Postal code: 6 10000, telephone area code: 028, and license plate number: Chuan A.
Chengdu history
As far back as four or five thousand years ago, ancient Shu ancestors gradually migrated from the western Sichuan Plateau along the Minjiang River Valley to the Chengdu Plain. They worked hard on this fertile land and created a splendid "Shu culture". Three or four thousand years ago, which was equivalent to the early Xia Dynasty, a highly developed Sanxingdui civilization had formed in Chengdu Plain, which was a peak of the development of ancient Shu culture and an important source of Chinese national culture. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, some nomadic tribes began to migrate from Gaofu hills around Chengdu Plain to Pingyuan Water Depression. On the weekend, Wang Mingkai IX of Shu moved his capital from Pixian County to Chengdu, hence the name "Chengdu". The site of "Gan Lan" house, the site of boat coffins, the site of Tutai Jinsha in Yang Zishan and the 12th Bridge in Chengdu prove that the activity center of ancient Shu people is in Chengdu.
In 3 16 BC, King Huiwen of Qin sent Zhang Yi and Sima Cuo to destroy Bashu, changed Shu to Shu County, and established Chengdu County (the county is located in Chili Street) as Shu County. In 3 1 1 BC, the king of Qin accepted Zhang Yi's suggestion and ordered Shu Shou Zhang Ruo to build the capital city according to the pattern of Xianyang, with a circumference of 12 Li and a height of 70 feet. The urban area is very small, which is divided into two parts: the east is a big city, and the county is in charge, which is the region and political center of the lawsuit of Shu Taishou. In the west, it is a small city under the jurisdiction of the county. This is a commercial and residential area, and the business is prosperous. It is also the economic center, so Chengdu is also called "small city". A big city and several cities are one city. The ancients called it "layered city" or "heavy city". This pattern has been passed down for more than two thousand years and has become an ancient urban pattern in China. In the following two thousand years, the name of Chengdu has never changed, and its ruins have not moved, which is unique in the history of China. At the same time, the advanced culture and iron smelting technology in the Central Plains have also been introduced. When Qin Xiaowen was king, Li Bing defended Shu and built Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project. Huayang National Records describes: "Irrigate three counties and open rice fields, so Shu Wo is thousands of miles away, counting land and sea, and drought is water diversion and infiltration. Rain blocks the sluice, floods and droughts follow people, and I don't know hunger. " After Qin unified the six countries, the world was divided into thirty-six counties, and Chengdu belonged to Shu County, which governed twelve counties.
The Han dynasty inherited the Qin system, and Chengdu was still ruled by Shu County. In the fifth year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (BC 106), Yizhou was established with Bashu area as the center, and Chengdu became the seat of Yizhou secretariat. In the next two thousand years, Chengdu has always been the political, economic, military and cultural center of southwest China, and this position has never changed. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it was transformed into a metropolis and a small town in the south was built on the basis of the original town. In contrast, Shuwangcheng is called a small town in the north. Together with Jinguan City, the three cities are connected into a big city, which is called "New City". During the Western Han Dynasty, the silk industry in Chengdu was unprecedentedly prosperous, and Jin officials were set up. Their office was later called Jinguancheng, which was the beginning of the name of Chengdu. During the reign of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, Wen Weng, the prefect of Shu County, opened a school in Shishi, Chengdu, which was the first local public school in China. Since then, a number of writers and scholars with national influence have emerged. Sima Xiangru, Yang Xiong and Wang Bo represented the highest achievements of Han Fu, while the book Laozi, which was strictly respected, laid the theoretical foundation of Taoism, and the astronomical achievements of Luoxiahong represented the highest level at that time. In the late Western Han Dynasty, the population of Chengdu has increased to 76,000, making it the second largest city in China after Chang 'an.
Follwed arrived, Yizhou was renamed Yongbu, and Shu County was diverted to Jiang County. Gongsun Shu proclaimed himself emperor according to Shu, with its capital in Chengdu (AD 25-36), and administered fifteen counties. When the Three Kingdoms split, Liu Bei unified Bashu with Chengdu as its capital, and Liu Bei was located in Shan Zhinan, wudan. With Qinglong Street as the center, a large-scale urban construction was carried out through Jiuli District 3 of the urban area, and the outline of this area continued until before liberation. During the Three Kingdoms period, Chengdu was an Yizhou county system, which governed seven counties.
In the early Western Jin Dynasty (AD 265-3 16), the whole country was divided into 19 Kyushu, Chengdu was still Yizhou, and the state administration was still in Chengdu. In 304 AD, the leaders of Qin and Yong refugees who took refuge in Shu established Dacheng regime in Chengdu, governing six counties. In 347 AD, Huan Wen, the general of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, destroyed Dacheng regime and ordered the demolition of Chengdu Shaocheng. During 582-592 AD, Yang Xiu, the king of Sui and Shu, expanded southwest along the old city and rebuilt it as the capital, with a circumference of 40 miles. This time, the city was built by borrowing soil, and it became the Maha Pool (now the People's South Road Exhibition Hall). Later, it was the palace of Shu around the Five Dynasties. Chengdu in Sui Dynasty belonged to Yizhou Shu County, which governed thirteen counties.
Entering the Tang Dynasty (AD 6 18-907), the Tang Dynasty successively set Chengdu as a state, county and government. In the meantime, in order to facilitate management, the densely populated eastern part of Chengdu was once classified as Shu County. Don Huang Ming avoided the "An Shi Rebellion" and came to Chengdu. Shu County was renamed Huayang County, and Chengdu was renamed "Nanjing", which became a refuge for the people of the Central Plains and promoted economic and cultural prosperity. At that time, there was a saying that "Yang 112" was a world city, with Yangzhou first and Chengdu second. The poet Li Bai praised in Song of Westward Journey to Nanjing: "On the 9th, 10% will be opened, and ten thousand households will enter the painting. The grass and trees are like splendid clouds, and Qinchuan can't be here. " In 879 AD, Tang Jian built a "Luocheng" in southwest Sichuan to strengthen defense. This is the first time that Chengdu has switched to masonry construction. There are 120 big communities in this city.
Later, Wang Jian and Wang Yan of the former Shu and Meng Zhixiang and Meng Chang of the latter Shu split up in Chengdu, which lasted for 60 years and was destroyed by the Northern Song Dynasty. In the meantime, in 927 AD, Meng Zhixiang, a city in the post-Shu Dynasty, was outside Los Angeles, and "120,000 people were ordered to build the capital", with a circumference of 42 miles. His son Meng Changjun ordered people to plant hibiscus trees all over the city wall. In autumn, forty miles of bloom is as beautiful as brocade. It is called Furong City, which is why Chengdu is called "Rongcheng" for short.
In Song Dynasty (AD 960- 1279), the world was divided into fifteen roads, and Sichuan was divided into Yizhou Road, Zizhou Road, Lizhou Road and Kuizhou Road, which was called Xia Chuan Road for short. Yizhou Daozhi Institute has been in Chengdu. Chengdu is still called Chengdu, which governs Chengdu and Huayang counties. After Li Shun invaded Chengdu, the "Da Shu" regime was established. After the defeat, Chengdu Prefecture was reduced to Yizhou.
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, Chengdu's paper industry and printing industry were in a leading position in the country. In the Northern Song Dynasty, wealthy businessmen replaced heavy coins with paper-printed "jiaozi" and became the earliest paper money in the world. With the continuous development of commerce, Chengdu produced a free market in the Song Dynasty. The Tang and Song Dynasties were also the peak of Chengdu's literary and artistic development. Li Bai, Du Fu, Lu You, Gao Shi, Cen Can, Bai Juyi, Yuan Zhen, Xue Tao, Liu Yuxi, Zhang Ji, Du Mu, Li Shangyin and Wei Zhuang all left a large number of masterpieces in Chengdu. Music, singing and dancing, drama and painting have all become very prosperous, and they are known as "Sichuan Opera is the best in the world". The murals of Daci Temple in Chengdu are known as "the best in the world".
Sichuan Province was established in Chongqing in the early years of Yuan Dynasty, and soon moved to Chengdu. Since then, Chengdu has been the highest military and political chief in Sichuan Province. At that time, Sichuan was in charge of No.9 Road, and Chengdu was at the end of the road. From Kublai Khan to the 16th year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1279), Sichuan was divided into four roads, and Chengdu was designated as the western Sichuan Road, but Chengdu was still the political and cultural center at that time.
In the Ming Dynasty, Sichuan Chief Secretary was set up, with eight prefectures and Chengdu as the capital, and two prefectures and thirteen counties. Chun Zhu, the 11th son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of Ming Dynasty, was named King of Shu, and the palace was built in Chengdu. Zhu Yuanzhang twice ordered generals Li Wenzhong and Aquamarine to build the capital with mud, and later ordered Zhao Qing to rebuild most of the walls of Chengdu with bricks and stones. In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (A.D. 1644), Zhang led the army into Chengdu and renamed it Daxi, and Chengdu was also renamed Xijing. Shu's palace used to be Zhang's palace. Subsequently, the Qing army invaded Sichuan and fought fiercely with Zhang's western front army in Chengdu. In the third year of Qing Shunzhi (1646), the whole city of Chengdu was burned in the war. In five or six years, a prosperous and famous city was cut off and became a place where elk crisscrossed and tigers and leopards appeared.
From the early years of Kangxi, a large number of immigrants entered Sichuan, and the economy known as "Huguang filling Sichuan" began to pick up, and Chengdu gradually recovered. After two reconstructions and expansions during the reign of Kangxi and Qianlong, a magnificent Chengdu new city stands on the ruins of the old city surrounded by two rivers. However, after the Opium War, with the opening of Chongqing's gate and the opening of Chuanjiang shipping, Chengdu's position in Sichuan and Southwest China was gradually replaced by Chongqing. 19 1 1 The Sichuan Road Protection Movement and Armed Uprising, which originated in Chengdu, were the forerunner of the Revolution of 1911 and made great contributions to the success of the Wuchang Uprising. In the early years of the Republic of China, Chengdu was still the seat of Sichuan Province after abolishing orthodoxy and government. 1928 Chengdu was formally established. At that time, the Chengdu Municipal Government was established, and Chengdu and Huayang counties were merged into Chengdu, and Chengdu and Huayang counties only governed the countryside. This great change has changed the pattern of two counties and one city for more than 1000 years, which is the beginning of Chengdu's modernization.
After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Sichuan became the rear area of the Anti-Japanese War, and the people of Chengdu made great contributions to this great national liberation war. During the whole war, the total number of soldiers who participated in the war and supplemented in Sichuan reached 3.4 million, and more than 640,000 people were killed or injured, accounting for about 20% of the total number of casualties in the country. Many of these martyrs who died for their country are children of Chengdu people. In the war of liberation, on the one hand, the people of Chengdu launched a democratic movement against civil war, hunger and persecution, on the other hand, they launched an armed struggle in the countryside, which effectively cooperated with the people's revolutionary war.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Chengdu was the resident of western Sichuan administrative office from 65438 to 0950, and became the capital of Sichuan Province from 65438 to 0952, and was listed as one of the key construction cities in China. 1983 In May, the State Council decided to merge Wenjiang area (except Guanghan and Shifang counties) into Chengdu and implement the system of city governing counties. 1990, the adjustment of zoning and the withdrawal of counties and districts were implemented one after another. The present area of Chengdu is 12390.6 square kilometers. At the beginning of 2007, the registered population in Chengdu was 1 1.03 million. It has jurisdiction over 9 districts (Jinjiang, Qingyang, Jinniu, Wuhou, Chenghua, Longquanyi, Qingbaijiang, Xindu and Wenjiang), 4 cities (Dujiangyan, Pengzhou, Qionglai and Chongzhou) and 6 counties (Jintang, Shuangliu, Pixian, Dayi, Pujiang and Xinjin).
Historical event
In the 4th century BC, Ming Chengzu moved to Chengdu. The ancient Shu kingdom, Kaiming V (one said IX) abolished the emperor's name and moved the capital to Chili (now Shangnan Street in Chengdu) to build a temple. Chengdu became the capital for the first time. ?
King Qin Huiwen destroyed Shu in 365438 BC+06 BC (the fifth year of King Liang and the ninth year of King Qin Huiwen). There was civil strife in Shu, and the king of Shu sent troops to cut Hou, who turned to Qin for help. Qin Huiwen sent Zhang Yi and Sima Cuo to attack Shu, and the ancient Shu kingdom perished. ?
In 3 1 1 year BC (the fourth year of Zhou Nanwang and the fourteenth year of Yuan Geng, King of Qin Huiwen), Zhang Ruo was established as its capital. After King Huiwen of Qin sent troops to quell the rebellion in Shu, Zhang Ruo, the commander of Shu, built the capital in imitation of Xianyang, which was completed in September of 3 10 BC (the fifth year of Zhou Nanwang). Chengdu is divided into big cities and few cities. Cities bend like turtles, so Chengdu is also called "turtle city". ?
During the reign of Emperor Jing of the Western Han Dynasty (before 156 ~ before 14 1), Wen Weng of Lujiang advocated education, sent people to imperial academy to study, and returned with a heavy responsibility. There is also a Shishi Gong Xue in the south of Chengdu (now Shishi Middle School in Chengdu) to reward students with excellent academic performance and set up Shu Middle School. ?
In the 19th year of Jian 'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty (2 14), Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu. Liu Bei led the army to destroy Liu Zhang and was in charge of Yizhou Pasturing. In 22 1 a.d., Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor, with Chengdu as his capital, and the country name was Han, which was called "Shu Han" in history, and was in a state of separation with Wei and Wucheng. In 263 AD, it was conquered by Wei. ?
Te Li and Li Xiong, according to the first year of Yongning in the Western Jin Dynasty in Chengdu (30 1), Te Li led a crowd to capture Chengdu and establish a peasant regime. In 306 AD, his son Li Xiong proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, with the title "Dacheng". In 338 AD, his successor changed the country name to "Han", which was called "Cheng Han" in history. Before the "Cheng Han" regime ran out? The world, to the East Jinmu Emperor Yonghe three years (347 years) died. ?
Emperor Tang lived in Tianbao, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty in Chengdu for fifteen years (756). Because of the "Anshi Rebellion", Xuanzong went to Shu to settle in Chengdu. After Xuanzong returned to Chang 'an, the Tang government promoted Chengdu to "Nanjing". In the first year of Tang Xizong Guangming (880), Huang Chao and Nuo people fled to Sichuan and lived in Chengdu for three years. ?
In 768 AD, Mrs. Huanhua stayed in Dali for three years in Chengdu, and Yang Zilin, the envoy of Luzhou Army, took the opportunity of Cui Ning, the ambassador of Chengdu Yin and Jiannan Xichuan, and made a surprise attack on Chengdu. Cui Ning (known as Mrs. Huanhua), a stone princess, has made a fortune and raised thousands of people. She is handsome and will attack her. Yang Zilin failed, and Chengdu was guaranteed. Shiren Town has made meritorious service in guarding Chengdu, and the court named her Mrs. Ji Guo. Chengdu people regarded her as a guardian goddess, and later built the Huanhua Lady Temple near the Huanhua River in the west of Chengdu. ?
After the Five Dynasties in Chengdu, the lotus of Meng Yunxi, the queen of Shu, was in full bloom, enjoying famous flowers and preferring hibiscus flowers. He ordered hibiscus trees to be planted all over the walls of Chengdu, the capital, and appointed special personnel to take care of them. Later generations inherited this custom and planted hibiscus trees everywhere. Every autumn, hibiscus flowers are in full bloom, hence the name "Furong City". Furong is now the city flower of Chengdu. ?
The three models of compiling history refer to Northern Song scholars Fan Zhen, Fan Zuyu and Fan Chong, all of whom are from Huayang County (now Shuangliu County). Fan Zhen participated in the compilation of Records of Renzong, Notes on Residence, Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Category Compilation and other books. Fan Zuyu is a grandnephew of Fan Zhen, who wrote Zong Shenzhi and Tang Jian, and served as his main assistant when Sima Guang wrote Zi Tongzhi Jian. Fan Chong, the eldest son of Fan Zuyu, presided over the reconstruction of Song Shenzong and Song Zhezong dynasties. These three schools play an important role in the history of Chinese historiography and literature. Tang Jian (12) written by Fan Zuyu is known as the historical masterpiece of "Three hundred years of chaos control in Ming Dynasty". ?
The establishment of Yizhou Jiaozi service "Jiaozi", the earliest paper money in China, is the payment voucher for payment between merchants. Jiaozi first appeared in A.D. 1008 and was first distributed in Chengdu. In the first year of Renzong Tiansheng in the Northern Song Dynasty (1023), the Song government set up Yizhou Jiaozi Service Office in Chengdu to manage the distribution and circulation of Jiaozi in a unified way. ?
Zhang According to the first year of Qing Shunzhi in Chengdu (1644), Zhang, the general of the peasant uprising army in the late Ming Dynasty, captured Chengdu, established the peasant regime in Daxi, changed the Yuan Dynasty to Dashun, and called himself the King of Daxi. ?
In the second year of Tongzhi in Kejiaxiang, Shi Dakai (1863) and Shi Dakai, king of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, led troops into Sichuan and failed to attack Chengdu. He was captured by the Qing army in Daduhezi Land (now Anshunchang, Shimian County, Sichuan Province) and killed in Hakka Lane, Chengdu on May 10th, the second year of Tongzhi. ?
Zunjing Academy was founded in the 12th year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (1873). Sichuan scholar Zhang Zhidong raised funds to build Zunjing Academy near Xishi Temple on the west side of Miao Wen Street in Chengdu. It was completed and opened in the spring of the first year of Guangxu (1875). Academy is famous for its talent pool, Wang? Cloud, Song, etc. He has served as the dean of the college. Zunjing Academy has trained a large number of talents. In modern Sichuan, a large number of "Shu scholars" and outstanding figures such as Yang Rui, Song, Pu Dianjun, Zhang Lan, Wu studied here. In the 28th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1902), the Academy was expanded into an institution of higher learning in Sichuan Province (the predecessor of Sichuan University). ?
Sichuan Machinery Bureau was founded in Guangxu three years of Qing Dynasty (1877). Sichuan Governor Ding Baozhen founded Sichuan Machinery Bureau in Lianchi, Dongdaemun, Chengdu, which was completed and put into operation the following year. This is the earliest military factory in Sichuan. After the scale was expanded, it was renamed Sichuan Arsenal after the Revolution of 1911. Sichuan Machinery Bureau is the most outstanding achievement of Westernization Movement in Sichuan, which objectively stimulated the emergence and development of Sichuan national industry. ?
On May 9th, the Qing government announced the state-owned railway policy in the third year of Qing Dynasty (19 1 1). When the imperial edict of robbing the commercial railway reached Chengdu, it was immediately strongly opposed by Chengdu Constitutionalists. In June of the same year, the Qing government signed a "loan contract" with banking groups in Britain, the United States, France, Germany and other countries, and its plot to seize road money and sell road rights was completely exposed. On June 17, gentry and businessmen in Chengdu set up a road protection comrades' association in Yuefu Street Railway Company, vowing to "break the contract to protect the road", and the trend of road protection quickly spread from Chengdu to Sichuan. On September 7th, the governor of Sichuan gathered Pu Dianjun, Luo Lun, Zhang Lan and others of the Lu Bao Comrades' Association, massacred the petitioners and created a "Chengdu massacre". On September 8th, Comrade Lu Bao rose up in the army near Chengdu, besieged Chengdu, and members of the Quanchuan Alliance took the opportunity to launch an armed uprising. The trend of protecting roads in Sichuan became the fuse of the Revolution of 1911. ?
During the Anti-Japanese War, the Japanese bombed Chengdu many times, including two large-scale bombings. 1939, the center of Chengdu was bombed by Japanese planes, killing hundreds of civilians. Japanese planes bombed Chengdu, causing 1000 casualties. ?
Chengdu Municipal People's Government was established1949 65438+On February 27th, China People's Liberation Army occupied Chengdu. 1950 65438+ 10 On October 6th, the Chengdu Municipal People's Government was established, with Zhou Shidi as the mayor.
Chengdu has a long history and is one of the famous historical and cultural cities in China. Chengdu has created two miracles in the history of China: one is its name, which has never changed for more than two thousand years, which is rare in the history of place names in China; Second, for more than two thousand years, Chengdu has been the capital of counties, prefectures, prefectures, provinces and other administrative divisions in Sichuan, and has never changed. It can be regarded as one of the oldest capital cities in China.
economy
Chengdu Municipal Government has positioned Chengdu as an important central city with the strongest comprehensive strength and the best living environment in the central and western regions of China.
Now, Chengdu is committed to building a financial center in central and western China and wants to be the "headquarters economy" in the central and western regions. At present, there are 65,438+030 Fortune 500 companies investing here, and hundreds of global R&D centers are contributing to the change of the world and the progress of science and technology. At present, Chengdu has made great achievements in electronic information industry, biomedicine industry, chemical industry, furniture, shoes and hats manufacturing industry, animation media industry, convention and exhibition industry, aerospace industry and tourism industry, and has steadily established its position as one of the top ten cities in China and a central city in the west.
culture
Chengdu is an important birthplace of ancient Shu culture. A large number of ancient Shu cultural relics unearthed today show that as early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the ancient Shu people created a highly developed bronze culture and became an important part of Chinese culture.
Chengdu is a famous cultural capital of China. The culture of Chengdu affects all the people in China all over the world. Even in Korea and Japan, there are many people who are keen on the culture of the Three Kingdoms in Chengdu. Chengdu's culture is extensive and profound, and its food culture, leisure culture, tea culture, Taoist culture and Three Kingdoms culture have a far-reaching influence on China people.
Further reading: How to buy insurance, which is good, and teach you how to avoid these "pits" of insurance.