and space. (GB5917-86)

(III) Classification of fires

Fires are divided into four categories: A, B, C and D (GB4968-85)

1. A fire: refers to solid material fire. This kind of substance often has the nature of organic matter, and can generally produce glowing embers when burning. Such as wood, cotton, wool, hemp, paper fires, etc.

2. Class B fire: refers to liquid fire and meltable solid fire. Such as gasoline, kerosene, crude oil, methanol, ethanol, asphalt, paraffin fire, etc.

3. Class C fire: refers to gas fire. Such as gas, natural gas, methane, ethane, propane, hydrogen fire, etc.

4. D fire: refers to metal fire. Refers to potassium, sodium, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, lithium, aluminum-magnesium alloy fires, etc.

II. Types and Extinguishing Range of Fire Extinguishers, How to Use

(I) Types and Extinguishing Range of Fire Extinguishers

There are many types of fire extinguishers, which can be divided into portable and cart type according to their moving modes; According to the power source of driving fire extinguishing agent, it can be divided into: gas cylinder type, pressure storage type and chemical reaction type; According to the fire extinguishing agent filled, it can be divided into: foam, dry powder, haloalkane, carbon dioxide, acid and alkali, clear water and so on.

At present, the commonly used fire extinguishers include various specifications of foam extinguisher, various specifications of dry powder fire extinguishers, carbon dioxide fire extinguishers and halon (1211) fire extinguishers. Generally, foam extinguisher can put out Class A and B fires. When electrical appliances are on fire and the power supply is cut off, foam extinguisher can also be used to put out fires. Dry powder fire extinguishers and carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are used to put out Class B and C fires. Combustible metal fires can be put out by using dry powder extinguishing agent of Class D. Halon (1211) fire extinguisher is mainly used to put out fires in flammable liquids, charged electrical equipment and precision instruments, as well as computer rooms. The fire extinguishing agent contained in this extinguisher is non-corrosive, leaving no trace after fire extinguishing, and the effect is good.

In general, the spraying extinguishing time of the portable fire extinguisher is within one minute, and the actual effective extinguishing time is only 11-21 seconds. In the actual use process, you must correctly master the use method, otherwise it will not only fail to extinguish the fire, but also delay the extinguishing time.

it must be pointed out that using fire extinguishers to put out the initial fire in time after the fire breaks out is a powerful measure to avoid the spread, expansion and greater losses of the fire. At the same time, once a fire alarm is found, it should be reported to the fire department immediately. Never expect a fire extinguisher to put out the fire without giving an alarm to the fire brigade, because the fire extinguisher's fighting area and ability are limited, and it can only adapt to fighting the initial fire. After the fire broke out, it generally spread quickly, delaying the alarm time and delaying the fire fighter, which is bound to cause greater losses.

(2) How to use the fire extinguisher (focus on dry powder fire extinguisher)

Dry powder fire extinguisher is filled with dry powder extinguishing agent. Dry powder fire extinguishing agent is a dry and easy-flowing fine powder used for fire extinguishing, which is composed of inorganic salts with fire extinguishing effect and a small amount of additives, which are dried, crushed and mixed into fine solid powder. It is a kind of fire extinguishing agent widely used in fire fighting, and it is mainly used in fire extinguishers. In addition to the special dry powder chemical fire extinguishing agent for fighting metal fires, dry powder fire extinguishing agents are generally divided into Bc dry powder fire extinguishing agent and ABC dry powder fire extinguishing agent. Dry powder fire extinguishing agent mainly extinguishes the fire through the physical and chemical effects when the powder mist sprayed under the action of pressurized gas contacts and mixes with the flame. In addition, it also has the function of partially diluting oxygen and cooling.

when putting out a fire, you can quickly go to the fire with a fire extinguisher on your hand or shoulder, and put it down about 5 meters away from the burning place. If you are outdoors, you should choose to spray in the upwind direction. If the dry powder fire extinguisher used is an external pressure storage type, the operator should hold the spray gun tightly with one hand and lift the opening bail on the gas cylinder with the other. If the cylinder is opened by hand wheel, unscrew it counterclockwise and turn it to the highest position, then lift the fire extinguisher. When the dry powder is ejected, it is quickly aimed at the root of the flame. If the dry powder fire extinguisher used is built-in gas cylinder or pressure storage type, the operator should first pull off the safety pin on the opening handle, then hold the nozzle at the front end of the spray hose, press the opening handle with the other hand, and open the fire extinguisher to extinguish the fire. When a fire extinguisher with a spray hose or a pressure storage fire extinguisher is in use, always press the handle with one hand and never let it go, otherwise the spray will be interrupted.

when the dry powder fire extinguisher is used to put out flammable and combustible liquid fires, the quasi-flame should be sprayed. If the liquid fire being put out is in a flowing state, the root of the quasi-flame should be sprayed from near to far, and the flame should be sprayed from left to right until it is completely extinguished. If combustible liquid burns in the container, the user should shake the root of the quasi-flame from side to side to make the sprayed dry powder flow cover the whole opening surface of the container; When the flame is driven out of the container, the user should continue to spray until the flame is completely extinguished. When putting out the flammable liquid fire in the container, it should be noted that the nozzle should not be directly aimed at the liquid level to prevent the impact of the jet from splashing the flammable liquid and expanding the fire, thus making it difficult to put out the fire. If the flammable liquid burns in the metal container for a long time, the wall temperature of the container is higher than the self-ignition point of the flammable liquid, which will easily lead to the phenomenon of re-ignition after fire extinguishing. If it is combined with foam fire extinguishers, the fire extinguishing effect will be better.

when using ammonium phosphate dry powder fire extinguisher to put out solid combustible fire, it should be sprayed at the place where quasi-combustion is the fiercest, and sprayed up and down, left and right. If conditions permit, the user can carry a fire extinguisher and spray it along the periphery of the combustion object, so that the dry powder extinguishing agent can be sprayed evenly on the surface of the combustion object until the flame is completely extinguished. 3. Methods and contents of fire alarm 8? 9? 8? According to Article 32 of the Fire Protection Law of the People's Republic of China, "Anyone who finds a fire shall call the police immediately. Any unit or individual shall provide convenience for the alarm free of charge and shall not block the alarm. It is strictly forbidden to lie about the fire alarm. " Article 47, Paragraph 1, Item 3 stipulates that "anyone who stops reporting a fire alarm or makes a false report about a fire alarm" shall be given a warning, fined or detained for not more than 11 days. 8? 9? 8? 9 (1) Method of reporting fire 8? 9? 8? 91. Call the police at the fire brigade; 2. Call the "119" fire alarm telephone to alarm the public security fire brigade; 3. Use wired broadcast alarm; 4. Call the police loudly. 8? 9? 8? 9 (2) Contents of fire alarm 8? 9? 8? 9 In case of fire, call "119" to call the police fire brigade, but the following contents must be made clear. 8? 9? 8? 91, the detailed address of the fire unit or individual. Including street name, house number, and where it is close; Are there any obvious buildings or units around? In case of fire in rural areas, the name of the township (town) and village should be clearly stated; Large enterprises should explain the branch factory, workshop or part; High-rise buildings should specify which floor, etc. 8? 9? 8? 92, what caught fire (fire). Such as houses, shops, oil depots, open storage yards, etc.; In particular, it should be made clear what the fire is, such as liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, chemical reagents, cotton, etc., so that the fire department can dispatch corresponding fire-fighting vehicles according to the situation. 8? 9? 8? 93. Fire situation. If you see smoke, fire, fierce fire, how many houses are on fire, etc. 8? 9? 8? 94. The name of the alarm person and the number of the telephone used. So that the fire department can contact the telephone to know the fire situation in time and mobilize the fire fighting force. For example, in a large residential new village, people should be sent to the intersection to meet the fire truck. 8? 9? 8? 9 IV. Fire Legal Liability 8? 9? 8? 9 (1) Fire Protection Law of the People's Republic of China? 9? 8? Article 5? 8? All units and individuals have the obligation to maintain fire safety, protect fire control facilities, prevent fires and report fire accidents, and all units and adult citizens have the obligation to participate in organized fire fighting work. 8? 9? 8? 9 Article 11? 8? 9 For the construction projects that need fire protection design according to the national technical standards for fire protection of engineering buildings, the design unit shall design them according to the national technical standards for fire protection of engineering buildings, and the construction unit shall submit the fire protection design drawings and relevant materials of the construction projects to the public security fire control institutions for examination and approval; Unaudited or unqualified, the construction administrative department shall not issue a construction permit, and the construction unit shall not carry out construction. 8? 9? 8? 9 If the fire protection design of a building project audited by a public security fire control institution needs to be changed, it shall be reported to the original public security fire control institution for approval; Without approval, no unit or individual may change it. 8? 9? 8? 9. Upon the completion of a construction project designed for fire protection according to the national technical standards for fire protection of engineering buildings, it must be checked and accepted by public security fire control institutions; Without acceptance or unqualified acceptance, it shall not be put into use. 8? 9? 8? 9 Article 11? 8? The fireproof performance of building components and building materials must meet the national standards or industry standards. 8? 9? 8? 9 * * * indoor decoration, decoration according to the provisions of the national technical standards for fire protection of engineering buildings, non-combustible and flame-retardant materials should be used, and materials that have passed the inspection by inspection institutions determined in accordance with the provisions of the Product Quality Law must be selected. 8? 9? 8? Article 12? 8? 9 Song and dance halls, theaters, hotels, restaurants, shopping malls, bazaars and other public gathering places shall be reported to the local public security fire control institutions before use or opening, and can only be used or opened after passing the fire safety inspection. 8? 9? 8? Article 14? 8? Organs, organizations, enterprises and institutions shall perform the following fire safety duties? 9? 8? 9 (a) to develop fire safety system, fire safety operation procedures; 8? 9? 8? 9 (two) the implementation of fire safety responsibility system, determine the fire safety responsibility of the unit and its subordinate departments and posts. 8? 9? 8? 9 (three) according to the characteristics of the unit to carry out fire prevention publicity and education for employees; 8? 9? 8? 9 (four) organize fire inspection, eliminate fire hazards in time; 8? 9? 8? (five) in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state, fire control facilities and equipment, set up fire safety signs, and organize regular inspection and maintenance to ensure that fire control facilities and equipment are in good condition and effective; 8? 9? 8? (six) to ensure the smooth evacuation routes and exits, and set up fire safety evacuation signs in line with the provisions of the state. 8? 9? 8? The management unit of residential area shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the preceding paragraph, perform fire safety duties and do a good job in fire safety in residential areas. 8? 9? 8? Article 16? 8? The fire department of the public security organ of the local people's government at or above the county level shall designate the units that are likely to have a fire and may cause heavy casualties or heavy property losses in case of a fire as the key units of fire control safety within their respective administrative areas and report them to the people's government at the corresponding level for the record. 8? 9? 8? Key units of fire control safety shall perform the following fire control safety duties in addition to the duties specified in Article 14 of this Law. 9? 8? 9 (a) the establishment of fire archives, determine the key parts of fire safety, set fire signs, strict management; 8? 9? 8? 9 (two) the implementation of daily fire inspection, and establish inspection records; 8? 9? 8? (3) training employees on fire safety; 8? 9? 8? 9 (four) to formulate fire fighting and emergency evacuation plans, and organize regular fire drills. 8? 9? 8? Article 21? 8? The quality of electrical products and gas appliances must meet the national standards or industry standards. The installation and use of electrical products and gas appliances, and the design and laying of lines and pipelines must comply with the relevant national technical regulations on fire safety. 8? 9? 8? Article 21? 8? No unit or individual may damage or misappropriate, dismantle or stop using fire control facilities and equipment, bury or occupy fire hydrants, occupy fire prevention spaces or block fire exits. 8? 9? 8? Public utilities, urban construction and other units must notify the local public security fire control institutions in advance if they may affect the fire brigade in building roads, cutting off power, water and communication lines. 8? 9? 8? Article 32 Anyone who discovers a fire shall call the police immediately. Any unit or individual shall provide convenience for the alarm free of charge and shall not block the alarm. It is forbidden to lie about the fire alarm.

when a fire breaks out in a public place, the on-site staff of the public place have the obligation to organize and guide the people present to evacuate. 8? 9? 8? Units that have a fire must immediately organize forces to put out the fire. Neighboring units should give support. 8? 9? 8? Article 41 Whoever violates the provisions of this Law and commits any of the following acts shall be ordered to make corrections within a time limit; If it fails to make corrections within the time limit, it shall be ordered to stop construction, stop using or stop production and business, and may also be fined: 8? 9? 8? 9 (a) the fire protection design of a building project has not been audited by the public security fire control institution or has been unqualified after the audit, and has been constructed without authorization; 8? 9? 8? (2) unauthorized use of a construction project that should be designed according to law without fire control acceptance or unqualified acceptance upon completion; 8? 9? 8? (3) using or opening a place where the public gather without fire safety inspection or failing to pass the inspection. 8? 9? 8? If a unit commits the acts mentioned in the preceding paragraph, it shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, and the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be given a warning or a fine. 8? 9? 8? Article 42 Whoever, in violation of the provisions of this Law, lowers the technical standards for fire control without authorization, uses building components and building materials whose fire prevention performance does not meet the national or industrial standards, or unqualified decoration and decoration materials, shall be ordered to make corrections within a time limit; If it fails to make corrections within the time limit, it shall be ordered to stop construction and may be fined.

if a unit commits the acts mentioned in the preceding paragraph, it shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, and the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be given a warning or a fine. 8? 9? 8? Article 43 If an organ, organization, enterprise or institution violates the provisions of this Law and fails to perform its fire safety duties, it shall be ordered to make corrections within a time limit; If no correction is made within the time limit, the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be given administrative sanctions or given a warning according to law. 8? 9? 8? 9 If the business place has one of the following acts, it shall be ordered to make corrections within a time limit; If it fails to make corrections within the time limit, it shall be ordered to stop production and business, and may also be fined, and