As we all know, the sewage discharge from industrial enterprises and the unreasonable use of fertilizers and pesticides have caused the pollution of rural water sources, the pollution of rapidly developing intensive farms, and the littering of domestic sewage and wastes. , have seriously affected the water environment. In addition, soil erosion, drought and flood disasters, engineering construction, agricultural reclamation and straw burning have increasingly affected the water environment.
Second, soil erosion and soil erosion
Soil erosion refers to the loss and destruction of soil and water resources and land productivity under the action of external forces such as water power, gravity and wind, including surface erosion and soil erosion of land. This has caused the further aggravation of non-point source pollution, which is scattered and wide, difficult to monitor and control, and cannot be measured by emission standards. The carriers of non-point source pollution are mainly concentrated in surface runoff, and the pollutants are mainly nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus and pesticides.
Soil erosion directly affects the quantity and quality of water environment, mainly in:
1. Erosion sediment itself is a non-point source pollutant, which causes sediment deposition and water turbidity in rivers and lakes, and reduces the flood control and drainage function of rivers and lakes;
2. Erosion runoff and sediment carry a large number of pollutants such as fertilizers and pesticides into the water body, resulting in eutrophication of the water body and deterioration of the water environment;
3. Due to the erosion of sediment and the entry of pollutants such as fertilizers, pesticides and germs, the living environment of aquatic organisms is affected, and then the growth of aquatic organisms is affected. Therefore, soil erosion not only destroys agricultural resources, causes soil degradation and reduces land productivity, but also causes non-point source pollution and water quality deterioration of water environment, which has become one of the main problems facing rural water environment today.
Third, frequent droughts and floods have aggravated the deterioration of rural water environment.
There are frequent natural disasters in our city, and 70% of the precipitation is mainly concentrated in the flood season, or even several rainstorms in the flood season. The annual abundance and drought change greatly, and it is easy to form a situation in which either waterlogging or drought occurs alternately. Some tributaries are seriously polluted. With the continuous improvement of farmers' living standards, a large number of non-degradable substances such as plastics, glass, used batteries and worn-out clothes are produced, and villages, fields, ponds and ditches can be seen everywhere. Domestic waste, like industrial waste, has a very low utilization rate. Most of it is piled up in the suburbs and villages, which not only occupies a lot of cultivated land, but also may spread viruses and bacteria. Its leakage liquid pollutes surface water and groundwater, resulting in the deterioration of water environment. In the dry season, the domestic sewage and wastes of these residents accumulate in the river, but in the flood season, most of the inferior water and polluted water accumulated in tributaries are discharged centrally, which seriously affects the water quality of the main stream and lakes along the river. The discharge of sewage also affects the urban water supply along the river and the fishery culture in the downstream lakes. Non-point source pollution has the greatest impact on water quality after rainstorm, especially during several major floods in the 1990s, when a large area of land was flooded, basic sanitation facilities were severely damaged, and feces, garbage, livestock pens and drowned poultry and livestock in disaster areas caused environmental and water pollution.
Fourth, the general idea of rural water environment protection and governance.
Our city is located in Huaibei Plain, with abundant water resources. We should study and calculate the water environmental capacity, make full use of the self-purification ability of water bodies, and control the pollution sources on this basis. When formulating water environmental protection measures, we should combine our own economic and environmental characteristics and adjust measures to local conditions to find water environmental control and protection measures suitable for our city. Only in this way can we achieve the unity of economic benefits and environmental benefits and achieve the purpose of governing and protecting the water environment.
Five, rural water environment protection and comprehensive management countermeasures
Rural water environmental protection: including water quantity and quality. Strictly speaking, rural water environmental protection planning should be carried out on the basis of meeting certain water quality objectives, scientifically control water use, save water, maintain good water quality of water bodies, prevent water sources from drying up and realize rational allocation of water resources. At the same time, it is necessary to speed up the reform of regional water management system, that is, the reform of water system, and carry out unified management of water supply, water saving, drainage, reclaimed water reuse, sewage treatment and other wading affairs. Unified management of regional water resources is an inevitable trend of reform.
Sixth,? Strengthen soil and water conservation management and take the road of ecological agriculture.
Change the traditional farming methods without soil and water conservation measures to prevent soil erosion and reduce the loss of sediment, nutrients and pesticides. With the strict control and comprehensive treatment of point pollution sources, the control of non-point pollution sources is an aspect that can not be ignored when considering water pollution control. However, the control of non-point source pollution involves policy, management technology, market supervision and farmers' cooperation, and there are many constraints in agriculture, such as the irreplaceability of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the control of non-point source pollution and take the road of ecological agriculture. First of all, we should fully consider the characteristics of rural areas, implement ecological balanced fertilization technology and ecological regulation technology, and control the large-scale application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides from the source; Second, effective soil and water conservation management can prevent erosion, reduce runoff and control water quality degradation. Third, in solving the problem of soil erosion, we must fully rely on the self-repair ability of nature as the core guiding ideology. Even if artificial management is carried out, its purpose is to give full play to nature's self-repair ability. Fourth, combine water-saving irrigation technology to improve the efficiency of agricultural water and fertilizer utilization.
Fundamentally speaking, agricultural production in our city must take the road of ecological agriculture and do a good job in industrial structure adjustment; At the same time, engineering measures, administrative measures and technical measures are taken to create conditions for nature's self-repair and enhance its self-repair ability. Only in this way can we effectively curb the development trend of soil erosion and realize the sustainable development of water environment and agriculture in our city.
Seven, make full use of rain and flood resources, promote pest control, flood control and drought relief simultaneously.
Adhere to people-oriented, scientific prevention and control, make full use of various advanced forecasting technologies and means, give full play to the role of water conservancy projects, make timely use of flood storage and detention areas and flood diversion channels, make reasonable arrangements for "blocking, dividing, storing, storing, blocking and discharging", strictly defend and scientifically rescue, so as to keep the flood under control all the time and realize scientific and effective flood prevention and control. In the special planning of water conservancy, do not encroach on the flood channel, pay attention to giving up a certain width to the channel to prevent the adverse consequences caused by artificial restraint of the channel; Dike construction should be planned in a unified way and adapted to local conditions. In flood control work, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of flood diversion and storage areas and make scientific and rational use of them.
From simple flood control and disaster reduction to considering flood control and disaster reduction, how to make full use of rain and flood resources and benefit mankind more. First of all, we must protect the precious water resources. Secondly, we should deal with drought and water shortage according to local conditions, and solve the problem of uneven time distribution according to conventional practices, mainly by repairing reservoirs, ponds and storing more water. However, we must clearly realize that the agricultural water conservancy facilities in our city have low disaster resistance, and the water shortage problem cannot be fundamentally solved by water storage projects such as repairing reservoirs. Building a water-saving society is the most fundamental and effective strategic measure to solve the problem of drought and water shortage in our city.
Eight, increase the implementation of rural drinking water safety special projects.
Take comprehensive prevention and control measures that combine engineering measures with non-engineering measures, water quality control with water source protection, strengthen the monitoring of rural drinking water quality, and effectively solve the problem of rural drinking water safety.