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China ancient etiquette originated from which two major beliefs? why
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Zydron dongqiang
2015-11-24 ta received more than 10000 likes.
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The origin of etiquette
Etiquette originated from the fear of God in primitive society and the religious sacrificial activities held by clan commune.
As early as the primitive society, there were four aspects of budding etiquette:
1。 Fear god. Compared with the impetuousness of human beings and nature, it is soft and naive at room temperature, and it cannot explain the ever-changing natural phenomena and sudden natural disasters, so that the spirit and ancestors are dominated by it. At that time, people began to use some of the best and most luxurious utensils in the sacrificial ceremony to express their worship of the gods and ancestors and pray for their blessing. This ritual activity is the seed of etiquette. Therefore, there is a saying that "courtesy is based on respect and comes from sacrifice".
2。 Speech and code of conduct for family members. Parents should support and care for their children, but children can't live independently. When their children grow up, society should support their elderly parents, and brothers and sisters should love each other. Yao Shun, the five forces have been drawn up, and the relationship between family members has been clearly defined, that is, father, foster mother, brother and friend, brother palace and western disaster. At this time, etiquette norms, the behavior of family members.
3。 People need to communicate and contact. In social activities, human evolution is the most basic and primitive ceremony. Explain how to cooperate with each other in tribal fighting between hunting, farming and who should follow, nod and deal with the same group. In daily life, people unconsciously express their joy in seeking food by hugging, applauding, expressing their feelings of joy and dancing. It is this mutual imitation that has gradually formed a custom, which is the initial etiquette of interacting with people.
4。 It is necessary to maintain class differences in demand. With the development of society, people's production and life are more and more subdivided, and there are more and more orders from leaders, so that there are grades, men and women, and so on. Whenever we sit on the floor to collect, they gradually get a certain seat, where the leader sits, the people sit, the man sits, and one of the women sits, and so on. These are rituals that constantly add new content.
Historical Development and Evolution of Etiquette
With the appearance of "adding ceremony after ceremony" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty, etiquette books began to appear. The appearance of etiquette in Shang Dynasty clarified the social relationship between people. Later, the Zhou Dynasty began to divide into equality, rank, prosperity or adversity, and the virtuous and foolish who standardized interpersonal relationships gradually established five kinds of rituals: "good or ill luck, hospitality, military service and etiquette".
According to the latest estimate of historical research, human beings have been in the primitive social form for at least one million years. With such a long history, there is no written record, and the form of etiquette in primitive society can only be a speculation, and there is no relevant historical remains to prove it, so primitive etiquette can only be the bud of etiquette.
The etiquette tradition of the Chinese nation has a long history. China is one of the world famous ancient civilizations. As a symbol of civilization, etiquette has a long history and is known as "the country of etiquette".
As a cultural phenomenon, etiquette first appeared in interpersonal communication. In primitive society, the habitual language and actions formed when people gathered, hunted and ate together constituted the initial bud of etiquette. Rites stand in respect and come from sacrifice. "Rite" originated from the religious sacrificial activities held by clan commune in primitive society. Before the Xia Dynasty in 2 1 century BC, some etiquette norms had been formed, and primitive political etiquette, sacrificial etiquette, marriage etiquette and religious etiquette had been formed during this period. The formulation of "ceremony" can be traced back to the Zhou Dynasty, and many aspects of "ceremony" in the Zhou Dynasty are the origin of "ceremony" in later generations. Ancient thinkers and educators in China attached great importance to the education of "etiquette". The content of "ceremony" comprehensively stipulated the norms and guidelines for handling and adjusting various social relations at that time. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius once said, "If you don't learn etiquette, you can't stand." Later, I made a special trip to Zhou to learn from the experience of Xia, Shang and Zhou, which was relatively complete, so I said, "I follow Zhou." Confucius selected seventeen etiquette that must be learned and edited it into The Book of Rites, which is the etiquette that has been passed down to this day.
"Historical Records Confucius Family" said that "Confucius taught his disciples with poems, books, rituals and music, and there were two people in seventy who were good at three thousand things and proficient in six arts." He also proposed: "Resignation is the end of the ceremony." The "end" here refers to "bud" and "factor".
Xunzi at the end of the Warring States Period said: "People are rude when they are not born, things are rude when they are not born, and countries are uneasy and rude." It is believed that "ceremony" is a practical thing, a historical product of sober and rational human beings, and an objective need for society to maintain political order and standardize interpersonal relationships. He believes that the understanding and implementation of "ceremony" is a measure of virtue and non-virtue, as well as high and low. He said: "Polite people are extremely humane, but they are not polite. Not a ceremony, but an unscrupulous person; Ceremony is a ceremony, which is called a person who follows the rules. "
The formal formation of etiquette should begin in slave society. Due to the development of social productive forces, primitive society gradually disintegrated and human beings entered slave society. At this time, the ceremony was branded with class. In order to maintain the slave owner's rule, the slave owner developed the primitive religious etiquette into a ritual system that met the social and political needs of slaves, and specially formulated a set of ritual forms and systems. For example, Zhou Li, Yi Li and Li Ji (referred to as "Three Rites" for short) appeared in the Zhou Dynasty, which was an anthology of various etiquette works before Qin and Han Dynasties. In ancient times, it refers to the rituals of offering sacrifices to heaven, land and ancestors. Gifts from heaven, earth and mankind. ) reflects the etiquette system of the Zhou Dynasty, and is also praised as the "etiquette trilogy" by later generations. The appearance of "Three Rites" indicates that the etiquette of the Zhou Dynasty has reached the stage of systematization and completeness, and the connotation of etiquette has changed from the form of simply offering sacrifices to heaven and earth, ghosts and ancestors to the field of comprehensively restraining people's behavior. The so-called "etiquette 300" and "dignity 3000" put forward by Duke Zhou even praised etiquette above all else. Etiquette in slave society aims at constantly strengthening people's sense of inferiority, so as to safeguard the interests of the ruling class and consolidate its ruling position. Of course, it is undeniable that the "Three Rites", especially the "Zhou Rites", have played an inestimable role in governing the country, educating people, regulating people's behavior and cultivating people's personality.
Etiquette in feudal society marks that etiquette has entered a period of development and change. In this period, the obvious feature of etiquette is to bring people's behavior into the track of feudal morality and form orthodox feudal ethics dominated by Confucianism. During this period, the concept of respecting monarch in slave society was interpreted as a complete system of "divine right of monarch", that is, "only the emperor makes orders from the emperor, the world makes orders from the emperor, the sky remains unchanged, and the Tao remains unchanged", and this "Tao" was embodied as "three cardinal principles and five permanents". According to Confucianism, everything in the world is made up of Yin and Yang, and "Yang" should always be in a dominant position, while "Yin" should always be in a subordinate position. The monarch, father and husband are "yang", while the minister, son and wife are "yin" and should always be subordinate to "yang", so the monarch must be the program of the minister, the father must be the program of the son, and the husband must be the program of the wife. The "five permanents", namely, benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith, are the five principles of feudal ethics.
The "divine right of monarchy" in feudal etiquette exaggerated the power of the emperor; "Three cardinal guides and five permanents" hinder the free development of human personality and equal communication between people. Etiquette in this period became a spiritual shackle that stifled people's freedom of thought.
The Song Dynasty pushed the feudal ethics to a new peak, and the Neo-Confucianism naturalism represented by Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi and Zhu appeared. According to this theory, everything in nature embodies the justice, and the essence of human nature is the embodiment of justice.
The prosperity of "family ceremony" is another feature of etiquette in Song Dynasty. Morality and code of conduct were the focus of feudal ethics in this period, and "three obedience and four virtues" became the moral etiquette standard of women in this period. "Three obedience" means obeying your father at home, marrying your husband, and obeying your son when your husband dies; "Four virtues" refer to "women's virtue" (that is, all words and deeds should conform to loyalty, filial piety, chastity and righteousness), "women's words" (that is, be careful in speaking), "women's appearance" (that is, dress neatly and beautifully) and "women's virtue" (that is, serving in-laws and husbands is the most important thing to do). According to the concept of feudal rulers at that time, as long as everyone was filial at home, loyal to society and filial to their husbands, all classes in feudal society would "live in harmony" and feudal rule would be long-term.
The Ming and Qing Dynasties continued and developed the feudal etiquette since the Song Dynasty, which made the family etiquette system more strict and restricted people's behavior to the category of "see no evil, don't listen if you are indecent, don't say anything if you are indecent, and don't move if you are indecent", thus making the feudal etiquette more perfect.
Answer on 2015-11-24.
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What are the two theories about the origin of etiquette?
1. Etiquette originated from sacrifice. The explanation of the word "Li" in Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi in the Eastern Han Dynasty is: "It is also a blessing of God, so it is also heard from the explanation." It means to put the agreed things into practice and show them to the gods for blessing. The word "Li" is a knowing word, and "Shi" refers to the gods. From this, it can be analyzed that the word "Li" is related to the ancient ritual of offering sacrifices to the gods. 2. Etiquette exists to express one's feelings. When there is no etiquette, people can't express their awe by offering sacrifices to heaven and earth. Then etiquette appeared, just like language, because it was necessary. Later, it expanded and began to salute its elders to show its respect. In the later aristocratic class, it distorted the meaning of etiquette and made it used disrespectfully to highlight its status. As a result, etiquette lost its essence and became etiquette. Showing respect and courtesy is the real ceremony.
Qin soul is the emperor.
Answered on July 29, 2020
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Please talk about the origin of etiquette.
There are different opinions about the origin of ceremony. To sum up, there are five origins: first, the etiquette of the gods; Second, ceremony is the unity of heaven and earth; Third, courtesy comes from human nature; Fourth, courtesy is the product of the contradiction between human nature and environment; Fifth, courtesy comes from reason and comes from vulgarity. From the perspective of historical development, the evolution of etiquette can be divided into four stages. 1. Etiquette origin period: before Xia Dynasty (before 2 1 century BC) 2. Etiquette formation period: Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties (2 1 century BC to 77 1 year BC) 3. Etiquette transition period: Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period (above 7765438 BC)
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