● The opening of the exploitation right of Bohai Oilfield has brought huge losses, and the impact on China's energy will be long-term. China's next oil challenge is unprecedented and arduous.
This is the scene of China inland sea oil field when the US military attacked Iraq like an arrow on the string, and the first oil war in the new century is imminent.
65438+1 October 3, crude oil gushed out of Chengdao West Oilfield in the shallow sea area with the water depth of only 25 feet (1foot = 0.3048 meters) in the south of Bohai Bay, Shandong Province. EDC, a subsidiary of NYSENBL, and Sinopec opened the floodgates of the oil pipeline together. A 5-mile (1 mile = 1.609344 km) long oil pipeline sent crude oil ashore and sold it to Sinopec. On the same day, three oil wells produced oil with a daily output of 6,000 barrels. During this week, the remaining dozens of wells will be started one after another, and the production capacity will reach 1 10,000 barrels per day (with an annual output of 400,000 tons).
The Financial Times got the news from Shengli Oilfield that the contract area of Chengdao West Block is 1.49 square kilometers, and the proven petroleum geological reserves reach 50 million tons. EDC has invested a total of 900 million yuan in this project, holding 57% of the oil exploration rights, and Sinopec, the partner, holds 43% of the oil exploration rights. The two parties share the products according to this right. Pat mckesson, general manager of EDC Company, predicts that EDC will make a profit of at least 65,438 billion pounds on this project every year.
This is just a "short story" for Bohai Bay Oilfield with a total reserve of more than 3 billion tons (it is estimated that at least/kloc-0.5 billion tons of reserves can be found here in the future, bringing the total reserves to 4.5 billion tons)-to quote a Sinopec employee, Chengdao West is "just the tip of the iceberg".
Bohai Bay: "Daqing at Sea"
The reporter learned that the annual output of 200/kloc-0 in Bohai Oilfield is close to 6 million tons, and it is expected to reach 2 1 10,000 tons in 2005, and the oil output in Bohai will reach nearly 15% of the national output, equivalent to half of the total offshore oil output in China. At present, the oil production of Liaohe, Shengli, North China and Dagang oilfields on the surrounding land has exceeded 40% of the whole country.
At least six famous international oil giants, including Phillips ConocoPhillips, Chevron, China Commercial Aircraft, Texaco, Apache, Canadian Dynasty Energy (Canada) and other Chinese mainland companies, have obtained the oil exploration rights in Bohai Bay, and EDC is only one of them.
On the last day of 2002, Xinhua News Agency published a less noticeable news: the first phase of Penglai 19-3 Oilfield, the largest offshore oil field in China, was put into production a few days ago, with a maximum design capacity of 40,000 barrels of oil equivalent per day (with an annual production capacity of about 2 million tons).
Penglai 19-3 Oilfield is the second largest comprehensive oilfield discovered in China after Daqing Oilfield on land. It is estimated that its annual crude oil production will exceed100000 tons, accounting for almost half of the oil production in Bohai Sea. Its reserves are estimated to be about 2.6 billion barrels (about
More than 350 million tons), and has the potential for further evaluation, which can be called "the jewel in the crown". Phillips Oil Company, the predecessor of Continental Phillips Company, was discovered in 1999. At present, Philips China Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Philips China"), a subsidiary of Philips in mainland China, has cooperated with CNOOC. As the operator of the project, Phillips China is said to own 49% of the interests, and CNOOC owns 5 1% of the interests.
In other words, almost half of the crude oil in this oil field belongs to the United States. In fact, the prospect of oil in the whole Bohai Sea is the same. Many offshore oil fields in China are exploited in cooperation with foreign countries.
International oil giants carve up Bohai Bay
This makes people who care about energy development in China scold their mothers-the originally barren oil resources have been harvested by these "venture capital" overseas-and the exploration contracts of Sino-foreign joint venture projects are mostly in the 1990s.
It was signed before the mid-term At that time, China was basically self-sufficient in crude oil, and the oil price was not in line with international standards. The exploration risk of offshore oil is extremely high, and the exploitation cost is 3-5 times higher than that of onshore oil. 1China exploration in early 990
The technology, experience and capital for exploration, development and exploitation of offshore oil are far from enough, so selling concessions to foreign oil companies has become an important means for China to exploit offshore oil.
Chengdao West and Penglai 19-3 oilfields are "problems left over from history". When the oil in Bohai Bay entered the harvest period, CNOOC was undoubtedly the biggest beneficiary, and foreign oil companies also enjoyed the joy of success.
In fact, the exploration success rate of Bohai Oilfield has remained above 50% for six consecutive years, far higher than the world level of 35%. The exploration results also show that the oil field is of high texture. According to the previous theory, the oil layer may be in the deep layer below 2000m, but the shallow layer of 1000m has gained a lot: the oil reserves discovered in more than one year are equivalent to all the discoveries in the history of this area, and seven oil fields with reserves exceeding 65438+ 1 100 million tons have been discovered. Encouraged by recent exploration results, 17 overseas companies are conducting a new round of exploration in the narrow area of Bohai Bay.
It is reported that there are several ways of cooperation between China and foreign countries: development contract (developing areas with proven crude oil reserves), contract for increasing production, single well contract (foreign exploration, once an oil area is discovered, the rights and interests will be exercised according to the contract), and integrated contract for crude oil exploration, development and production. China generally requires overseas companies that have obtained exploration rights to invest a certain proportion of funds in regional exploration. Generally speaking, CNOOC gets 5 1% equity, and the foreign party gets 49% revenue.
However, there are exceptions. For example, in the cooperation of Chengdao western project, EDC's income is greater than Sinopec's. ED C explained to the Financial Times that before 1997, China only explored more than 30 million tons of oil geological reserves, but after 1997, EDC put into production in the west of Chengdao, and the total oil reserves explored in this area reached more than 50 million tons, so it has the leading exploitation right in this area so far.
China's oil shortage is staggering.
Compared with the closed oilfields in the United States, China has further increased its reserves after "9. 1 1" and only exploited foreign oil. This policy left over from history is not very clever. At present, the rumored National Energy Commission is about to be established.
This news also reflects the general call that the establishment of strategic oil reserves should be put on the agenda as soon as possible.
At present, oil accounts for about 20% of China's energy structure, while the global average is 40%. As the output of old onshore oil fields begins to decline, the total demand for mineral resources such as oil, natural gas and copper in China in the next 20 years will be at least 25 times of the current reserves, and the oil demand gap will exceed 6 billion tons. Under the pressure of environmental protection and international public opinion, China's coal output has decreased from 65.438+300 million tons in the past to 900 million tons now. Since 200 1, China's crude oil import has reached 70 million tons, which is about to exceed 1 ton, which is close to 1/3 of oil consumption. By 20 10 and 20 15 years, the annual oil demand in China may reach 360-430 million tons, and the annual import may reach1800-250 million tons. 80% of the imports may come from the Middle East, and almost all of them are transported by tankers through the Straits of Malacca.
Therefore, the US-Iraq war will do great harm to China's economy. Some people think that if the war drags on for one year, the annual growth rate of China's economy will be reduced by one or two percentage points-because China has almost no strategic reserves (the strategic reserves of the United States are equivalent to its three-month imports). After the United States strikes Iraq, it may put pressure on Iran, another oil-producing country, which is currently China's largest source of oil imports.
Changes in national petroleum policy
China is striving to diversify its import sources and methods, and the Sino-Russian oil pipeline plan is an example. According to plan, it will be put into use in 2005. In the first five years, China imported 20 million tons of oil every year, and after 20 10, it increased to 30 million tons.
Recently, however, it was reported that the end of the oil pipeline is no longer Daqing, but Nakhodka Port on the Pacific coast, because neither Japan nor South Korea want to "buy oil from China people". Recently, when Japanese Prime Minister Koizumi visited Russia, he even provided Russia with $5 billion in preferential loans to support the construction of an oil pipeline bypassing China. This made Putin waver-after China Oil Company was forced to withdraw from the bidding auction of the famous Russian Slavic Oil Company. Russia will not allow China to get their hands on their oil companies.
Therefore, China resumed its plan to build a 3,000-kilometer oil pipeline from Kazakstan to Xinjiang. The oil transportation volume is only 500,000 barrels per day, which is not economical in itself. At the same time, due to the US military attack on Afghanistan, five Central Asian countries have approached the United States, and the original environment for building oil pipelines has also undergone subtle changes. China Petroleum's Central Asia strategy is also in an awkward position.
At the same time, China's three major oil companies are desperately expanding their overseas territories, which also means the change of national oil policy.
PetroChina's main investments are concentrated in Sudan and Kazakhstan, and it also has operations in Venezuela, Peru and Canada. In 2002, China Petroleum announced the acquisition of Indonesian oil and gas assets of Dai Wen Energy Company for US$ 265.438+06 billion, hoping to achieve overseas sales income of US$ 4 billion to US$ 5 billion by 2005. In 2002, China Offshore Oil Corporation spent $654.38+0.2 billion to acquire three oil and gas fields in Australia and Indonesia, and plans to spend $654.38+0 billion on overseas business expansion during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, so as to obtain 2 million to 3 million tons of oil every year by 2005. Recently, Sinopec and CITIC also indicated that they are acquiring overseas oilfield assets.
better late than never
At the same time, the licensing of domestic exploration rights has been significantly tightened. According to informed sources, in recent two or three years, it has been difficult to sell exploration rights to foreign oil companies in areas like Bohai Oilfield. In those areas after the expiration of exploration rights, CNOOC undertook independent exploration tasks and achieved certain results. On June 22nd, 2002, 10, CNOOC announced that the pre-exploration well Jinzhou 25- 1s- 1 was successful, and it was the operator of 100% interest in this block.
Regarding the progress of Penglai 19-3 project, the insiders said that at present, CNOOC and Phillips China still have differences on some sensitive issues, such as whether the project should be developed as a whole or in different regions.
. CNOOC hopes to adopt an overall development plan, which is conducive to improving the effective utilization of oil resources and ensuring the interests of China, but the two sides have not reached an agreement on this.
1) Four major trends of world petrochemical industry development
First of all, the sustainable development of the petroleum industry places more emphasis on corporate social responsibility.
The theme of this petroleum conference is "petroleum industry, pursuing excellent performance and undertaking the responsibility of serving the society". The petroleum industry has played a great role in promoting human civilization and social progress, but at the same time it has also caused pollution to the living environment of human beings and had a negative impact on global climate change and world economic development. In order to maintain the sustainable development of petroleum and petrochemical industry, many countries in the world are committed to developing clean production technology and alternative energy sources. The congress called on oil companies to shoulder the responsibility of serving the society while pursuing outstanding performance, and to work closely with the government to strengthen dialogue and jointly create an energy future, which is a major issue related to the right to life of mankind.
Second, technological progress is the basic driving force for discovering new oil and gas fields and increasing oil and gas reserves.
At this conference, experts from all over the world pointed out that the progress of exploration and development technology plays a decisive role when summing up the experience of deep-water and ultra-deep-water oil and gas exploration and development in recent years and discovering new oil fields under the old oil fields.
Third, the issue of oil as an alternative energy source has received extensive attention.
Experts believe that GTL technology and LNG technology can get better economic benefits in the future market. Although GTL and LNG can never replace all traditional fuels due to economic problems, GTL, as a high-quality and environmentally-friendly vehicle fuel, will account for 65,438+00% of global diesel fuel in the next 65,438+05, and GTL and LNG will play an important role in solving world energy problems.
Four, oil refining and petrochemical integration, make full use of oil resources, improve product competitiveness.
Refineries and petrochemical plants supply each other with raw materials, and the overall optimization, especially the production of low-carbon olefins, especially propylene as petrochemical raw materials, has made the combination of refineries and petrochemical plants closer and become a general trend in the development of the world petroleum industry.
2) Under the rising trend of seeking "green", chemical enterprises have no choice but to break through the "green" barrier as soon as possible to cater to this year's chemical enterprises.
In 2002, for chemical enterprises, the most sensitive word was green. No matter chemical fertilizers, pesticides, paints and dyes, they are all affected by green to some extent-some enterprises are struggling or even have no choice; Some enterprises have also attracted many people's attention through green slogans. What does green mean to chemical enterprises in the coming year 2003? 2002 is the first year after China joined the WTO. In this year, more opening up allowed more domestic products to go out and more foreign products to come in. With the sharp increase in exports, international barriers to various products have also appeared, and green barriers are the most encountered in China's export products this year. The export of tea is blocked, the export of vegetables is blocked, the export of fruits is blocked, and the export of clothing is blocked ... A series of products are blocked, almost all of which are related to the chemical industry, and many chemical residues are too high to be an excuse for products to be blocked. Next, people who don't know the truth regard chemical products as the source of all evil, and even chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which have been the protector of agricultural production for many years, are not spared. Green barriers come first, and green agriculture has to abandon traditional fertilizers and pesticides, so many domestic enterprises have to sit down and discuss countermeasures.
Despite the pressure from abroad, this year, China set off waves of activities with the slogan of green. In February and March this year, some voices first appeared in Beijing, questioning the upcoming interior wall coating standards, which triggered a heated debate on "protecting the national standard" and "resisting the national standard". What is very different from the past is that this debate is not because the national standard is too strict, but because enterprises think that the national standard is too broad and not as strict as enterprise standards or local standards. Although the argument ended with a company withdrawing from the association, it showed people's unusual love for green. Technical disputes in the chemical industry have also attracted unprecedented attention. This debate is not over yet. Just before and after the official implementation of the national interior wall coating standard, a coating company in Shanghai also questioned the national standard through the media, and thought that the requirements for harmful substances in the standard were too broad, which was not conducive to the development of the industry. Because of this, it also led to the direct war between the two companies. For a time, whether the standard is' green' revived. Aside from the initial motivation of the two companies to challenge the national standard of coatings, at least these two companies are famous for their green.
In this way, 2002 passed. No one does not believe that the pursuit of green in the new year will be more persistent. In this growing trend of seeking "green", chemical enterprises are unreasonable, and they can neither complain about others nor talk about conditions, but only cater to them. As far as pesticides are concerned, the present situation that highly toxic pesticides occupy a high proportion in China is bound to change in the next two years. It is an inevitable trend that high-residue and high-toxicity pesticides will withdraw from the stage and low-residue and low-toxicity pesticides will play the leading role. However, there are many difficulties, such as few products with independent intellectual property rights, insufficient development ability, and scattered enterprises without forming large groups. The adjustment of product structure needs the adjustment of industry and the integration of enterprises. This not only brings challenges to pesticide enterprises, but also provides new development opportunities. Product structure adjustment is the survival way of pesticide production enterprises. We should actively develop and find alternative products with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue, use various technical means to improve and improve the effect of low toxicity and low efficiency, carefully guard against all kinds of business risks that may be brought about by the product transition period, and seize the commanding heights of product competition as soon as possible. This is the only choice for pesticide enterprises.
Fertilizer enterprises will also be subject to stricter green restrictions in the new year. It is reported that the "Draft Notice on Printing and Distributing Pilot Sewage Charge Standards and Related Issues" formulated by the State Planning Commission, the Ministry of Finance, the State Environmental Protection Administration and the State Economic and Trade Commission has been issued. The issuance of the notice shows that the state will substantially increase the sewage charges. According to the calculation of relevant parties, if the sewage charges are charged according to the new standards, it will be about 5 times of the current charging standards. Take the small nitrogenous fertilizer industry as an example. According to preliminary estimates, the sewage charges of urea plant are 654.38+360 million yuan, ammonium bicarbonate plant is 654.38+870 million yuan, and small nitrogen fertilizer industry is 323 million yuan. With the addition of waste gas, waste residue and noise charges, the new standard charges are 80% higher than the old standard. It is reported that the fertilizer import quota of China will exceed100000 tons in the new year. In this way, under the pressure of environmental protection, green production and import, the phenomenon of oversupply in fertilizer production enterprises will become increasingly serious. The closure and transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises, the re-division of the sphere of influence of large enterprises ... all these will be carried out in a broader and more specific way around green.
It is reported that next year, the relevant state departments will focus on counterfeiting in the paint industry (in fact, counterfeiting green), and some small workshops that counterfeit brand-name products will withdraw from the market, and brand-name products that are full of green and marketable will have greater room for development. Energy-saving and low-pollution waterborne coatings, high-solid coatings, powder coatings, solvent-free coatings and radiation-cured coatings will be promising. The annual output of coatings in China is 2 million tons. It is reported that there are as many as 8,000 manufacturers, and the overall development trend of the market is that supply exceeds demand. In this situation, green has almost become the only standard for coating enterprises to survive the fittest. If you pass the green pass, you will pass the survival pass, otherwise you will be eliminated.
The green trend is vast, those who follow it prosper, and those who go against it die. For chemical enterprises, in the new year, if you still have a little money, if you still have a little technology, if you still have a little competitive ambition, then unswervingly investing in green is the only way to continue.
3) Equipment transformation and comprehensive maintenance management are the main means to maximize the efficiency of production devices today.
Shanxi Sanwei Group Company has maintained a strong momentum of synchronous growth of 14 output value, profits and taxes. What makes 3D company create such outstanding performance? With this question, the reporter went deep into the company and conducted a field interview.
Sanwei Group is one of the 520 key enterprises in China and 34 advantageous enterprises in Shanxi Province. It is a national large-scale first-class high-tech enterprise focusing on organic chemicals and fine chemicals. Its leading products are polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl acetate emulsion (white latex) and 1, 4- butanediol (BDO). From 1994 to 1996, the company was rated as' National Advanced Enterprise in Quality and Benefit' for three consecutive years, and 1997 entered the ranks of' Modern Management Enterprises in Shanxi Province' for the first time, and it was' Excellent Enterprise in Shanxi Province'.
Introduce the latest technology, transform old equipment and improve the modernization level of the device. Over the years, the company has been working closely with many scientific research institutions at home and abroad, relying on new technologies and new processes to continuously transform old production devices to ensure the continuous improvement of production capacity and maintain the leading position in the same industry. By adopting new technology, the company reformed the three distillation towers (T0-203) and the four receiving towers (TQ-504) in the process of polyvinyl alcohol production, used the original tower body, adopted a new type of tray with high mass and heat transfer efficiency, and increased the tower height, which doubled the production capacity of the device and met the needs of enterprise expansion.
During the expansion of PVA plant from 6.5438+0.5 million tons/year to 22,000 tons/year, the company cooperated with more than a dozen scientific research units and universities at home and abroad, introduced the latest foreign scientific research achievements, and industrialized them after digestion and absorption. Together with Tsinghua University * * *, they jointly developed and built the largest synthesis reactor in China, adopted advanced and unique internal components, optimized the fluidization state of catalyst and medium, and improved the reaction conversion rate by 20%. In the polymerization system, a series of products with different polymerization degrees of 1700 ~ 3200 can be produced by using a double-layer spiral belt stirred polymerization kettle device, which increases the number of PVA varieties to more than 20.
In addition, the DCS distributed control system has greatly improved the stability of PVA production process and reduced the material consumption by 60%. The company also extended the DCS distributed control system to industrial boilers, calcium carbide furnaces, lime kilns and other traditional equipment, which enabled most production lines and public works to realize automatic control. According to statistics, after adopting DCS distributed control system, the production cost of products is reduced by 26.3%, and the annual benefit is 29.83 million yuan.
Using computer technology to promote the modernization of equipment management and maintenance, while improving the technical level of equipment, the company also pays great attention to the improvement of equipment management and maintenance level to ensure the stable operation of equipment and give full play to its maximum efficiency.
The company has established a local area network within the enterprise, and used "PIS equipment management software" to manage the technical parameters, performance characteristics, manufacturers, maintenance plans, maintenance records, etc. of all equipment by computer, realizing paperless and networked equipment management system, with clear assets, clear information and detailed information, and equipment management has reached a new level.
Through the condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of key equipment and core components, the company carries out targeted predictive maintenance, so that a large number of minor faults are eliminated in the bud, ensuring good operation and avoiding big losses and unplanned downtime.
In view of the problem that flanges and valves in production devices are prone to medium leakage, the company introduced the fast plugging technology with pressure, which realized online fault repair and saved the day many times. Popularize the application of brush plating and thermal technology to deal with damaged shafts, sleeves and teeth urgently, solve the urgent need of production many times, and save a lot of maintenance costs.
Establish and improve the equipment management system to ensure the safe operation of equipment. The company has established a four-level management method, in which the deputy general manager is fully responsible, the functional departments fully cooperate, and the factory workshops are specifically focused, and the equipment technology and maintenance personnel directly focus on it. Adhere to the system of daily patrol, weekly meeting and monthly inspection, and implement full-time and whole-process equipment management. In recent years, the leakage rate of dynamic seal point is kept below 0.3‰, the leakage rate of static seal is kept below 0. 1, and the operation rate of key equipment is above 99%.
With the continuous operation of new equipment and technology, higher requirements are put forward for the quality of maintenance personnel. To this end, the company ordered a large number of equipment professional books and periodicals, requiring maintenance personnel to study hard and improve their comprehensive quality. At the same time, on-the-job training and technical competitions will be held to improve the practical skills of maintenance workers. In recent years, the company has also cooperated with the local labor department to conduct skill appraisal for 350 employees in five types of work, such as electrical, locksmith, welding, instrument and stoker, and implemented the system of holding certificates.
In order to further improve the sense of responsibility and work efficiency of maintenance personnel, the company implemented the maintenance man-hour system to quantify and refine the maintenance tasks and complete the fixed payment. Take out 300 ~ 500 yuan from the salary of each maintenance worker as the fixed salary of maintenance hours, and gradually realize the full sense of paying according to work; For maintenance, the backward calculation method of man-hour contract and downtime deduction is implemented; Safety, quality, labor discipline and work attitude are assessed in the form of responsibility system. In the next step, the company will start the centralized, professional and market-oriented operation reform of maintenance, solve the disadvantages of idle maintenance human resources and shortage in busy hours, and realize the optimal allocation and comprehensive utilization of maintenance personnel. 14 192