the first data: /article/showarticle.asp? Article Leid = 55 (graphic information on the Yellow River)

Second information

First, the fifth longest river in the world

The Yellow River, the fifth longest river in the world, is a 5464-kilometer-long river that meanders in the north of China. Viewed from the sky, it looks like a huge word "Ji", and it is also a unique totem of our nation.

2. Characterization of the Yellow River

It is not just a big river. Yellow River, yellow land, emperor, yellow skin, all these yellow representations sublimate this turbid stream flowing through the heart of China into a holy river. "Records of the ditch in the Han Dynasty" regards the Yellow River as the head of all rivers: "There are hundreds of Sichuan sources in China, not in Sidu, but in the river."

Third, the theory of loess weathering

In a long geological time, in the Gobi desert in the interior of Asia, the sand and gravel everywhere were decomposed and crushed in the harsh environment of sudden cooling and sudden heating until they formed powder. The northwest airflow prevailing in the inland has blown them to the east for years, and the coarse sand fell on the Mongolian Plateau, and the most delicate powder fell with the wind to today's six provinces of Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Qinghai, Ningxia and Henan. After millions of years of transportation and accumulation, a loess plateau has finally formed, which starts from the Great Wall in the north, reaches the Qinling Mountains in the south, reaches Sun Moon Mountain in the west and reaches Taihang Mountain in the east.

IV. Deep and broad loess layer

This is an unparalleled loess, with an area of 411,111 square kilometers, and the thickness of loess cover is generally more than 111 meters. In Longdong, Shaanxi, Shanxi and other places, the loess is 111 to 211 meters deep, and the Lanzhou area is more than 311 meters thick.

Botanists in the Garden of Eden five or six thousand years ago

It was found that although the rainfall in the Loess Plateau was not as abundant as that in the south, there was less leaching loss of nutrients, which was very suitable for the growth of poplar, birch, oak, Chinese pine, spruce, sour jujube and Vitex negundo. At that time, lush vegetation nurtured a warm and rainy Eden. Today, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia and other provinces, there are large areas of virgin forests. Henan province, located in Zhongyuan, is called "Yu" for short, which shows that it is still a place where elephants haunt in the era of Cangjie word-making.

VI. Foundation of historical prosperity

Geologists have found that loess has excellent understanding and is suitable for digging caves to live in; Agronomists have found that various minerals in loess are rich in nutrients and have high natural fertility. The ancestors gradually dug caves in this yellow land to live and planted grains for a living. More than 5,111 years ago, the tribes of the emperor and Emperor Yan flourished, and the footprints of Chinese ancestors traveled all over the yellow land. In the days that followed, Xia, the first dynasty in China, flourished here, and Zhou Chaoyuan, the 811-year-old founding country, began here, and the Qin Empire, which swept Liuhe and unified the whole country, also flourished here.

VII. Enlightenment of Ancient Civilization

People found burnt animal fossils and antler fossils in the site of human activities in Xihoudu, Ruicheng, Shanxi Province more than 1.6 million years ago, and many carbon deposits were found in the Lantian human site in Shanxi Province 1 million years ago.

Since then, Lantian people, dali man people, Dingcun people and Hetao people have all thrived in the arms of the Yellow River. Until 6111 years ago, matriarchal clan culture represented by Banpo civilization appeared on the yellow land.

Our ancestors hunted and gathered in such a green field and spent the golden childhood of Chinese civilization.

VIII. Historical account of the achievements in transforming nature

It is true that the light of civilization was first bathed here, and it is inevitable that it was the first to be touched by the fire of civilization. According to ancient legend, Shennong once taught people to cultivate crops. What is intriguing is that Shennong is Emperor Yan, that is, Vulcan, and what he teaches is actually burning forests and cultivating.

Mencius recorded the "achievements" of the three emperors and five emperors in burning forests: "When Yao was in power ... the vegetation was flourishing, the animals were breeding, the crops were not harvested, and the animals were threatening ... Yao was alone in worrying about it, and he took measures to deal with it smoothly. Shun makes good use of the fire. "When the mountain is burned, the animals escape."

In the Book of Songs, we heard the chanting of our ancestors when they cut down trees: "Kan Kan is cutting sandalwood, and the river is dry and the river is clear and rippling." "Logging tinkles and birds sing."

IX. The vegetation on the Loess Plateau suffered heavy losses for the first time

After the emperor unified the six countries, a large number of people entered Guanzhong, and the cultivated area increased greatly. At the same time, he built a large-scale building, built a palace mausoleum, and wantonly cut down the forest in Guanzhong Mountain. In the thirty-third year of the first emperor (214 BC), Meng Tian defeated the Xiongnu and acquired a large area of land in Hetao area. Later, he settled in the frontier and immigrated to the Ordos Plateau many times, with hundreds of thousands of people each time. The originally endless grassland became a farming area.

X. The forest on the Loess Plateau suffered heavy losses for the second time

During the Western Han Dynasty, the world was under great rule, and the population of China surged to 61 million. Exploiting migrants to the northwest has become the main means to solve the pressure of population expansion. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty alone, more than 711,111 people migrated to the northwest frontier fortress. The Western Han Dynasty drove the Xiongnu to the distant Mobei, turning a large forest and pastoral area into a farming area. The Yellow River diversion irrigation project developed in Hetao in the Western Han Dynasty was at the expense of the great destruction of Helanshan forest in Ningxia and Inner Mongolia and the forest in northern Shaanxi.

Xi. The forest on the Loess Plateau suffered heavy losses for the third time

At the beginning of the founding of the Tang Dynasty, efforts were made to govern and the economy recovered rapidly. Because the center of its economic, trade and diplomatic affairs is biased towards the northwest, the reclamation of farmland in the northwest region is very vivid. The forest and pastoral areas in the loess plateau have opened up large areas of farmland and cultivated hundreds of thousands of acres. There are 211-311 mu of cultivated land, and extensive planting and poor harvest have caused extensive damage to vegetation.

Chang 'an, the central city of the Yellow Land with its capital in the Tang Dynasty. In the prosperous Tang dynasty, the national strength reached its peak, and the scale of the capital was of course unprecedented, consuming countless wood. As far as Chang 'an is concerned, in the Tang Dynasty, in addition to logging in nearby mountains such as Baoji, Meixian, Zhouzhi and Huxian, it also went as far as Qishan, Longshan and then Lanzhou (now Lanxian) and Shengzhou (now Erdos Plateau in Inner Mongolia) for procurement.

XII. The forest on the Loess Plateau suffered heavy losses for the fourth time

Kaifeng, the capital of the Song Dynasty, had to go to Luliang Mountain for logging because the mountains in the north and south of the Yellow River near Luoyang had been cut down long ago. At that time, the forest area in the upper reaches of the Weihe River was also violently robbed. History records that just after the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty, it was heavily cut between Qin and Long. Qinling Mountains, Ziwuling Mountains and Luoshan Mountains in Shaanxi, Helan Mountain and Dapan Mountain in Ningxia, Zhaohe River and Longnan Mountain in Gansu, and forests have been destroyed successively. In the Song Dynasty, officials and merchants collected more than 11,111 large trees from Longshan Mountain between Shaanxi and Gansu every year, which made the good trees in Kaifeng city pile up like mountains at that time, and private merchants collected and sold countless wood.

XIII. The forest on the Loess Plateau suffered heavy losses for the fifth time

The Ming Dynasty regained the northwest, and paid attention to cultivating fields, so as to raise troops by stationing them and transfer troops to the people. At that time, "the field was all over the world" and "the northwest was the most". When I was stationed near Yanmen and Pianguan Great Wall in the early Ming Dynasty, there were steep hills and lush trees, so "people can't enter by bike". By the middle of the Ming Dynasty, high-ranking officials and dignitaries in Beijing, border soldiers and local residents had started to cut down trees. "Hundreds of families are in groups, and thousands of people are neighbors, so we can't drive them away, but we can't ban them." There are more than one million trees trafficked to Beijing every year alone.

XIV. The forest on the Loess Plateau suffered heavy losses for the sixth time

After entering the customs in Manchu, the population increased from 81 million to 211 million in just a few decades. North China and Jiangnan are overcrowded, so a large number of refugees spontaneously flock to the northwest. Once again, the Loess Plateau has become the hardest hit area. Before the Ming Dynasty, there were huge trees towering in Qilianshan and Liupanshan, and at this time it was completely a bare mountain.

Today, after fifteen or six thousand years, the forest has dropped from 69% to 6%

Today, after six thousand years, the forest has dropped from 69% to 6% and it has become a veritable loess. Loess itself is loose in soil, without any anti-scourability, and completely depends on the protection of ground vegetation and its roots. The role of plants in soil and water conservation is the most important, followed by grassland, and crops are almost zero. For thousands of years, we have been leveling natural vegetation with protective ability and replacing it with crops without protective ability.

sixteen, alas! Yellow River!

ouch! For thousands of years, we have destroyed the natural vegetation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River with knives and axes and wars. Alas, countless magnificent temples built by trees have been cut down, but now they are safe?

Yellow land is deep and fragile. Because of its loose soil and fine particles, once the vegetation is destroyed, soil erosion is extremely serious. Soon we heard a sad sigh: "Initiate the river clearing, what is the life geometry?"

XVII. Depth of gully damaged by vegetation on the Loess Plateau

At present, there are more than 311,111 gullies on the plateau with a length above 1 km, and there are countless branch gullies and hair gullies below 1 km. The final destination of gullies is the Yellow River, which keeps cutting the Loess Plateau and becomes the main source of sediment in the Yellow River.

18. The vegetation on the Loess Plateau is destroyed, and the ecological environment is not what it used to be.

Walking on what we call the Loess Plateau today, our eyes are full of rugged, cracked and fragmented loess, with no trees or even grass. How many people have deeply lamented: How can our ancestors give birth to such a splendid civilization in such a harsh natural environment?

what they don't realize is that green was the main color here until 6111 years ago, when the forest coverage rate was as high as 69%.

XIX. A rainstorm changed dramatically

With the decrease of vegetation coverage, river gullies on the plateau cut down strongly, and at the same time they extended upward, both sides widened, and branch gullies developed, and branch gullies developed into hair gullies. Such a change often takes only a few years, months, days or even a rainstorm, so the Loess Plateau is also called the region with the fastest terrain change in the world.

21. 91% of the annual dumping of 1.6 billion tons of sediment comes from the Loess Plateau.

The annual dumping of 1.6 billion tons of sediment comes from these gullies on the Loess Plateau. The loss of 1.6 billion tons of soil every year is not just to dye a river shocking yellow. It went down with the water, silted up the lake, washed away the hills, raised the riverbed and washed away the plain.

Two breaches in twenty-one or three years, and a great diversion in a hundred years

The Yellow River has become increasingly tyrannical, and "two breaches in three years, a great diversion in a hundred years", and the mother river has finally become "the worry of China". Fighting against the Yellow River floods has become a top priority for life and death in the Central Plains.

twenty-two, guarding the Yellow River is short of water. Zhengzhou can be an example of the middle reaches.

Zhengzhou was originally prosperous because of water. It is close to the Yellow River, and Jia Luhe, Xiong 'er River and Jinshui River flow through the city. However, with the great development of industry and agriculture, the pollution is getting worse, the water diversion channels are criss-crossing, and the three rivers that once flowed endlessly have dried up. By the 1971s, Zhengzhou had completely relied on the Yellow River for water supply.

23. Shandong is short of water, and the closer it is to the Yellow River, the more water is scarce.

Shandong's water resources situation is even more tense, with population and cultivated land accounting for 7.2% and 7.3% of the country respectively, while the total water resources only account for 1.2% of the country. The per capita water resources is only 311 cubic meters, which is 13.3% of the national average. Each hectare of cultivated land occupies 4561 cubic meters of water, which is 17.3% of the whole country. However, the closer we get to the Yellow River, the more water resources are in short supply. The runoff in the Yellow River area drops to only 61 mm, and it is only 25 mm in Linqing and guanxian areas in northwest Shandong.

Liangzhou Ci

Tang Wang Zhihuan

The Yellow River is far above the white clouds, and

Wan Ren Mountain is a lonely city.

Why should Qiangdi blame the willow?

Spring breeze doesn't pass Yumenguan.

at heron lodge

Don Wang Zhihuan

mountains cover the white sun, and oceans drain the golden river.

but you widen your view three hundred miles, by going up one flight of stairs.

make it to the traffic jam

Tang Wang Wei

riding a bicycle wants to ask about the border, which is a country that has lived for a long time.

collect the wild goose from Hansai and return it to Hu Tian.

the desert is lonely and straight, and the long river sets the yen.

Xiao Guan rides in Yanran every time.

will be drinking

Tang Li Bai

I have not seen you, how the Yellow River's waters move out of heaven, entering the ocean, never to return.

I don't see you, how lovely locks in bright mirrors in high chambers, though silken-black at morning, have changed by night to snow.

oh, let a man of spirit venture where he pleases, and never tip his golden cup empty toward the moon!!

since heaven gave the talent, let it be employed!, spin a thousand pieces of silver, all of them come back!.

cook a sheep, kill a cow, whet the appetite, and make me, of three hundred bowls, one long drink!!

Master Cen, Dan Qiusheng, bring in the wine! Let your cups never rest!!

let me sing you a song!, let your ears attend!!

what are bell and drum, rare dishes and treasure?, let me be forever drunk and never come to reason!!

sober men of olden days and sages are forgotten, and only the great drinkers are famous for all time!

prince Chen paid at a banquet in the Palace of Perfection, ten thousand coins for a cask of wine, with many a laugh and quip.

why say, my host, that your money is gone?? Go and buy wine and we'll drink it together!.

Five Flowers Horse, Golden Jubilee, hand them to the boy to exchange for good wine,

The Yellow River, you are the cradle of the nation, with an ancient culture of 5,111 years.

From you, how many heroic stories are played around you ... ".

The lyrics of Ode to the Yellow River tell the long history of the Yellow River and sing its immortal achievements.

The Yellow River is the second longest river in China and a world-famous giant river.

—— Excerpt from Ode to the Yellow River

and we'll drown away the woes of ten thousand generations!

The Yellow River sleeps at night

[Ming] Li Liufang

The yellow river is bright and the cold sand is like a battlefield.

the rushing water is ringing, and Ping Ye is in the wilderness.

Wu Huishu is hard to reach, and Yantai Road is long.

a man who has been a guest for a long time can't tell if he is from another country.

Crossing the Yellow River

[Ming] Xie Zhen

Road goes out of Daliangcheng, and the river is closed to clear up.

the dragon cave moves in the sun, and the wild geese are flattened by the wind.

relying on the sword to do things, Zhang fan travels quickly.

I don't know where I am, singing in the air.

crossing the Yellow River

[Ming] Li Dongyang

The boat was put out before Qingkou Post, and

Changhuai East was launched like a string.

I urged Shuangba to cross the river in a hurry, and

I got to the seaside in a strong wind all night.

the waves wash the sand

the Wan Li sand of the Yellow River meanders,

the waves wash the wind and blow it from the horizon.

Now go straight to the Milky Way,

and go to the home of Petunia and Weaver Girl.

The Yellow River falls to the East China Sea, and Wan Li is written in my mind. (to Pei XIV)

Wang Zhihuan said: The Yellow River is far above the white clouds, and it is a lonely city, Wan Ren Mountain. Why use the sad willow song to complain about the spring delay, the old Yumen pass, a spring breeze is not blowing ah! (Liangzhou Ci) mountains cover the white sun, and oceans drain the golden river. to ascend another storey to see a thousand miles further (at heron lodge)

Wang Wei's poem says: The desert is lonely and straight, and the long river sets the yen. (make it to the traffic jam)

"The ferryman's horn thundered, and the boatman pulled the fiber and sank step by step. Carry thousands of pieces of cloth, and the boatman will not cover himself with rags. Carrying thousands of tons of grain, the boatman can only chew the bran buns. Warlord bosses make a fortune, and Yellow River boatmen are poor. "

"A flying dragon came out of Kunlun, wagging its head and tail through three gates. The roar shattered Mangshantou, and the stormy waves sailed the boat. "

"Three Qi Zhou Yu is in Jiangdong, and Zhuge Liang will sacrifice to the east wind. Sacrifice the east wind for three times and burn Cao Ying's millions of soldiers. "

At the end of the year, the Jinhe River reverts to the Jade Pass, and the horse policy and knife ring in the dynasty. (Tang and Liu Zhongyong's "Expropriating People's Complaints")

The Yellow River goes east and the white sunset sets in the West Sea. (Tang Li Bai's Antique)

The balcony is separated by Chu water, and spring grass gives birth to the Yellow River. (Tang Li Bai's "Farewell")

The Haixi army on the north bank of the Yellow River is famous for its drums and bells. (Tang Du Fu's Yellow River)

Five-color streams were sent to Kunlun, and a yellow turbidity penetrated Zhongzhou.

Folk stories related to the Yellow River:

Legends are very long.