Since Hai Tong has been in existence, the new school has been emerging, and the translation of foreign academic books has become an important way of "importing theories and recreating the civilization" (in Hu Shih's words) in modern China; the translation and introduction of the research works on Chinese history by foreign scholars is not only beneficial to the development of academic prosperity, but also helps us overcome certain limitations formed by "being on this mountain" to some extent. The translation and introduction of foreign scholars' works on Chinese history is not only beneficial to the prosperity of academics, but also helps us to overcome, to a certain extent, certain limitations formed by "being in this mountain". However, foreign research on Chinese history is so extensive and vast that although there have been a lot of translations over the past few decades (especially in the last 20 years), we can only "take a dipper and drink it". Therefore, the attitude and selection criteria of such translations are actually a reflection of academic changes, and in general, it can even be said that it is a kind of reflexion of the times and social changes, which has become an object worthy of study. Therefore, this kind of attitude and selection standard of translation is actually a reflection of academic change in a small sense. This paper does not intend to make a comprehensive study of the fruitful results of the translation of overseas research works on modern Chinese history in the past 50 years, nor is it a specific review of books, but only tries to make a preliminary research overview of the main features of such translations in different periods, and the main influence and significance of such translations on the study of modern Chinese history in China, which is hard to avoid, and I pray for corrections by the experts.
(1)
The founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 was not merely a change of regime, but a profound and comprehensive change from the economic base, social structure to superstructure, and the rise of Marxism-Leninism as a national ideology. According to the basic principles of Marxism, the economic base determines the superstructure, but the superstructure in turn affects the economic base, so a comprehensive social change requires a completely new ideology to correspond to it. "Academic" belongs to the superstructure. So the old academic "remodeling" on the "inevitable". Because of the understanding of modern Chinese history and the Chinese revolution has a great relationship, so the study of modern Chinese history in the Marxist school in China **** the Communist Party to seize power in the revolutionary war era has been relatively mature; but in the original higher education institutions of intellectuals, this period has been dominated by a variety of non-Marxist school. In this way, the transformation of the latter by the former and the critique of bourgeois academic thought naturally became the central task in this field, and the translation and introduction of overseas research works on modern Chinese history naturally could not be separated from this central task.
This intention was clearly stated in almost all the translations of overseas works on modern Chinese history published at that time. The preface to the Chinese translation of A History of the Foreign Relations of the Chinese Empire says that the reason for translating this book is that its materials "have a considerable value for utilization," but a more important reason is "because it has always been a popular book among Chinese and foreign bourgeoisie. "It has always been regarded as a standard work by Chinese and foreign bourgeois scholars", and now "we should not forget that these fallacies have seriously poisoned the Chinese intellectual circles for a long period of time. It should be said that this book occupies a very important place among the works of colonialist theory, and is therefore what the anti-colonialists should pay attention to reading". (1) The translators' "Forewords" or "Postscripts" to Americans in East Asia by Dennett, The History of the Tariff History of China by Wright, The Diplomacy of the Great Powers towards China by Joseph, The Privileges and Interests of Outsiders in China by Willoughby, and The Chinese Passage and the British Foreign Office by Berkowitz, all without exception ", all without exception solemnly declare this.
Under the historical conditions of the time when a hundred things were going wrong, as far as quantity is concerned, the translation and publication of overseas research works on modern Chinese history is not much. However, from the point of view of academic research, most of the works selected and translated by the organization in the 1950s did represent the first-class level of relevant foreign academic research, and the selection of books and the high quality of the translations are still admirable, which all shows the extraordinary vision, profound knowledge and serious attitude of the selectors and translators. For example, the History of Foreign Relations of the Chinese Empire is still one of the most frequently cited works by domestic researchers of Sino-foreign relations; the book Privileges and Interests of Foreigners in China has not yet been surpassed on the whole. ...... What is more meaningful is that, when the environment of the times changed, the academic nature of these translations was immediately revealed, laying a certain foundation for the rapid development of some related disciplines in the new era. The rapid development of the new period to lay a certain foundation.
What is more noteworthy is that in the early 1950s, the Soviet Union "fell on one side", and all disciplines competed with each other in the construction of their own translation and publication of the relevant works of the "Soviet Union's big brother" as "textbooks". While all disciplines were competing to translate and publish the relevant works of the "big brother of the USSR" as "textbooks" in their own construction and regarded them as "models", very few works on modern Chinese history were translated and published, and none of them was regarded as a "model" work. This also shows that the Chinese Marxist-Leninist school of modern Chinese history was already relatively mature at that time, and had basically formed its own theoretical system, framework and methodology, so there was no need to copy the Soviet Union's "textbooks" as hastily as many other disciplines.
With the change and development of the domestic political situation, the "class struggle" became more and more intense, and the analysis and criticism of foreign bourgeois scholars became more and more intense, and this "translation" was more explicitly referred to as " This kind of "translation" was more explicitly referred to as "understanding the enemy's situation", "raising nothing and destroying capital", and "anti-imperialism and anti-revisionism". How the Foreign Bourgeoisie Viewed Chinese History-Selected and Translated Essays by Reactionary Scholars of Capitalist Countries on Modern Chinese History (Volumes 1 and 2) and Foreign Bourgeois Views on Modern Chinese History (nearly 1.2 million words), selected and translated dozens of works by the British, Americans, French, Germans, Japanese, and other countries, which have been influential since the end of the 19th century, and in particular in the past few decades, France, Germany, Japan and other countries on the nature of modern Chinese society, modern economic and cultural issues, Sino-foreign relations, peasant wars, border crises, the Chinese Revolution, the national **** struggle ...... and other aspects of representative discussion. In the 10,000-word-long "Preface", the selectors and editors highly summarize the state of China studies by foreign bourgeois scholars in the past hundred years, severely criticize the various views, and further affirm the purpose of the compilation: "We have selected and translated these materials for the purpose of understanding the enemy situation and providing We have selected and translated these materials in order to understand the enemy's situation and to provide counter-texts for the struggle to raise nothing and destroy capital. From these materials we can further recognize the true face of foreign bourgeois scholars in the field of academic thought and the criminal activities of imperialism in poisoning the Chinese people through cultural aggression, so as to stimulate our national pride and patriotism, to take an active part in the struggle against imperialism and modern revisionism, and to remove the poison and influence of bourgeois historiography in the Chinese historiographical circles, to strengthen the ranks of the historical sciences, and to unite all patriotic countries. historical science team, unite all patriotic workers in historical science, and ****together build a new culture of socialism and ****analism." ②
The ten-year "Cultural Revolution", especially in its middle and late stages, the Russian and Soviet works on modern Chinese history in a barren academic garden suddenly "bloomed", translated and published a large number. This "bloom" was entirely due to the "anti-revisionist" struggle and the needs of the Sino-Soviet border conflict. The Chinese translation of Modern Chinese History edited by Ziechwinski's "Publication Note" reads: "The makers of this book have used extremely despicable and shameless methods to comprehensively and systematically falsify the history of modern China," and "viciously slander and attack the great revolutionary struggle of the Chinese people and the history of the Chinese Communist Party". The book's producers have used extremely despicable and shameless methods to falsify modern Chinese history in a comprehensive and systematic manner" and "viciously slandered and attacked the great revolutionary struggle of the Chinese people and the correct Marxist-Leninist line of the Chinese Communist Party". This 5,000-word "note" is full of "shamelessness", "crazy attacks", and "adhering to its master's will". "...... such words are close to abuse, and that the purpose of this book is "to deny Chairman Mao's series of scientific assertions on modern Chinese history and the correct Marxist-Leninist line for the Chinese Revolution" and "to turn the Chinese Revolution into a revolution". "and "to turn China into a colony of Soviet social imperialism". (3) The "spirit of the times" at that time could be said to be all over the place. There were more translations of writings about the Sino-Russian border, but since these translations were mainly materials and memoirs and are limited to the length of this article, I am not going to describe them in detail. However, these translations have laid a deeper foundation for the later study of the history of Sino-Russian relations.
It is also worth mentioning that, as Sino-American relations began to thaw in 1971, Fei's famous book America and China was also translated and published by the Commercial Press under the name of "for the relevant departments to criticize and refer to in the study of Sino-American relations".
(2)
After the end of the Cultural Revolution, with the beginning of the new period of reform and opening up, the long-dormant academics began to revive, and due to a long period of self-enclosure, the academic community's understanding of foreign academic research is especially necessary and urgent. This situation, for the overseas Chinese modern history research and translation of the prosperity of the development of objective conditions, and start the trend of the first and most effective for the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Institute of Modern History in the country's first door in 1980, founded the occasional publication "foreign Chinese modern history research".
The editors of the journal clearly stated in its inaugural issue that its "purpose is to introduce the situation of foreign research on modern Chinese history, to understand the dynamics of foreign research on modern Chinese history, and to communicate between Chinese and foreign academic exchanges". It is recognized that "in recent years, in the academic field of modern Chinese history, the research work of foreign countries has been developing rapidly" and "some issues that we have not yet dealt with have been studied in depth by foreign countries; foreign countries have also put forward different opinions on certain points of view of the study of China's modern history from time to time and engaged in debates or controversies. All these, we need to understand in time, in order to change the situation of closed eyes and ears, active academic air, and promote the development of research work." "The articles we receive are mainly based on whether they contain new ideas, new information, or new developments, but not necessarily on whether the contents and views are correct or not". From "understanding the enemy's situation" and "negative materials" ...... to "communicating between Chinese and foreign academic exchanges" and "debating or arguing with each other on an equal footing". "to discuss or debate", admitting their own shortcomings, once "closed eyes and ears" ...... This transformation is huge and fundamental. This "editor's words" is only a short 400 words, but from one side to reflect the new spirit of the new era, but also shows that the so-called new period is not just a generalization, but actually occurred in all aspects of the huge new changes. It may be difficult for future generations to imagine that such plain and simple language is the most "commonplace" truth, but in reality it is so "uncommon" because it is so hard to come by. This attitude can be said to be representative of the new era of translation. From its inception in 1980 to its final publication in 1995, Foreign Studies in Modern Chinese History has published 27 series in the past 15 years, and has published more than 40O translations of nearly 80O million words. Among them, there are translations of papers from foreign academic journals, as well as excerpts from books, involving sex, Japan, Russia, France, Germany and many other languages, with a faster speed, more comprehensively introduced to the domestic academic community of the outside world of the relevant information on the academic research has played an important role. Academic development of such an important publication for a variety of reasons shall not be a few years ago, the academic community is still salty for regret. In addition, by the *** central party history research office sponsored by the "foreign in *** party history research dynamics" from 1990 to 1996, *** publication of 42 issues, was also an important window to understand the academic development of foreign countries.
In the last 20 years, there have been more and more translations and more and more rapid, of which the more influential ones are:
China Social Science Press has published the "Translation Series on Modern Chinese History" since 1987, and the successive publications include the book "Strangers at the Gate" written by Weifeld, an American scholar, and "Strangers at the Gate" (1839-1861), which is the first publication of its kind in China. --The Social Unrest in South China between 1839-1861" by American scholar Weifeld, "The Rebellion of the Late Chinese Empire from its Enemies: Militarization and Social Structure" by Fei Weikai, "Early Industrialization in China - Sheng Xuanhuai (1844-1916) and Government-Governed Business Enterprises" by Fei Weikai, "Modern Enterprises and Government-Business Relationships in the Late Qing Dynasty" by Chen Jinjiang, "The Markets and Social Structures in Rural China" by Shi Jianya, and "The British Policy towards China (1895-1911)" by the British scholar Yang Guolun. Policy towards China (1895-1902)" by British scholar Alan Yang, and "International Opportunities for Modern China: The Tribute Trade System and the Modern Asian Economic Circle" by Japanese scholar Takeshi Hamashita.
Jiangsu People's Publishing House has been publishing "Overseas Chinese Studies Series" since 1988, and the translations related to modern China include "China: Tradition and Transformation" by American scholars Fei Zhengqing and Reischauer, "China's Modernization" edited by Rozman, and "Hu Shih and the Renaissance in China" by Gleed, as well as "Liberalism in China's Revolution" by Takeshi Hamashita of Japan. --Liberalism in the Chinese Revolution (1917-1950)" by Gleed, "Scientism Only in Modern Chinese Thought (1900-1950)" by Guo Yingyi, "The Search for Wealth and Power: Yan Fu and the West" by Schwartz, and "Between Tradition and Modernity: Wang Tao and the West" by Kerwin. -North China's Countryside in 1942‖ by Ai Kai, -The Last Confucianism - Liang Shuming and the Dilemma of Modernization in China‖ by Zhang Hao, -Liang Qichao and the Transition of Chinese Thought (1890-1907)‖ by Zhang Hao, and -The New Regime Revolution and the Japanese- -China, 1898-1912" by Zhou Cezhong, "The May Fourth Movement: The Revolution of Thought in Modern China" by Xiao Gongquan, "Modern China and the New World: A Study of Kang Youwei's Change of Law and Cosmopolitan Thought" by Xiao Gongquan.
Shanxi People's Publishing House published a series of books on "May Fourth and Modern China" in 1989, including the translation of "May Fourth: Cultural Interpretation and Evaluation--Western Scholars' Discussion of the May Fourth Movement", and "China's Enlightenment", written by the American scholar Schwarzschild (Shu Hengzhe). -- Intellectuals and the May Fourth Legacy" by American scholar Schwartz (Shu Hengzhe), "Chinese Intellectuals in Crisis" by Zhang Hao, "The Intellectual Legacy of Modern China--Democratism and Authoritarianism" by Ji Wenxun, and "Salvation and Tradition" by Japanese scholar Kondo Kuniyasu.
Other translations are too numerous to mention, and have had considerable impact on different fields of specialization.
The major ones of a general nature are The Cambridge History of China in the Late Qing Dynasty (two volumes) and The Cambridge History of the Republic of China (two volumes), edited by Fei Zhengqing, in addition to Fei's The United States and China which is constantly reprinted, and Fei's The Fei Collection, The Great Chinese Revolution (1800-1985), The Autobiography of Fei and Fei's China in Perspective, etc., which have all been translated and published. There are also American scholars John Shih's Historical Perspectives on the Chinese Revolution, Shi Jingqian's Tiananmen, Kerwin's Discovering History in China - The Rise of the China-Centered View in the United States, as well as Japanese scholars Goukou Yuzo's Chinese Studies in the Perspective of the Japanese, and so on.
Economic history is mainly American scholar Hao Yanping's "China's modern commercial revolution", "nineteenth-century Chinese buyers - the bridge between East and West", Liu Guangjing's "British and American shipping power competition in China (1862-1874)", the Japanese scholar Tetsu Nakamura's "modern The Development of East Asian Economy and the World Market" by Japanese scholar Tetsu Nakamura, "The Development of Chinese Agriculture - 1368-1968" by American scholar Perkins, "The Small Farmer Economy and Social Change in North China" by Huang Zongzhi, "Small Farmer Households and Rural Development in the Yangtze River Delta", and "Overcrowding and Modernization in Rural China" by Huang Zongzhi, A Political and Economic History of Shanghai in the Last Hundred Years (1842-1937) by Yang Ge, and The Golden Age of the Chinese Bourgeoisie (1911-1937) by French scholar Bai Gill.
Translations in political, military, and social history mainly include "Improvement and Revolution--Xinhai Revolution in the Two Lakes" by American scholar Zhou Xirui, "China's Abortive Revolution under the Kuomintang, 1927-1937" by Yi Laoyi, and "China's Civil War" by Hu Susan, Warlord Politics in China (1916-1928) by Qi Xisheng, Jiangsu and Zhejiang Zaibatsu and the National Government (1927-1937) by Kobol, The Rise of Military Power in China (1895-1912) by Powell, Late Feudal Society in China by Shijianya Urban Studies," by British scholar Beth Fei, "Bandits in the Republican Period," by Canadian scholar Chen Zhijiang, "The Military-Gentry Regime - The Warlord Period in Modern China," by Soviet scholar Kartunova, "Galen in China, 1924-1927," by Cherepanov, "The Chinese National Revolutionary Army's Northern Expedition", "The Chinese Revolution and the Soviet Advisers" by Jabicai and others, and the collection of essays "*** Producer's International and the Chinese Revolution - Selected Essays and Translations by Soviet Scholars".
Translations on the history of Sino-foreign relations include British Diplomacy Toward China (1880-1885) by British scholar Ji Nan, The Succession of the Qing Emperor and the Great Powers (1908-1912) by American scholar John Lee, America and China: A Study of Finances and Diplomacy (1906-1913) by Wavell, The United States and China: A Study of Finance and Diplomacy (1906-1913) by Currie, and The Chinese Revolutionary Army and the Soviet Advisers by Jia Bizai. (1906-1913) by Wavell, Woodrow Wilson and Far Eastern Policy (1913-1921) by Currie, Stilwell and the American Experience in China (1911-1945) by Tuckman, and China's Entanglement - from the Pearl Harbor Incident to the Marshall Islands - by Faith. -American Efforts in China from the Pearl Harbor Incident to Marshall's Mission to China" by Feith, "Gunboats and Marines - The U.S. Navy in China (1925-1928)" by Cole, "American Crusaders in China (1938 American Crusaders in China (1938-1945) by Schaller, Chiang Kai-shek's Government and Nazi Germany by Kerwerin, U.S. Army Observer Group in Yan'an by Baird, Carlson and China by Brickford, The "Outside China Group" in U.S. Politics by Kane, U.S. Response to China by Kung Hwa-yun, U.S. Policy toward China (1944-1945) by Werner Tse, U.S. Policy toward China (1944-1945) by Kohl. U.S. Policy Toward China (1944-1945)", "The Japan-China War" by Fujimura Michio, a Japanese scholar, and "Soviet-Chinese Relations" by Borisov, a Soviet scholar.
Translations in the field of intellectual and cultural history include "Socialist Thought in China before 1907" by American scholar Bernal, "The Crisis of Chinese Consciousness--Fierce Anti-traditionalism during the May Fourth Period" by Lin Yusheng, "The History of Chinese Church Universities" by Lutz, and "The History of Chinese Church Universities" by Japanese scholar Fujimura Dawson, as well as "Soviet-Chinese Relations" by Soviet scholar Borisov. The History of Chinese Church and University" by Lutz, "The History of Chinese Studying in Japan" by Japanese scholar Megumi Saito, and "French Missionary Policies in China: The Five Ports of Commerce and the Freedom of Missions (1842-1856) in the Late Qing Dynasty" by French scholar Wei Chingxin (in two volumes), and so on.
Translations of character studies mainly include American scholar Drake's Xu Jishe and his Yinghuan Zhiliao, Shi Fuyi's Sun Yat-sen and the Origins of the Chinese Revolution, Xue Jundu's Huang Xing and the Chinese Revolution, McCormack's Zhang Zuolin in the Northeast, Japanese scholar Matsumoto Ichio's Zhang Xueliang, Soviet scholar Primakov's Feng Yuxiang and the National Army, British scholar Schramm's Mao Zedong, and American scholar Tetsuo Konstantin's Zhang Zuolin and the Nationalist Army. Mao Zedong, by American scholar Trier; Li Dazhao and the Origins of Marxism in China, by Meissner; Hu Shi and the Choice of Modern Chinese Intellectuals, by Zhou Mingzhi; and Ding Wenjiang-Science and the New Culture of China, by Forsyth.
The above is only a very rough bird's-eye view, but from it we can see that the translation of overseas research works on modern Chinese history has flourished in these 20 years, and has indeed played a role in "changing the situation of closed eyes and ears" and "communicating between Chinese and foreign academic exchanges". It has played a role in "changing the situation of closed eyes and ears" and "communicating between Chinese and foreign academic exchanges", and it has played an important role in the promotion of the academic activity and development of Chinese modern history during this period.
(3)
The influence and promotion of the translation of overseas works on modern Chinese history on domestic research during this period are manifold. Of course, the academic changes and the emergence of various new perspectives in general have their own more profound social and academic backgrounds and reasons, and this "translation" is only one of the factors. However, since the task of this paper is only to analyze the role of this "translation", and it is not necessary to make an in-depth exploration and detailed discussion of other backgrounds and reasons, I pray that the readers will not think that the author thinks that all kinds of new perspectives in the new period are entirely the result of the external role of this "translation"; similarly, it is not necessary to analyze the various new perspectives themselves; and it is also necessary to analyze the role of the new perspectives themselves. Similarly, it is not the task of this paper to analyze, study and judge the new ideas themselves. Therefore, this paper is limited to objectively discussing the influence and effect of "translation" on various new views.
A striking and hotly debated point of view in the study of modern Chinese history in the new period is the modernization ("modernization" and "modernization" have the same meaning in this paper, according to the needs of the text to choose to use) perspective. In this article, the terms "modernization" and "modernization" have the same meaning and are used according to the needs of the text), not only or mainly from the perspective of class struggle or national struggle. "The General Preface of the Overseas Chinese Studies series clearly states: "If we stick to the old rut, if we do not step out of the circle of our own culture and contemplate ourselves through strong contrasts, it will be difficult for the Chinese civilization to find an entrance into its modern form". ". "Most of the translations included in this series approach the issue of China's modernization from their own different perspectives and fields." For a long period of time, the "Western Impact and Chinese Response" model, represented by Fei Zhengqing, was the dominant school of thought in the study of modern Chinese history in the West. This model believed that "tradition" and "modernity" were in opposition to each other, and that the driving force of modern Chinese history, especially modernization, came entirely from external stimuli and challenges. before the nineteenth century proved to be precisely the same things that later seriously impeded China's transition to modernization". "As a 'centralized state', China's self-contained system of political and cultural functioning was famous for having remained unchallenged by outsiders for a long time". But for this reason, it "failed to appreciate the nature of the modern challenge until it inevitably landed at its doorstep," and thus missed the opportunity to modernize. ⑤ It is from this perspective that the new viewpoint explores the reasons for the setback of modernization from China's own political, economic, and cultural aspects in the modern era; at the same time, it makes a different analysis of the "collision" of different cultures (in the broad sense) brought about by the Western invasion, and the changes in Chinese society that resulted from the "collision". At the same time, it made different conclusions about the "collision" of different cultures (in a broad sense) brought about by the Western invasion and the changes in Chinese society caused by this "collision". In the framework of modernization theory, the foreign affairs movement naturally became an important stage of "China's early industrialization", while the initial motivation for the establishment of the foreign affairs movement was insignificant, which led to the formation of a research fever on the foreign affairs movement in the 1980s. Similarly, some researchers have made a more objective study of the economic situation in the Republican period, especially before the war.
Modern China's "civil society", the relationship between the state and society, the field of public ****, etc. is a research hot spot in recent years in the United States, and there is a heated debate, and in recent years China's research, such as the Chamber of Commerce in the late Qing Dynasty, self-governing associations or organizations, the local elites, the public **** institutions and so on, the research results are very fruitful! In recent years, Chinese studies such as those on the Chamber of Commerce, autonomous associations or organizations, local elites, and public *** institutions have been fruitful. Even the modern Chinese "civil society" this concept of questioning, opposition, its basic "theoretical resources" is still from the United States academic community of different points of view, but also to see the depth of its influence.
Since the main point of view is not from class struggle or national struggle, but from the perspective of cultural conflict and complementarity between the East and the West (in modern China, it is actually almost a one-way flow from the Western culture to the Chinese culture), a lot of researchers have focused more on the role of the "Buyers' Office" and the "Concession" in the cultural exchange between the East and the West. Many researchers have focused more on the role and significance of "buyers" and "renters" in the cultural exchanges between the East and the West. Similarly, the positive role played by missionaries and church schools in the process of China's modernization, mainly in the dissemination of modern scientific and cultural knowledge, has been more emphasized and valued in recent years. The relationship between culture and society or the social significance behind culture is a new academic viewpoint, methodology and trend of thought that has emerged in the West in recent years. The Origins of the Boxer Rebellion and Culture, Power, and the State - Rural North China 1900-1942 are representative of this new paradigm in the Chinese The Origins of the Boxer Rebellion and Culture and Power and the State: Rural North China 1900-1942 are representative of this new paradigm in the field of modern Chinese history. The former provides a regional analysis of the social and economic structure of Shandong Province in the 19th century, and in particular, the folk culture of the northwestern part of the province, such as social theater, drama, religion, temple fairs, bazaars, martial traditions, and the history of the cultural conflict between China and the West, is carefully examined using the method of cultural anthropology. On this basis, the author argues that the outbreak of the Boxer Rebellion was the result of an "interaction" between the socio-economic structure and the cultural traditions of Northwest Lu for a variety of reasons. The latter tries to bridge the gap between history and sociology, and puts forward new concepts such as "the cultural network of power" from the perspective of "popular culture", taking rural areas in North China as an example, and demonstrates in detail how state power penetrated into the society through a variety of channels, such as business groups, temple organizations, religions, myths, etc. Organizations, religions, myths, etc. The actual meaning of "Dragon King Temple" is to be in charge of the distribution of water resources, and the squires pay attention to the "Guandi Temple" as both the guardian deity of the country and the god of the countryside. It is both the guardian deity of the country and the protector of the place. These two books have had a clear impact on domestic research in recent years, such as the relationship between traditional culture and the Boxer Rebellion, the social and cultural significance of the temple fair, the function of the temple fair have been emphasized by researchers.
In the study of the history of Sino-foreign relations, some researchers believe that the process of China's inclusion in the modern international system is of course the process of violation of national sovereignty and the process of colonization, but it is also the process of modern China's "open-eyed view of the world" and the breakthrough of the "center of China". But at the same time, it is also the process of modern China "opening its eyes to the world" and breaking the "Chinese center", the process of modernization of diplomacy, that is, the process of the emergence and development of modern diplomatic concepts and systems. A few decades ago, the "history of China's invasion" has been gradually replaced by the more neutral "history of Sino-foreign relations", although only the rise and fall of a name, it can also be a glimpse of the changes in academics, indicating that the "theoretical presuppositions" of the study have been somewhat lower than before. "
In the past and present, there has been a difference between the two.
In the study of the history of ideas, the previously unstudied "science only" has begun to be noticed by researchers, and the study of liberalism and its representatives has become more objective, and has shifted from "political criticism" to "academic research", reflecting the fact that the study of liberalism has become more objective and has shifted to "academic research". The study of liberalism and its representatives has become more objective, shifting from "political criticism" to "academic research", reflecting the influence of "translation". The relationship between "enlightenment" and "salvation" explored in the book China's Enlightenment: Knowledge Divided and the Legacy of the May Fourth Movement has y inspired the Chinese intellectual and academic circles. From the late 1970s onwards, the opposing paradigms of "tradition" and "modernity" in the study of Chinese history in the United States were gradually replaced by the new modernization theory, that is, "modernity" is derived from "tradition" and "modernity" is derived from "tradition". The new modernization theory is that "modernity" develops from "tradition", and more attention should be paid to inheriting and utilizing all kinds of traditional resources. The book "The Crisis of Chinese Consciousness: Fierce Anti-Traditionalism in the May Fourth Period" focuses more on the "fierce" and "comprehensive" anti-traditionalism in modern China, especially in the May Fourth period. The translation and publication of this book, which focuses more on analyzing the negative effects of "radical" anti-traditionalism in modern China, especially during the May Fourth period, was indeed remarkable against the background of the "cultural fever" and the resurgence of "radical anti-traditionalism" in the mid-to-late 1980s. In the context of the resurgence of "cultural fever" and "fierce anti-traditionalism" in the mid-to-late 1980s, the book was translated and published in a remarkable manner, and the author probably did not realize that the book actually provided an important theoretical foundation for the emergence of "cultural conservatism" in the 1990s for a variety of reasons.
In terms of character study, Sun Yat-sen and the Origins of the Chinese Revolution closely integrates Sun Yat-sen's personal and social environments, breaking through the "Sun-centered" box that people used to sneer at. The book "Huang Xing and the Chinese Revolution" has made a detailed research on the relationship between Huang Xing and the Xinhai Revolution, which has not been paid enough attention in the past, and has aroused useful discussions and promoted the deepening of the relevant research. Moreover, both of the above books were translated and published at the time of the opening of the national gate, and were more noticeable at that time. The book Li Dazhao and the Origins of Chinese Marxism provides a profound study and analysis of the relationship between Li Dazhao's thought and populism, and has inspired studies on the influence of populism on the thought of other leaders of the C***, a study which still arouses heated debates even now. Compared with the domestic character research previously focused on political figures, foreign research on "cultural figures" has been more important, such as Liang Shuming, Ding Wenjiang, Qian Mu, Hong Ye, etc. There are research monographs, the translation of these monographs on the domestic research has a significant role in promoting.
In short, in the past 50 years, the translation of overseas research works on modern Chinese history and the history of the Chinese people's **** and the country has gone through a tortuous process of development, and now can be said to be blossoming. However, under this prosperity, there is still a hidden worry that cannot be ignored, that is, the quality of the translations is deteriorating, and some mistranslations and mistranslations have played a "misleading" role in the academic field, which, in the long run, will lead to doubts about the accuracy of all the "translations", and will ultimately make the "translations" essential to the development of this academic field more and more difficult. In the long run, people will doubt the accuracy of all "translations" and eventually the "translation" itself, which is essential for academic development, will be seriously damaged. Improving the quality of translations is an urgent task for translators. Of course, the challenge that every researcher must face is how to capture the essence of such diverse translations instead of just copying them mechanically. This, however, is even more difficult and important.
Notes:
This article was written with the help of Ms. Zeng Xuebai.
1) Shao Zhanshan: "Preface to the Chinese Translation", [U.S.] Marsh, translated by Zhang Huiwen, The History of Foreign Relations of the Chinese Empire, Volume 1, 1957 edition of Life - Reading - Xinzhi Sanlian Bookstore, pp. 1-2. Volumes 2 and 3 of the book were translated by Zhang Huiwen and others, and were published by the Life-Reading-New Knowledge Shilian Bookstore in 1958 and the Commercial Press in 1960 respectively.
② "Preface" Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Modern History, data compilation group compiled: "foreign bourgeoisie is how to look at Chinese history - reactionary scholars in the capitalist countries of the study of China's modern history of the selected theses and translations," Volume 1, the Commercial Press, 1961 edition. Commercial Press, 1961 edition, pp. 10-14.
③ "Notes on Publication", [Soviet] Zykhvinsky, edited above, translated by the Translation Group of the Department of History of Beijing Normal University, the Department of History of Peking University, and the Department of Russian Language of Peking University: Modern History of Central and South China, upper and lower volumes, Life-Reading-Xinzhi Sanlianshuijian, 1974 edition, pp. 1-6.
④ "Editor's words", Studies on Modern Chinese History Abroad, Series 1, China Main Society Science Press, 198O edition.
⑤ [U.S.] Rozman edited, the National Social Science Foundation "comparative modernization" group translation: China's modernization, Jiangsu People's Publishing House 1988 edition, page 669.
Originally published in Modern History Studies, No. 5, 1999
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