Illicium verum is also known as fennel, star anise and fennel. As an evergreen tree of Magnoliaceae, it is one of the precious economic trees in the south subtropical region of China. Illicium verum oil is one of the main perennial export commodities in China's foreign trade, with a very large export volume over the years, accounting for 80-90% of the world market. Mainly produced in Longzhou, Ningming, Daxin, Tiandeng, Debao, Baise, Fangcheng and other counties in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, it has been cultivated for more than 300 years. In addition, it is also cultivated in Guangnan, Wenshan, Hekou, Pingbian and other places in Yunnan Province, as well as Guangdong and Fujian. Use fruit as medicine. Fruits, branches and leaves contain volatile oil, and the main components are anethole, methyl piperonyl alcohol, anisaldehyde, anisone, safrole, pinene, l- cresol and so on. , in addition to fatty oil, protein, sugar, etc. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is the raw material for synthesizing the estrogen diethylstilbestrol. Pharmacological action: the inhibitory effect of ethanol extract on gram-positive bacteria is similar to that of penicillin potassium salt, and that on gram-negative bacteria is similar to that of streptomycin sulfate, and that on fungi is greater than that of benzoic acid and salicylic acid. Sweet and sweet, warm in nature. It has the effects of eliminating cold and dampness, regulating qi and relieving pain, and regulating stomach. Treat hernia pain, cold pain in the waist, bloating and vomiting caused by cold. It can be used as a corrective in cough medicine.

I. Morphological characteristics

Gundam10-15m, DBH 30cm. The trunk is straight, the bark of mature trees is grayish white and slightly rough, and the bark of old trees is grayish brown with irregular shallow cracks. Leaves 3-6 alternate or clustered, leathery, 5.5-10.5cm long and1.6-4.5cm wide, elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic-obovate, entire, dark green on the surface, bright and hairless, light green on the back, and puberulent. Flowers bisexual, solitary leaf axils; Pedicel is about 1.5cm long, perianth is 8- 12 pieces, pink or crimson, arranged in 2-3 rounds; Stamens15—19; Carpels are usually 8, free and arranged in whorls. The fruit is mostly octagonal, fresh fruit is green, dried fruit turns brownish red, with a diameter of about 3.5cm, and the fruit is broken when it matures. The seeds are glossy, oval and brown (Figure 15— 1).

Fig.15 ——1morphological diagram of Illicium.

1. Fruit branch 2. flower

Second, biological characteristics.

(A) growth and development characteristics

The growth and development of Illicium verum can be divided into three stages: the first stage is the young forest stage, that is, it takes about 65,438+03-65,438+05 years from seedling colonization to forest canopy formation, and the first eight years of this stage are the simple growth stage and the last seven years are the growth and fruiting stage. In the whole stage, the growth potential energy is greater than the result potential energy, which is beneficial to the formation of crown. However, in recent years, Illicium verum seedlings found in Guangxi Illicium verum production area generally bloom 2-3 years after planting, which fully shows that afforestation with advanced comprehensive technical measures can shorten the young forest period. The second stage is the mature age, that is, the flowering and fruiting period. The development of fruit branches and the expansion of crown are mainly completed year by year at this stage, and the length of flowering and fruiting period depends on site conditions and intensive tending management. In the production areas with good site conditions and high management level, Illicium verum can flourish for 60-70 years. On the contrary, in places where site conditions are poor and tending management can't keep up, the yield will drop significantly after 30 years. The third stage is the aging period, which shows that the growth potential of trees decreases year by year, the fruit branches wither gradually, the crown is destroyed and the yield begins to decline. The site conditions are good, and it can last for 50-60 years, otherwise it will age and die in 30 years.

(2) shooting

The main branches of Illicium verum are pumped 2-3 times a year, and the leaf buds of spring shoots germinate in mid-February, and Ye Sheng stage appears in early March; Summer shoots germinate in late April; Pull out the autumn shoots in early August; Generally, the lateral branches (long fruit branches) are only taken once a year in early March.

(3) Flowering and fruiting

Guangxi Forestry Research Institute and other units have observed the flowering and fruiting law of Illicium verum for many years. It is confirmed that the two fruits of Illicium verum were formed after flowering and fertilization in July-165438+1October of the previous year, that is, they only bloom once a year and bear two fruits.

The spring fruit (also known as "horny flower or small fruit") that matured from March to April was the first flower to bloom before mid-August last year. At this time, it is summer and autumn, with sufficient water and heat conditions and rich nutrition of trees. After fertilization, the ovary began to develop, which made the dry petals fall off early, and the young fruit grew up after 8 months and matured in early April of the following year. Due to the influence of dry climate in late autumn and early winter, the fruit is thin and the seeds develop. The autumn fruit (also called "big fruit" or "big red fruit") that matured in June 5438+ 10 was fertilized by flowers in mid-August last year. It was late autumn and early winter, and the climate was dry and cold. The tree also consumes too much nutrition due to the development of spring fruits and a large number of flowers, and the growth of young fruits is slow or stops. After the petals dry up, the young fruit is tightly wrapped to prevent dormancy and overwintering. When the temperature rises to 65438 05℃ in February-March of the following year, young fruits continue to develop. At this time, the factor chamber expands, and the dry petals fall off (this sign is easily mistaken by investigators as just after the full flowering period, which leads to many misjudgments in flowering in March-April), and it grows to 10 in spring, summer and autumn and matures in the middle and late June. Fruits in this period are full and plump, with good quality, high germination rate and large quantity, usually accounting for 80-90% of the total output.

(4) Environmental requirements

1. temperature

Illicium verum is a tropical and subtropical tree species, mainly distributed in mountainous areas south of 25 30 ′ north latitude. As can be seen from the table 15- 1, the annual average temperature in the distribution area is 19-23℃, the average temperature in Leng Yue is not lower than 10℃, and the absolute minimum temperature is above -6℃. Extreme low temperature has a very significant effect on the growth and yield of Illicium verum. When the temperature drops to 0℃, the fruit stalks of overwintering spring fruits are damaged, and many pods are missing and fall off early. When the temperature is -2℃, the spring jelly will die and the small fruit will not be harvested. The dormant and overwintering autumn fruits are partially damaged, forming pods; When the temperature is -3℃, the autumn shoots of young seedlings are damaged and the whole plant is severely frozen to death. When the temperature is -4℃, most autumn fruits are frozen to death, which leads to a large area of fruit yield reduction, and in severe cases, there is no grain harvest; When the temperature is -6℃, the branches are damaged and some plants die. The absolute low temperature in the newly-built octagonal forest area should not be lower than -6℃, otherwise the cold damage will be serious and the octagonal will move northward, so the critical value of suitable temperature should be considered first.

Table 15- 1 Meteorological data of three climatic zones

Data are quoted from: Huang Zhuomin, Yang Yaoqing, compilation of Guangxi Illicium verum variety resources investigation,1986,2. Moisture.

Illicium verum not only needs a warm climate, but also plenty of rainfall. According to the table 15- 1, the annual rainfall and relative humidity in general producing areas are above 1300mm and 78% respectively. Although the rainfall distribution in the production areas is uneven, under the influence of complex terrain and dense vegetation in mountainous areas, the sunshine time in mountainous areas is shorter, cloudy days and clouds are more, soil moisture and air humidity are higher, and Illicium verum is not affected by autumn drought and spring drought.

lamplight

Illicium verum is a shade-tolerant tree species, but in different growth stages, the requirements for light are different. Young trees like shade and adult trees like light, so it is necessary to build a shade shed or insert Miscanthus plants in the seedbed for shade during seedling raising. If no shade is provided or the light transmission is too large, the seedlings will grow poorly, the leaves will turn yellow and the whole plant will die. It is necessary to keep some miscellaneous shrubs as shade trees in young forest land, and cut down shade trees after planting Illicium verum, because flower bud differentiation and fruit branch development need enough sunshine to blossom and bear fruit normally.

4. Land

Illicium verum grows best in acid soil or sandy loam with deep and loose soil layer, rich humus content and good drainage. Where the climate is dry, the soil layer is shallow and the soil is thin and barren, the growth is poor and the results are few. Illicium verum is a tree species in acidic soil, which is not suitable for growing in calcareous soil.

Third, cultivation techniques.

(1) variety

The variety and management quality of Illicium verum are directly related to the output of Illicium verum. Therefore, it is an important task to select superior trees, establish clonal scion garden and superior tree seed garden, provide improved varieties for Illicium verum production and realize improved varieties as soon as possible.

According to the research results of Guangxi Illicium verum Variety Resources Introduction and Basic Data Compilation and Guangxi Forestry Research Institute 1986, Illicium verum in China is preliminarily divided into four species groups *** 17, and the characteristics of these varieties are as follows:

1. Illicium verum variety group

(1) Illicium verum

It is an excellent variety with wide distribution, strong adaptability and high yield. The flowers are red, with 3-4 sepals, 7-9 light green petals, imbricate arrangement, stamens 12-22, pink anthers, imbricate arrangement of 2-3 pieces, 8 pistils and 8 follicles, arranged in a star shape, with a fruit diameter of 2.5-3.4 cm.

(2) Illicium verum

This is an excellent variety. The crown is nearly cylindrical or oblong-conical, with small branching angle, slender and dense branchlets, soft and drooping like willow branches, dense branches and leaves, compact tree structure, a large number of solid skeleton foundations and conditions for making full use of light energy, coordinated proportion of fruiting branches and vegetative branches, and high yield per plant. The fruit is thick, the stalk is 3.0-4.8 cm long, the oil content is high and the oil quality is good.

(3) Illicium verum

Strong ability to resist pests and diseases, which is different from common red star anise in that the flower stalk, calyx, petals and fruit edges are all red. The tree shape and tree structure are not good, the yield per plant is low and the oil content is low, so it is not suitable for popularization in production.

(4) Illicium verum

It is an excellent variety with high tree height, dense branches and leaves, high yield per plant, large fruit, fruit diameter greater than 4cm, fruit thickness above 1. 1cm, and fresh fruit per kilogram 100- 140. High oil content and strong disease resistance.

(5) Illicium verum

It is an excellent variety, with stamens about 2 1, pistils 9- 13 and follicles 9- 13. Petals vary in size, arranged neatly or piled up at the base of the fruit stalk.

(6) Illicium verum

It is an excellent variety with 8 fruits, and the top of the fruit is gradually pointed and hooked inward, like an eagle's mouth.

(7) Illicium verum

In order to make use of low-value varieties, the eight characters are fresh and fragrant, the content of anethole is high, the fruit shape is eight petals, the fruit diameter is less than 2.5cm, and there are about 400 fresh fruits per kilogram.

(8) Illicium verum.

In order to make use of low-value varieties, the leaf thickness is more than twice that of common safflower and star anise, and it is leathery, dark green, sparse and bears few fruits.

(9) Illicium verum

In order to make use of low-value varieties, but they can be used as dwarfing rootstocks, the plants are naturally dwarfed, the tree height is less than 8m, the branches are low, the crown is large, the lateral branches are long, there are many branchlets, and the leaves are thin and leathery.

2. Illicium verum var. Lilac

(10) Illicium verum L.

This is a better variety. 6-9 petals, pale red or white in the center, with red edges, arranged in 2-3 bands, stamens 10-2 1, pistils 8 and follicles 8, arranged in a regular star shape, with different lengths of fruit stalks and dark red and tender leaves.

(1 1) Illicium multiflorum.

It is a good variety in general. The flowers are reddish, with 9- 13 follicles with a diameter of 3.5-4.5 cmp, which are arranged in a star shape or piled up at the base of the fruit stalk. Other features are the same as octagonal.

(12) star anise.

This is an excellent variety. The flowers are light red, and the branching characteristics are similar to those of Illicium verum, and other characteristics are the same as those of Illicium verum.

(13) star anise.

So as to utilize low-value varieties. The flowers are light red, and the leaves are more than twice as thick as the general octagonal leaves.

3. Illicium verum variety group

(14) Illicium verum

This is a better variety. The flowers are white, with 2-4 calyxes, light green, 7- 10 petals, 3-4 overlapping rows, 12- 17 stamens, light yellow, a few pink, 8 follicles, octagonal.

(15) Illicium verum

This is an excellent variety. The flowers are white, the branches are similar to those of Illicium verum, and other characteristics are the same as those of Illicium verum.

(16) Illicium verum

It is a good variety in general. The flowers are white, the fruit characteristics are similar to those of Illicium verum, and other characteristics are the same as those of Illicium verum.

4. Illicium verum variety group

(17) Illicium verum

It is not suitable for popularization in production, but it is bright in color and yellow when viewed. Calyx 3-4, light green, petal10-1,stamen 14- 16, pistil 7- 10, pod 7- 10.

(2) Breeding methods

1. Seed collection and seed treatment

Mature trees with developed crown, many fruits, excellent quality and no pests and diseases should be selected as seed mother trees. Illicium verum has a long flowering period and a long fruit maturity period. The fruits of 10 are ripe in the late stage and harvested before fruit cracking. When the seed matures, the color of the peel changes from green to yellow-brown, and the seed coat has a certain luster, full and full, with the strongest germination ability, less water content and easy storage. Pick seeds with wooden hooks and fruits with hands. You can't knock or shake the bamboo pole to pick the seeds. Pay attention to protecting the mother tree.

In autumn, there are about 160 fresh fruits per kilogram, and 80-90 mature trees per kilogram. Generally, every 100kg of fresh fruit can be peeled 18-24 kg of seeds, and the 1000-grain weight11g.

After the seeds are harvested, they are spread out indoors to dry, often turned over, and the seeds are taken out to remove impurities. Because the seed coat of Illicium verum is dry, the seeds contain volatile oil. When exposed to the sun or placed in a ventilated place, the oil is easy to volatilize, too wet and perishable, and it is easy to lose its germination ability, so it is suitable for sowing with the harvest. If the seedlings are not planted immediately, but planted in the next spring or transported for a long distance, they must be properly preserved. Generally, the seed treatment method is to mix the seeds with 3-4 times of yellow soil and a little water, so that each seed is wrapped with a layer of yellow soil and stored in the shade until it is taken out when sowing. Check frequently during storage, and pay attention to heat protection, rodent prevention and moisture retention.

2. Sowing and raising seedlings

Nursery should choose a place with sufficient water, fertile soil, cool environment, good water utilization, no flash floods and improper western sunshine. The requirements of soil preparation are comprehensive ploughing, uniform breaking of soil, removal of grass roots and stones, and leveling of boundaries. In the first autumn and winter season, the raw wasteland should be deeply cultivated, and the new and old nursery land should be plowed three times and harrowed three times, and ploughing combined with ploughing should be applied with sufficient base fertilizer. The boundary width is1m. The height of the border is 20 cm and the width is 30 cm. Drainage ditches should be excavated in and around the nursery center to facilitate drainage and flood prevention.

It is better to sow in autumn in11-65438+February in southern Guangxi, and in spring in central and northern Guangxi. However, if the sowing date is postponed to March or early April, almost all seeds will not germinate.

Generally, drilling is adopted, which is convenient for tending and management, and the seedlings grow healthily. Row spacing 15-20 cm, the sowing ditch should be flat and tidy, the sowing ditch should be 4cm deep, and one seed should be planted every 3-4 cm. After sowing, cover it with charred turf mixed with fine soil, with a thickness of about 3 cm. In order to prevent soil dryness and rain from washing the border, ensure rapid and orderly germination and inhibit weed growth, cover with straw or thatch after sowing.

Strengthening the field management of nursery is the key to cultivate strong seedlings and must be carefully managed. Before new buds are unearthed, water should be sprayed frequently to promote seed germination, especially star anise, which is easy to get sunburned. After the plastic film is removed, it should be shaded immediately (the sunshine time is not long and the forest is tending, so shading is generally not needed). The awning can be built and dismantled in June 1 1. Nursery should regularly carry out intertillage weeding to keep the soil loose and free of weeds. The frequency of weeding by loosening soil depends on the soil, climate and weed breeding. Top dressing began when the seedlings were 3-4 cm high. Topdressing can be combined with intertillage weeding, and nitrogen fertilizer is mainly applied in the early stage to accelerate seedling growth; In the later stage, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were mainly applied to promote seedling health. In the second and third years, intertillage weeding, topdressing and thinning are needed. 1 annual seedlings are 30-45-60cm high, 2-year seedlings are 45-60cm high, and 3-year seedlings are more than1.3m high. ..

(3) Land selection and land preparation

In the selection of afforestation sites, according to the principle of suitable land and suitable trees, it is appropriate to choose slightly acidic soil with sandy shale, granite and other parent rocks, with deep, fertile, loose and moist sandy loam to light clay. However, calcareous soil and calcareous mountain area are not suitable for selection, and shallow dry soil, even acidic soil, is not good for growth and is not suitable for selection. Terrain selection, suitable for greening in Dongpo, low mountains on the northeast slope, middle and low slopes in Zhongshan, and sunshine on the west slope, not suitable for selection.

The method of land preparation should be fully cultivated in gentle slopes, soil layers or places with dense shrubs and weeds; On steep slopes, soft soil or sparse shrubs and weeds, reclamation or hole reclamation should be adopted; After full reclamation, it should be used as a soil and water conservation ridge and drainage ditch; Land reclamation should be used as a step, and open holes should be dug to make holes. Generally, soil preparation and tree pit digging should be carried out half a year before afforestation. The length and width of the tree pit are 0.5m and the depth is 0.4m respectively. After digging the pit, you can return the soil and make preparations early.

(4) transplantation

The planting density of seedlings varies for management purposes. One is the fruit forest producing Illicium verum, the planting density is about 5m between rows, with 26 plants per mu. The other is a leaf forest for producing steam oil, with a row spacing of about 1.33m and 375 plants per mu.

Determine the principle of sparse and dense afforestation, which is slightly sparse in large mountainous areas and slightly dense in hilly areas; The fertile soil is slightly thinner and the thin soil is slightly denser; The foot of the mountain is slightly thinner and Zhongshan is slightly denser.

Afforestation method: 2-year-old seedlings in fruit forest and 3-year-old seedlings in leaf forest. In the afforestation season, before the new buds germinate in February, the seedlings should be closely connected with afforestation, which is the key process that affects the success or failure of afforestation. Illicium is an evergreen tree, planting large seedlings, cutting off 3/4 of each leaf and most of the side branches to reduce leaf evaporation. Yellow mud roots, and seize the rainy day for afforestation. If the nursery is far away from the afforestation site, the afforestation task is heavy, and dry weather is encountered, the afforestation method can be adopted, that is, before afforestation, the seedlings are cut off from the rhizosphere 10cm (fruit forest) or 130cm (leaf forest). Because of the strong germination at seedling stage, new buds can germinate after 20 days, which can improve the survival rate of afforestation.

(5) Site management

After afforestation, young forest intercropping crops is a successful experience, which can increase soil fertility, reduce tending labor, promote the growth of young Illicium verum forest, increase economic benefits and make full use of land. Generally, it can be intercropped for 3 years, and then turned every 3-5 years, and it will enter the fruiting period at the age of 10. It should be mowed twice a year, the first time before the fruit falls off in spring and the second time before the fruit is picked in September after autumn. Cutting grass and tending is to cut all weeds and shrubs under the forest with a sickle, move them out of the forest, pick the fruits of spring and harvest the fruits of autumn.

Two years before afforestation, leaf forests can be planted alternately with crops, and then they must be ploughed, ridged and fertilized once a year before the peak growth period, which can last for 30-40 years. Otherwise, it will lose its germination ability and die after 2-3 years.

(6) Pests and diseases and their control

1. Anthracnose

(Anthracnose)

It mainly harms the leaves, fruits and stems of Manglietia Manglietia seedlings, and the annual seedlings below 0.5m are vulnerable. This disease is harmful all the year round. There is much rain in the onset period, and the disease develops rapidly. Prevention and control methods: choose land with good drainage and good air circulation, far away from trees as nursery; Disinfect the seeds, reduce the primary infection after overwintering, and remove the diseased plant residues in time. During the disease occurrence period, 1∶ 1∶200 times bordeaux mixture can be sprayed for control.

looper

(Caenorhabditis elegans)

4-5 generations a year. In southern Guangxi, the larvae damage Illicium verum leaves from March to165438+1October, and September to 65438+1October is the most serious season. It is necessary to master the control methods, use 800 times of 90% trichlorfon, or 80% dichlorvos emulsion 1500 times, or marathon 1000 times, and cooperate with manual killing to achieve good control effect.

3. golden flower worm

(Polygonatum odoratum. )

The first generation overwinters in leaf axils every year, and larvae hatch in March of the following year, molt and pupate in April, emerge as adults in May, and lay eggs in leaf axils in July, which is harmful to leaves and buds. When it is light, the growth of Illicium verum is poor, and the output of Illicium verum is reduced. After the leaves were badly eaten, the tree died. Control method: (1) spray 90% trichlorfon or 80% dichlorvos emulsion or 50% marathon emulsion to kill adults 500-600 times; (2) fumigation with "62 1" smoke agent; (3) spraying Beauveria bassiana powder in the larval stage to make it infected to death; (4) artificial killing, or using its suspended animation and happiness, collecting and killing with bamboo bags, etc.

Fourth, harvesting and processing.

(1) Harvest

The spring fruit of Illicium verum ripens in April. When the fruit ripens and falls to the ground, it is picked up from the ground, dried after recycling and stored in a dry place. Because of the low yield of spring fruit, it is not worth picking on trees manually.

Autumn fruit is a big fruit, which is harvested in June10-1,accounting for more than 90% of the total output of the whole year. Each fruit can yield 50- 100 kg, which requires a lot of labor to be mobilized for harvesting. So there are ripe fruits, immature fruits and blooming flowers on the tree. When picking seeds, you can neither beat with bamboo poles, nor shake or break branches, so you have to hook branches on trees with wooden hooks and pick ripe fruits by hand.

Oil content in leaves: more old leaves and less young leaves. In the harvest season, usually after autumn, the old branches and leaves of more than one year are collected and distilled at the same time.

(2) Processing

After the fruit is harvested, the raw fruit is boiled in a boiling water pot, stirred with a wooden stick for about 5- 10 minutes, and then taken out immediately, dried on a bamboo mat or dried indoors with charcoal fire, so that the dried star anise has good quality and strong fragrance.

Distillation processing of branch oil can produce 0.7-0.9 kg of oil per 100kg of fresh leaves.