By the Qing dynasty, ancestral temples had spread all over the country, and ancestral temples were the center of clan power and theocracy. The chief sacrificial zongzi in the ancestral hall is equivalent to the son of heaven; The patriarch who manages the whole family affairs is equivalent to the prime minister; Wan Yan Zheng and Zong Zhi are equivalent to the ministers of Rites and Punishments. The ancestral hall embodies the characteristics of patriarchal clan system and national integration.
Ancestral hall (zō ngcí), also known as ancestral hall, ancestral hall, ancestral hall, ancestral hall. It is a place to set up ancestral tablets, hold ancestor worship activities, engage in family propaganda, enforce family rules and regulations, and hold banquets. Folk architecture in family ancestral temple can be traced back to the Tang and Five Dynasties. Putian Erythrina Jinzifang ancestral hall was built in the late Tang Dynasty. The Huangshi Ancestral Hall in Hanjiang Village was built in the first year of Renzong in the Northern Song Dynasty (Huangcun, Wuyuan County, Huizhou City 1032 Huangshi Ancestral Hall)
Year). By the Southern Song Dynasty, the Lin family in Putian "built ancestral halls" and "offered sacrifices". (Complete Works of Song Lian, Volume 12) Jianyang Chenjia Temple was founded in the Yuan Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, ancestral temples were built on a large scale in various places. At this time, after long-term development and reproduction, the clans in Fujian increased day by day, and the clans made great efforts to unite the clans, so the wind of building temples prevailed for a while. According to "Guangze County Records" in the early Qing Dynasty, there are few ancestral halls of all ethnic groups in the local area. In recent decades, those who live together have built temples in cities and rural areas. Sacrifice to the Spring and Autumn Period, show Mu in order, respect merit, respect the old and the virtuous, and have the intention of pursuing distant relatives. "(Qing? Ganlong's Guangze County Annals Volume 4 Geography Annals? Custom) Ordinary families not only have ancestral halls, ancestral halls (or "general ancestral halls"), but also houses and branches within the clan, and often have their own branches and temples to worship direct ancestors. In the old days, Zhao' an County, Zhangzhou Prefecture, "the house can have knees, but there must be ancestral halls, ancestral halls and branch shrines." (Chen Shengshao's Record of Asking Customs (Volume 4 Zhao 'an County) Most ancestral temples in this period have been preserved to this day. According to a survey by a professor at Xiamen University, there are 24 branches of the Zhang family in Liancheng Xinquan besides the General Ancestral Hall. There are tens of thousands of Zhuang people halfway up the mountain in Hui 'an, and there are more than 100 ancestral halls, the exact number of which even ordinary people can't tell. There are nearly 10,000 people in the Lin family in the suburbs of Fuzhou, and there are no fewer than 50 ancestral halls. In order to show national prestige, a large number of ancestral temples have also been built in the provincial capital. Some share the same family name, and some jointly build cross-regional ancestral temples. During the Republic of China, Yongding "built ancestral halls in villages, regardless of surnames, and it is appropriate to build ancestral halls in cities." (Records of Yongding County in the Republic of China, Volume 15, Etiquette and Customs) The Huang family in Xianyou County sent their descendants to more than 30 villages, and the Huang family gathered in various places to jointly build the Huang Grand Ancestral Hall in the county. The Lin family is one of the largest families in Fujian. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, together with the Lin family in Bamin, the Lin family ancestral hall was established in Fuzhou. In addition, the descendants of overseas and Taiwan Province branches keep close contact with local ancestral halls. During the Republic of China, the Xu Shi family in Zhangzhou, who lived in Singapore and Malaysia, once returned to China to advocate the construction of the new Xu Shi Grand Ancestral Hall in Singapore. Most ancestral temple buildings pay attention to "feng shui", usually in the place where ancestors first lived, transforming old houses into ancestral temples; When some families build houses, they often build ancestral halls first. Some small villages with single surname in northern Fujian were unable to build a big ancestral temple, so they set up memorial tablets in front of the village to worship their ancestors. The ancestral hall is generally located on the east side of the master bedroom (front hall), with three or two outer doors. The main entrance is usually closed, but it is only opened during the Spring and Autumn Festival or when people discuss important events. Outside the main hall, there are small houses for storing sacrificial vessels and suicide notes, which form an independent building complex. An ordinary ancestral temple has only one main hall, and the main hall has four niches (there are also 8- 10 niches). In the niches, there is a cabinet with ancestral tablets (called "God's main cards"). The four niches are the official positions and names of Gao Zukao, Gao Zucong, Kao and Yan. There is a low long table in front of each niche for placing sacrifices. In some ancestral temples, every newly joined male member of the clan has to put red paper on the column and write "XX ×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××× In the Chongwu area of Hui 'an, almost all the dragon walls of ancestral halls are pasted with seal script, "gold foil" and mirrors, rulers, scissors and double happiness cut with tin foil colored paper ... >>
Question 2: What practical, convenient, comfortable, safe, hygienic and beautiful aspects should be paid attention to in rural ancestral temple geomantic omen? These standards are practical and easy to master.
Feng shui is the right choice for living terrain. The conclusion I have drawn from hundreds of sites is that most of them have the characteristics of geomantic omen, regulating qi and compass, which obviously should have a certain cultural meaning of compass, but it is basically a one-vote veto, limited by the terrain, leaving no continuous population. The example I found in reality is that the terrain is illegal and the use of Feng Shui compass is like a child's play, which is meaningless. That's why I have: "What is Feng Shui? It is more beneficial to think from a scientific perspective. " In the past, it was impossible to build houses in many areas, but now there are steel bars, cement, glass, running water, electricity and gas, which can be built and built, overcoming the limitation of inferior terrain. Wood, mud, paper window, water lifting, thatch, loose fire and steel bar, cement, glass wall, running water, electricity and gas are definitely two geomantic meanings, which also represent the progress of the times. Science has brought unprecedented new horizons to mankind. In the era of wood, mud, window paste, carrying water, thatching and pine fire, we can only choose low-lying areas facing the sun and lee, and the houses can only be short. Low-lying and low-rise buildings have a basic defect: dark and damp, poor ventilation, poor dryness, poor air quality, easy to mildew and pathological changes. Steel bars, cement, glass walls, tap water, electricity and gas are all likely to make buildings move upwards, and tall buildings are all possible, which are obviously bright and have good ventilation and drying performance. For example, in the past, the platform-like high-rise area was not suitable for building because of the limitation of building materials. Now it has the advantages of building materials, which can not only build houses, but also be better than depressions in brightness, air circulation and waterproof performance, which is more conducive to people's physical and mental health.
The quality of a city's geomantic omen does not depend on the natural geomantic omen in a narrow area, but on the basis of the overall natural geomantic omen, which dominates the city's political geomantic omen, economic geomantic omen and human geomantic omen. And * * * is the most typical political feng shui feature. For example, in the 1980s, there was a town across the river. Due to the existence of * * * institutions, there are few commercial outlets, and there are more than a dozen shops on the other side of the river that are the largest in the local area, forming a small and lively market. Due to various reasons, township-level institutions moved to other places, where there was a "sudden cooling" immediately. In less than three months, more than a dozen of the largest stores couldn't keep going, and the three small shops left behind only maintained a stall state, without the prosperity of the past. A small township * * * has no independent financial function foundation, and its influence ability can bring geomantic effect, not to mention a larger * * * institution with independent decision-making function and financial function, and its influence geomantic effect can be imagined to be even greater. It can also be inferred from this example that the geomantic omen of a city is determined by political geomantic omen, economic geomantic omen and humanistic geomantic omen formed on the basis of natural geomantic omen. The close combination of political geography geomantic omen, economic geography geomantic omen, human geography geomantic omen and natural geography geomantic omen is a complete geomantic omen.
Cities have obviously got rid of human dependence on natural geography and geomantic omen on a larger scale. Developed traffic, the sky, underground and ground are as dense as cobwebs, has reached the point of omnipotence, forming a networked traffic convenience, and there is no restriction on the dependence and utilization of pure water power. The realization of tap water has completely overcome the fact that weeds make a living. The realization of electricity and gas has overcome the dependence on a single natural fuel-firewood and grass. And so on, including the artificial realization of other factors, the realization of these conditions, completely get rid of human dependence on physical geography and geomantic omen, but also strongly prove the more magical facts of science.
What is Feng Shui? The first is the conditions for human survival. The second is better human living conditions. Third, profitable business, that is, choose good operating conditions. Think with a scientific mind. For example, what is the geomantic omen of Jiayi Garden in Huizhou? The answer is: it is the view of modern science and technology, that is, the feng shui of modern science and technology, such as: no reinforced concrete? Can you build such a tall house? There is no running water. Is there water there? Can people live there without water? Without water, feng shui, no matter how good it is, is just a moon in the water and a flower in the mirror. Feng Shui, Feng Shui, can meet people's survival and living conditions is the key. Another example: does a pipe pass through the top of your yard, which affects Feng Shui? The answer is: there is a pipe passing through the roof of your house. If it is not handled properly, it will affect your sight and beauty. These pipelines may hinder future space reuse (such as houses ... >>
Question 3: What should we pay attention to when rebuilding the ancestral temple? Generally speaking, we should repair the old as before.
First of all, we should respect the original form, such as shape, pattern, system and style.
The pedestal and pier of the ancestral hall should use raw materials as far as possible, and the imitation is unified. It is best to keep the patina of the raw material. Most ancestral temples in Ming and Qing dynasties are clear water exterior walls, so don't destroy the original style and stick glazed tiles to make them nondescript.
Secondly, if the big wooden work and the fine wooden work are missing, you can refer to the nearby ancestral hall. You should know more about the memory description of the older generation in the repainting and detail reconstruction of ancient paintings. There is a difference between ancient murals and modern antique paintings in border decoration, which should be noted. Although the modern antique carvings of gray and brick carvings are not as round as in ancient times, the mechanical traces are obvious, which is impossible. Try to respect the original data.
The roof, the original number of pits, the color, and the ancient yellow tile surface are used by the royal family. It is best to decorate the spine of the book with the original style of dragon-shouldered dragon and kidnapper dragon. It would be vulgar to simply install the dragon's back fish. Gables should respect the original, don't blindly exaggerate the grade, and carefully draw the grass tail.
To rebuild ancient architecture, we should pay more attention to the ancient requirements for form in Zhou Li, Xiaoya and other places, pay attention to ancient books such as Building French, study ancient auspicious patterns, and enhance cultural connotation.
Question 4: Is there anything particular about the ancestral temple design? The interior design of 5 points is similar. The wall of the main hall is a unicorn spitting books, and there are two stone tables below to worship ancestral tablets and incense burners. In the middle of the pillars of the main hall is a box of gods, which is dedicated to genealogy. The walls of the wings on both sides are lists of celebrities in the family. All designs should be kept simple and solemn, with nine wooden doors and windows and copper inserts.
Question 5: Is the ancestral temple built behind the house? Style and artistic effect are the key. The style and artistic effect are adapted to the surrounding environment, and the feng shui is good.
Question 6: What should I do every day to build a ancestral temple? Manage baboons? What did you say?/Sorry?
Question 7: After the establishment of New China, the ancestral temple in family ancestral temple lost its sacrificial function, and most of it was converted into schools, warehouses and factories. By the end of last century, there were few ancestral halls left in Changzhou. Some ancient ancestral temples were destroyed because of the war, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the Cultural Revolution. Since the beginning of this century, many people of insight in Changzhou have realized the urgency of protecting and repairing ancestral temples, and initiated the establishment of Changzhou Ancestral Temple Culture Research Association on September 28th last year. So far, two academic seminars on ancestral temple culture have been held. In the upsurge of genealogy repair, the restoration of ancestral halls has also appeared from time to time. They raised funds by themselves, adhered to the principle of repairing the old as before, and began to repair the ancestral temple. The research society is compiling books about the local ancestral temple culture in Changzhou, and the good deeds of repairing ancestral temples have existed since ancient times. The first generation is the grandson of Wujin Li Jia. Sun Shuo was a scholar in the Grand View of the Northern Song Dynasty for three years, with a bachelor's degree in Hanlin. Later, two ministers were called from the official department to the official department. In 2003, Sun Yong's descendants began to rebuild the ancestral temple. At that time, their thoughts had not been completely liberated, and they were renamed as "memorial hall" because a part of the ancestral hall was missing and a little cramped. Followed by the reconstruction of the Zhao ancestral hall in Henglin, Zhao Zuxing, editor-in-chief of Zhao Family Tree, is an enthusiastic person, and he clamors for the reconstruction of Zhao ancestral hall. Zhao's ancestral hall is the ancestral hall of Zhao Yi, a cultural celebrity. Zhao Yi once majored in Zhao's genealogy in the ancestral temple, and the stone pillars of the Ming Dynasty can be seen today. The ancestral hall has built three buildings and three entrances, maintaining the architectural style of the Ming Dynasty. There are also many stone tablets and epitaphs from the Ming and Qing Dynasties, including an ancient well. Since then, a new upsurge of ancestral temple reconstruction has been rapidly set off in Changwu area: in 2004, the construction of Wang's ancestral temple in Dashuxia village of Lucheng started, and the restoration of Lu's ancestral temple in Zhang Cun began. Soon, the ancestral temple in Henglin, Henglin, Wangsha in Zhongsha, Feng in Yuxiang, Furong in Yulin, Sun in Yaoguan, Kanshi in Sanhe and Chen in Hengshan Bridge. The restoration of Changzhou ancestral temple follows the principle of "repairing the old as the old" and restores the historical features. This large number of ancestral temples appeared in people's field of vision, nourishing the hearts of Jiangnan people with the unique elegant water town customs of Jiangnan ancestral temples. More than 65,438+00 ancestral temples have been rebuilt in Changwu area: from the earliest ancestral temple in Henglin to Sanhuaitang in Lucheng, Wang's ancestral temple in Lijia, Lushi's ancestral temple in Zhang Cun, Ding Yan, Wang's ancestral temple in Henglin Meili, Hongmei Baishi (beside the canal), Xishi's ancestral temple in Furong and Yue's ancestral temple. All regained their youth in this wave of decoration fever. Many of them have recently been announced as the fourth batch of municipal cultural relics protection units. As the former residence of Qu Qiubai, Qushi Ancestral Hall in the urban area has become a national key cultural relics protection unit. Most of the ancestral temples restored now continue the previous style, and the materials can be connected with the previous ones. The wooden frame structure was retained, and the rotten materials were replaced, but it was still wood, but some of it was repaired. The wooden frame was changed into a reinforced concrete structure instead of following the old rules. If it is done according to the old method, it can still be rated as a cultural protection unit because of retaining the old materials and techniques, but it can only be repaired. Then it will never be evaluated as a cultural protection unit, but its appearance is better than that of ordinary buildings. When repairing the ancestral temple, I suggest that we should consider the connection with tradition and the connection with the times, try our best to use the original technology and old materials, and use less new materials. If it is a newly built ancestral temple or a ancestral temple built in a different place a long time ago, it should at least continue the overall style of Changzhou ancestral temple in appearance, and new materials and techniques can be used, but people will know it at a glance. Repairing the ancestral temple is not only a remedy for China's historic sites, but also a memory and respect for family ancestors and elders. Therefore, it is the responsibility and obligation to contribute to the organs and the people. Xu Han, a former secretary of the village committee of Longtan Village, Hutang Town, Wujin District, waved and responded to the crowd. He is rich and hard-working. In just one year, he erected a ancestral temple covering an area of 2,600 square meters and a building area of 728 square meters, which is also one of the best in Changwu area. Originally, they just wanted to rebuild the genealogy that had not been repaired for many years, but the ancestral hall remained. After years of vicissitudes, it has declined.
Question 8: Who should prepare the ancestral halls and temples in the village? We can cooperate!
Question 9: How to repair the modern ancestral temple is actually, because of the face problem, there is no upper and lower limit for donation. If you spend less money to repair the ancestral temple, you will be despised by everyone behind your back. For example, the default lower limit of Liu's first donation before repairing the ancestral temple in the outhouse is 1000, the second donation is 2000, and the next donation is about 800. For example, if there are three adult males in a family, you need to donate at least 3* money at a time. This is a lot of money for a family. Although the rural areas decided to build ancestral temples after they became rich, not all families were rich.
Moreover, although family planning was implemented in rural areas in the 1980s and 1990s, the phenomenon of "super-birth" is still very serious, resulting in a huge number of adult males, with three or four or even a dozen in each family. This makes every family have to pay a lot of money.
Women don't have to pay, but they will call on married women to pay. By marrying a woman, I mean marrying a local woman. No matter how much money a married woman can donate, there is really no lower limit. However, after a married woman donates money, she will engrave her name on the memorial tablet of the ancestral temple, so it is unsightly to donate too little money, so it is better not to donate.
I forgot to mention that after donating money, only one man's name in a family will be engraved on the memorial tablet of the ancestral temple, and he represents the whole family alone. Other family members, male or female, whether they are adults or not, will not appear on the tablet.
When the restoration of the ancestral temple is completed, a grand memorial ceremony will be held. For example, after the completion of the Liu Ancestral Hall in the outhouse, in addition to inviting local people, all the people and organizations that can be invited, such as Huizhou Chinese Culture Association, were invited.
The commemorative ceremony is complicated, and only the three ancestors who need everyone to participate are eligible to participate. In fact, it was just that everyone held a column of incense and worshipped the ancestral temple three times under the guidance of their ancestors, and then the incense was finished.
Question 10: Is it legal to build an ancestral temple? The construction of ancestral temples is generally a family and clan behavior, which is used for ancestor worship, ancestor worship and blessing. There is no relevant provision in the law, but the land needed for ancestral temple construction will not be granted to private people now. In other words, the newly-built commercial housing outside is granted by the state to developers, and the loan period is generally 50~70 years, but it will not be granted to private people, especially big cities. But at the county level, it is possible that private individuals can apply for land in places with lax management.