what about the financial statements? How to make a more correct evaluation?

I. Filling in the items in the balance sheet

(I) Filling in the figures at the beginning of the year The figures in the column of "Number at the beginning of the year" in the report are filled in according to the figures listed in the column of "Number at the end of the year" in the balance sheet at the end of last year. If the names and contents of the items in this year's balance sheet are not consistent with those in the previous year, the names and figures of the items in the balance sheet at the end of last year should be adjusted according to the caliber of this year and filled in the column of "Number at the beginning of the year" in the report.

(II) Contents and filling methods of other items in the statement:

1. The item of "monetary funds" reflects the total amount of monetary funds such as cash on hand, deposits from bank settlement accounts, deposits from other places, bank draft deposits, cashier's checks deposits and funds in transit.

2. the "short-term investment" project reflects all kinds of securities that can be realized at any time and held for no more than 1 years and other investments that are no more than 1 years.

3. The project of "Bills Receivable" reflects bills receivable that have not been received by the enterprise and have not been discounted to the bank, including commercial acceptance bills and bank acceptance bills.

4. the "accounts receivable" project reflects all kinds of money that an enterprise should charge the purchasing unit for selling products and providing services.

5. The "bad debt provision" project reflects that the enterprise has withdrawn the bad debt provision that has not been resold.

6. "Prepaid account" project, which reflects the amount paid by the enterprise to the supplier in advance.

7. The project "Subsidies Receivable" reflects various subsidies receivable by enterprises.

8. the "other receivables" project reflects the receivables and temporary payments made by enterprises to other units and individuals.

9. the "inventory" project reflects the actual cost of various inventories of the enterprise at the end of the period, including raw materials, packaging materials, low-value consumables, self-made semi-finished products, finished products, and goods issued by installments.

11. The "prepaid expenses" project reflects the expenses that have been paid by the enterprise but should be amortized in future periods. The start-up expenses of the enterprise, the expenses for improvement and overhaul of leased fixed assets and other expenses to be amortized with an amortization period of more than 1 years should be reflected in the project of "deferred assets" in this table, and are not included in the project figures.

11. the project "net loss of current assets to be processed" reflects the net loss after deducting the inventory gain from the inventory loss and damage of current assets to be resold or otherwise processed found by the enterprise in the property inventory.

12. the "other current assets" project reflects the actual cost of other current assets of the enterprise except the above current assets project.

13. The "long-term investment" project reflects the investment that the enterprise does not intend to realize within 1 years. Bonds that will mature within 1 years in long-term investment should be reflected separately in the project of "Long-term bond investment due within one year" under current assets.

14. the "original price of fixed assets" project and the "accumulated depreciation" project reflect the original price and accumulated depreciation of various fixed assets of the enterprise. The original price and depreciation of the fixed assets leased by financing are also included before the property rights are determined. The original price of fixed assets leased by financing shall be reflected separately in the supplementary information at the bottom of this table.

15. The project of "Fixed Assets Cleaning" reflects the net value of the fixed assets that the enterprise has transferred to cleaning due to sale, damage, scrapping and other reasons, and the clearing of fixed assets

II. How to look at the balance sheet

The balance sheet is an accounting statement that reflects all assets, liabilities and owners' equity of the company on a specific date (end of the month and end of the year). Its basic structure is "assets = liabilities+owners' equity". No matter what state the company is in, this accounting balance will always be constant. The left side reflects the resources owned by the company; The right side reflects the requirements of different owners of the company for these resources. Creditors can claim all the resources of the company, and the company is liable to different creditors with all its assets. After paying all the liabilities, the remaining is the owner's equity, that is, the company's net assets.

We can see the distribution of the company's assets, liabilities and the composition of owners' equity by using the information in the balance sheet, so as to evaluate whether the company's capital operation and financial structure are normal and reasonable; Analyze the company's liquidity or liquidity, as well as the amount of long-term and short-term debts and solvency, and evaluate the company's ability to bear risks; The information provided by this table is also helpful to calculate the profitability of the company and evaluate its operating performance.

when analyzing the balance sheet elements, we should first pay attention to the analysis of asset elements, including:

1 current assets analysis. Analyze the company's cash, various deposits, short-term investments, various receivables and payables, inventory, etc. The current assets are higher than in previous years, indicating that the company's ability to pay and liquidate has increased.

2 long-term investment analysis. Analyze the investment of more than one year, such as company holding, diversification, etc. The increase in long-term investment shows that the company's growth prospects are promising.

3 fixed assets analysis. This is an analysis of physical assets. The figures of fixed assets listed in the balance sheet only indicate the amount of fixed assets that have not been depreciated and depleted under the condition of continuous operation and are expected to be recovered in future periods. Therefore, we should pay special attention to whether depreciation and depletion are reasonable will directly affect the accuracy of the balance sheet, income statement and other statements. Obviously, less depreciation will increase the current profit. However, more depreciation will reduce the current profits, and some companies often lay the groundwork for this.

4 analysis of intangible assets. It mainly analyzes trademark right, copyright, land use right, non-patented technology, goodwill, patent right and so on. Goodwill and other intangible assets without definite reference are generally not accounted for, unless goodwill is formed at the time of purchase or merger. After acquiring intangible assets, they should be registered and amortized within the prescribed time limit.

Secondly, it is necessary to analyze the elements of liabilities, including two aspects:

1 Current liabilities analysis. All current liabilities should be accounted for according to the actual amount. The key to analysis is to avoid omissions, and all liabilities should be reflected in the balance sheet.

2 analysis of long-term liabilities. Including long-term loans, bonds payable, long-term payables, etc. Due to the different forms of long-term liabilities, we should pay attention to the analysis and understanding of the creditors of the company.

finally, the analysis of shareholders' equity includes four aspects: share capital, capital reserve, surplus reserve and undistributed profit. The analysis of shareholders' equity is mainly to understand the different forms of invested capital and ownership structure in shareholders' equity, and to understand the priority payment order of each element in shareholders' equity. When looking at the balance sheet, it should be combined with the income statement, mainly involving capital profit and inventory turnover rate. The former is an indicator reflecting profitability, while the latter is an indicator reflecting operational ability.

third, how to look at the income statement

The income statement is based on "revenue-expense = profit", which mainly reflects the net income of the company after deducting operating expenses in a certain period. Through the income statement, we can generally evaluate the operating performance and management success of listed companies, so as to evaluate the investment value and reward of investors. The income statement includes two aspects: first, it reflects the company's income and expenses, and explains the company's profit or loss amount in a certain period, so as to analyze the company's economic benefits and profitability and evaluate the company's management performance; The other part reflects the source of the company's financial achievements, and explains the proportion of the company's various profit sources in the total profit, as well as the relationship between these sources. The income statement is analyzed from two aspects:

1. Income project analysis. The company obtains all kinds of operating income by selling products and providing services, and can also provide resources for others to use to obtain non-operating income such as rent and interest. An increase in income means an increase in assets or a decrease in liabilities.

included in the income account are cash income received in the current period, bills receivable or accounts receivable, which are recorded at the actual amount received or book value.

2. Cost project analysis. Expense is the deduction of income, and the confirmation and deduction of expense is directly related to the company's profit. Therefore, when analyzing expense projects, we should first pay attention to whether the contents of expenses are appropriate, and confirm that expenses should implement the accrual basis principle, historical cost principle, and the principle of dividing revenue expenditure and capital expenditure. Secondly, it is necessary to analyze the structure and changing trend of costs and expenses, analyze the percentage of various expenses in operating income, analyze whether the cost structure is reasonable, and find out the reasons for unreasonable expenses. At the same time, it analyzes each item of expenses to see the trend of increase and decrease of each item, so as to judge the management level and financial situation of the company and predict the development prospect of the company.

when reading the income statement, you should contact the financial statement of the listed company. It mainly explains the production and operation of the company; Profit realization and distribution; Accounts receivable and inventory turnover; Changes in various properties and materials; The payment of taxes; Matters that are expected to have a significant impact on the company's financial position in the next accounting period. The financial statement provides detailed information for financial analysis to understand and evaluate the company's financial situation.

how to look at the cash flow statement

the cash flow statement is a report that reflects the information of cash inflow and outflow of listed companies. The cash here not only refers to the cash in the safe of the accounting department, but also includes bank deposits, short-term securities investments and other monetary funds. The cash flow statement can tell us the cash income and expenditure activities and the net increase of cash flow generated by the company's business activities, investment activities and fund-raising activities, thus helping us to analyze the company's liquidity and payment ability, and then grasp the company's viability, development ability and ability to adapt to market changes.

The cash flow of municipal companies can be divided into the following five aspects:

1. Cash flow from operating activities: reflecting the cash inflow, outflow and net flow caused by the company's normal business, such as increasing cash inflow from commodity sales income and export tax rebate, increasing cash outflow from purchasing raw materials, paying taxes and salaries of personnel, and so on;

2. Cash flow from investment activities: it reflects the cash receipts and payments activities and results caused by the company's acquisition and disposal of securities investment, fixed assets and intangible assets, such as cash income from selling factories and cash outflow caused by foreign investment such as buying stocks and bonds;

3. Cash flow from fund-raising activities: refers to the cash income and expenditure activities and results caused by the company in the process of raising funds, such as absorbing equity, distributing dividends, issuing bonds, obtaining loans and returning loans;

4. Cash flow generated by extraordinary projects: refers to the cash flow caused by abnormal economic activities, such as accepting donations or donating others, and imposing fines on cash receipts and payments;

5. Investment and fund-raising activities that do not involve cash receipts and payments: This is a kind of information that is very important to shareholders. Although these activities will not cause cash receipts and payments in the current period, they will have even a very significant impact on future cash flows. Such activities are mainly reflected in the column of supplementary information, such as paying off debts with foreign investment and investing in fixed assets abroad.

The cash flow statement is mainly analyzed from three aspects:

1. Changes in net cash flow and short-term solvency. If the net cash flow in this period increases, it shows that the company's short-term solvency is enhanced and its financial situation is improved; On the contrary, it shows that the company's financial situation is more difficult. Of course, the bigger the net cash flow, the better. If the company's net cash flow is too large, it shows that the company has failed to effectively use this part of the funds, which is actually a waste of resources.

2. The structure of cash inflow and the long-term stability of the company. Operating activities are the company's main business, and the cash flow provided by such activities can be continuously used for investment to regenerate new cash. The more cash flow from the main business, the stronger the stability of the company's development. The company's investment activity is to find an investment place for idle funds, while the fund-raising activity is to raise funds for business activities. The cash flow generated by these two activities is auxiliary and serves the main business. This part of the cash flow is too large, indicating the lack of financial stability of the company.

3. Cash flow generated from investment activities and fund-raising activities and the future development of the company. When analyzing investment activities, investors must pay attention to whether to invest internally or externally. The increase of cash outflow from domestic investment means the increase of fixed assets and intangible assets, indicating that the company is expanding, and such a company has good growth; If the cash flow of domestic investment increases significantly, it means that the normal business activities of the company have not fully absorbed the existing funds, and the utilization efficiency of funds needs to be improved; The cash inflow of foreign investment has increased significantly, which means that the company's existing funds can not meet the business needs, and funds have been introduced from outside; If the cash outflow of foreign investment increases significantly, it shows that the company is making profits through non-main business activities. How to make the company's financial statements How to make the financial statements _ _ Kingdee Friends Business Network

How to make the analysis of the financial statements? The author believes that it can be summarized as "three tables are the main points, and the ratio is the center; Combination of point and surface, comparison is the key ". That is to say, starting with three main statements: income statement, balance sheet and cash flow statement, complete information is collected, and the economic indicators of enterprises in different periods are compared and analyzed by using financial ratios. The analysis requires pertinence and integrity, and special analysis can also be focused on major business matters. Financial analysis can be roughly divided into five parts: the first part is the analysis of business performance. Under normal circumstances, users of accounting statements pay more attention to the business situation of enterprises. When they get a report, they often look at the business results first, that is, how much profit and other indicators have been completed, how much benefit they have achieved, and whether they have increased compared with the same period in history. Financial analysis must first meet the needs of users of this part of accounting statements. Generally, it can be analyzed from the following aspects: 1. Analysis of the completion of the indicators set at the beginning of the year: According to the annual business objectives set by the enterprise, it mainly analyzes the completion of the main business to check whether the business is developing according to the predetermined objectives and predict the progress in subsequent periods. By comparing the actual implementation results with the expected goals, find out the differences. Compared with the same period of the previous year, because the external environment and internal environment are changing, it may be influenced by the outside world for a long time, so it is generally better to collect financial information in the last three years. For example, the analysis of income statement projects can be based on the comparison percentage method, that is, all the indicators in the first phase of the comparison period are set to 111%, and the report data in subsequent periods are converted into the percentage of the data in the first phase, so as to find out the changes and development trends of each project, and then focus on some projects with large differences. This is more intuitive and easy to understand. The impact of other businesses on the completion of the target will not be too great, and it can be simply analyzed; However, we should pay attention to some new businesses, such as developing new markets and new products, or do some special analysis to help report users make correct judgments and decisions. 2. Profitability analysis: Profit index is the most important economic benefit index of an enterprise. The analysis of this indicator should focus on the profit and loss of the main business. Enterprises with foreign trade import and export rights can be divided into two parts: foreign trade and domestic sales, while the analysis of the profit and loss of other non-main businesses and non-operating income and expenditure can be simpler. money