Also known as Taicheng, Yuecheng, Moling, Shicheng, Shicheng, Jinling, Jianye, Jianye, Jiankang, Jiangzhou, Shengzhou, Baixia, Shangyuan, Qing Ji, Yingtian, Jiangning and Tianjing. Abbreviation: Ning.
Nanjing is one of the seven ancient capitals of China, also known as "the ancient capital of six dynasties" and "the metropolis of ten dynasties". It was once the capital of Dongwu, Dongjin, Song, Qi, Liang, Chen, Nantang, Ming (capital and capital), Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and Republic of China. Since ancient times, it has been the economic, cultural and political center of Jiangnan and East China, and it is also an important commercial and economic center in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. At present, it is an important industrial city and economic center in the Yangtze River Delta. Nanjing is the transportation hub in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and East China. It has the first double-deck highway-rail bridge designed and built by China, the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, the largest inland port in Asia, Lukou International Airport and several railway and highway trunk lines connecting the north, south and central and western parts of China. Nanjing is a city of "mountains, water, cities and forests", with rich natural landscapes and historical sites.
Nanjing is located from 3 1 degree north latitude to 32 degrees 37 minutes east longitude 1 18 degrees 22 minutes to 1 19 degrees 14.
Population: At the end of 2006, the registered population was 6,072,300, including 5,246,400 in urban areas and 4183,900 in non-agricultural registered population, including 4 million in urban areas. At the end of 2007, the registered population was 617170,000.
There are 5/kloc-0 ethnic groups in the city, of which the Han nationality accounts for 98.56% of the total population. 1999 There are 77,394 ethnic minorities, including 64,823 Hui people, accounting for 83.76% of the ethnic minority population, followed by 23 Manchu people1/kloc-0 people and 533 Zhuang people. Jianye district is the largest ethnic minority in Nanjing, with 13692 people, accounting for 9. 13% of the total population. It is characterized by multi-ethnic coexistence with the Han nationality as the main body (Nanjing is the city with the most concentrated Hui nationality in the southeast coastal province, with about 80 thousand people).
City flower: plum blossom; City Tree: Cedar
Nanjing is the seat of the People's Government of People's Republic of China (PRC) and Jiangsu Province. Mansion: beijing east road, Xuanwu District, where the Wu Temple in the Ming Dynasty is located, is backed by Ming City Wall and Xuanwu Lake, Jiming Temple and Arctic Pavilion (where Jiangsu Meteorological Observatory is located) in the west, Jiuhuashan and Taipingmen in the east and Southeast University in the south. As of June 65438+February 3, 20061,Nanjing municipality 1 1 municipal district, 2 counties, 75 streets and 39 towns.
Nanjing has an area of 6582.3 1 km2 and a population of 6 175438+07000.
geography
Most of Nanjing is hilly terrain, and the purple mountain, shogunate mountain and Qixia mountain in the territory constitute the western section of Ningzhen mountain range. The Yangtze River bends from northwest to southeast in Nanjing and enters Zhenjiang. The larger sandbars include Baguazhou, Jiang Xinzhou and Qianzhou. Qinhuai River is the most important regional river in Nanjing. Its north and south sources originated in Jurong and Liyang respectively, then merged in Fangshan, Jiangning, and divided into two tributaries outside Tongjimen (Dongshuiguan) in Nanjing. The Inner Qinhuai River flows through the south of Nanjing, and the famous "Shili Qinhuai" Confucius Temple is located on its bank, which joins the West Qinhuai and flows into the Yangtze River. Other important waters in Nanjing include Jinchuan River in the north of the city, Chuhe River flowing through Liuhe District, Gucheng Lake in Gaochun, Shijiu Lake in Lishui and so on. There are Xuanwu Lake, Mochou Lake, Nanhu Lake, Qianhu Lake and Biwa Lake in the urban area.
Nanjing has a subtropical monsoon climate with four distinct seasons, long winter and summer, and short spring and autumn. In summer, the temperature can reach 40 degrees, and the southwest wind prevails, so it is known as one of the "three furnaces of the Yangtze River". In winter, the temperature can reach below zero, and the northeast wind prevails, with an annual average temperature of 15.7℃. Nanjing is abundant in rain, with an average annual rainfall of 1 17 days and an average annual rainfall of1106.5 mm. Generally, it is rainy season from late June to mid-July, and typhoons in the western Pacific bring more rain in summer and autumn.
There are dozens of hills and hills in Nanjing. There are Purple Mountain, Mufu Mountain, Qixia Mountain, Lion Mountain, Wutai Mountain, Jiuhua Mountain, Arctic Pavilion, Liang Qingshan, Bazi Mountain, Tiger Mountain, Yuhua Gang, Lion Gang, Gupinggang and Gulou Gang. It constitutes the topographic pattern of "Long Hudou". Since ancient times, it has been considered to have the spirit of emperors.
develop
Nanjing, the land of ancient Wu, is located in the ancient Yangzhou area, one of the "Kyushu in the world". In the first 495 years, it is said that the King of Wu built a smelting city here. In the first 472 years, Fan Li built Yuecheng, which is located outside the present China Gate on the south bank of Qinhuai River. In 333 years ago, Chu Weiwang built Jinling City in Stone Mountain (now Liang Qing), hence the name "Jinling". In the thirty-seventh year of Qin Shihuang (2 10 BC), Jinling was changed to Moling County, belonging to Huiji County.
In 2 1 1 year, Sun Quan, Emperor Wu, built Stone Town in the former site of Jinling City in Stone Mountain. In 229, the capital was established here, and it was named "Jianye". In the third year of Taikang (282), Jianye was changed to Jianye. In the first year of Jianxing (3 13), it was changed to "Jiankang" to avoid Sima Ye. In 589 AD, the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen, captured and leveled the palaces in the city, and Shicheng was located in Jiangzhou. Jiangning County was established in the early years of the Tang Dynasty, which was later promoted to the state and later changed to Jinling House. Jinling, the capital of Southern Tang Dynasty (937-975), was called jiangning house. Jiangning house was named in the Northern Song Dynasty, and Jiankang House was renamed in the Southern Song Dynasty, which is the capital of Jiangnan East Road. In the Yuan Dynasty, it was Qing Ji Road.
1356, the Ming dynasty established its capital here as the capital of Yingtianfu. In the 19th year of Yongle, Ming Chengzu moved the capital to Beijing and changed Tianfu to Nanjing. 1645, Nanjing was reduced to Jiangning. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, it was the capital of Jiangnan province, and at the end of the Qing Dynasty, it was the resident of Liangjiang Governor (covering Jiangsu, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces). 1853- 1864, the Taiping heavenly kingdom also established its capital here, which is called "Tianjing".
1927 (16), Nanjing was the capital of the Republic of China, and Nanjing Special City was established in the same year. 1 929 (18) June1Kaya Hioki Capital Special City. 1930 (19) was changed to the city (municipality directly under the central government) under the jurisdiction of this institute. In A.D. 193 1 year, according to Article 5 of the Law of the Republic of China on the Period of Political Discipline promulgated on June 1 20, the Republic of China made Nanjing its capital. 1937 (26 years of the Republic of China) 65438+February, Nanjing, the capital of the Republic of China, fell, and the "Nanjing Massacre" tragedy occurred, and the National Government moved to Chongqing as its capital; 1946 (35 years of the Republic of China), after Japan surrendered, the national government of the Republic of China remained the capital of Nanjing. 1949 On April 2 1 day, China's * * * production party troops attacked Nanjing, the center of the Kuomintang, which was liberated on April 23. The national government moved south to Guangzhou and then to Taipei.
1949 (38 years of the Republic of China) 10 June/0/day, People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded and Nanjing became a municipality directly under the central government. June 1950, led by the newly established East China Military and Political Commission, is still a municipality directly under the Central Government. At the same time, the Special Committee has an office in Nanjing. 1952, Jiangsu Province was established and Nanjing was reduced to the capital of Jiangsu Province. 1989 is a city under separate state planning, and 1994 is a sub-provincial city.
traffic
Nanjing is located in the eastern center of China and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. It is an important transportation hub. In 2007, the mileage of expressway in China was about 9,800 kilometers, including about 400 kilometers in expressway. At the end of the year, there were 9,760 taxis in the city, and the total number of standard bus operating vehicles was 6,684 standard units. At the end of 2006, the operating mileage of the subway was 22 kilometers, with 120 trains and a total passenger volume of 57.98 million. By the end of 2006, there were 5,246 buses in the city, with 6 193 standard stops, and the operating network was 2,575 kilometers, with a total passenger volume of 654.38+0,008.27 million. In 2006, there were 0/5 ferries in the city, with a total passenger volume of 0/3.29 million/kloc.
Urban public transport. Nanjing has a convenient public transport network, which is currently operated by four companies (Nanjing Public Transport Corporation, Zhongbei Bus, Accor Bus and Xincheng Bus). 170 lines reach all parts of the main city. Nanjing Metro 1 Line has been put into use for two years and won favorable comments during the 10th National Games. Line 2 will be put into operation in early 2009, and Nanjing plans to build a 433km rail transit network including subway and light rail in 2050.
There are more than 60 national highways and provincial highways connecting other parts of China. There are many expressway, such as Huning expressway, Ninghe expressway, Ninghang expressway, Tong Ning expressway and Ninglian expressway. Eight traffic corridors will be built in Nanjing Metropolitan Area: Ningyang (Zhou), Ningzhen (Jiang), Ninghuai (An), Ningbang (Hong Kong), Ninghe (Fei), Ningwu (Hu), (Zhou) and (Chun). Nanjing has expressway, with a mileage of 230 kilometers and a density of 3.38 kilometers per square kilometer.
Railway. Beijing-shanghai railway (with Jinpu Line in the north and Shanghai-Nanjing Line in the east), Ningwu Railway and Ningqi Railway (now only to Nantong) meet in Nanjing, making Nanjing an important transportation hub connecting north, east and China. Planning and construction include Ningxi Railway, Ning Hang Railway, Ninghuai Railway and Railway along the Yangtze River.
Aviation. Lukou International Airport is 35.8 kilometers away from the center of Nanjing. At present, it can meet the annual passenger throughput of120,000 passengers and the annual postal throughput of 400,000 tons. The overall plan is to fly 360,000 sorties a year, with an annual passenger throughput of 40 million passengers and a cargo and mail throughput of 6,543,800 tons. In 2004, it actually received 4.574 million passengers, and the cargo and mail throughput was 65.438+0.38 million tons. At present, the airport has 85 domestic and international routes. The destinations of international passenger routes are Japan, South Korea, Thailand and Singapore, and the destinations of freight routes are South Korea, Singapore, Thailand, the United States and the Netherlands.
Water transport. Nanjing Port is the largest inland river port in China. In 2004, the throughput was1.1.800 million tons, and the throughput of foreign trade containers was nearly 500,000 TEUs. The port area is 98 kilometers long and has 64 berths, of which 16 can dock 10,000-ton ships. Nanjing Port is also the largest container port along the Yangtze River.
economy
Regional GDP: 277.378 billion yuan (in 2006), with a preliminary accounting of 327.5 billion yuan in 2007.
Top 100 cities in China: ranked 7th in 2004.
Finance. In 2006, the total fiscal revenue of Nanjing was 6039438+0 billion yuan, of which the general budget revenue of local finance was 24.644 billion yuan. In 2007, the total fiscal revenue was 62.85 billion yuan (new caliber, including central fiscal revenue and local general budget revenue, excluding government fund budget revenue and social security revenue), of which local general budget revenue was 33.02 billion yuan.
Industry. Nanjing's industries are mainly electronic information, petrochemical industry, automobile machinery, biopharmaceuticals, food and beverage, instrumentation and other industries. In 2006, the total industrial output value was 4692 1 billion yuan, the total industrial added value was 1 196 billion yuan, the total profits and taxes were 40.798 billion yuan, and the total profits were 2148.8 billion yuan. In 2007, it is estimated that the total output value of industrial enterprises above designated size (new caliber, industrial enterprises with annual sales revenue of over/kloc-0.00 million) will be 573.5 billion yuan, with profits and taxes of 59 billion yuan and profits of 36 billion yuan. The total industrial added value is estimated to be 654.38+0405 billion yuan. It is estimated that the total output value of high-tech industries above designated size is 234 billion yuan, and the main business income is 242 billion yuan.
Famous enterprises. Panda Electronics, Yangzi Petrochemical, Jinling Petrochemical, Yuejin Automobile, Jiangnan Optoelectronics. Famous private enterprises include Yurun, Pacific Construction, Suning Appliance, Wuxing Electric Appliance, Jinsheng, Tiantian, Lilian, Shilin and Tiandi.
Travel. In 2006, Nanjing's total tourism revenue reached 46.28 billion yuan, including international tourism revenue of 677 million US dollars. In 2007, it is estimated that the total tourism revenue will reach 59 billion yuan, including international tourism revenue of 865.438 billion US dollars. By the end of 2006, there were 28 A-level scenic spots in the city, including 7 4A-level scenic spots, 27 tourist star-rated hotels10, including 8 five-star hotels and 4 10 travel agencies, including 27 travel agencies engaged in international tourism. By the end of 2007, there were 8 scenic spots in 4A, 2 scenic spots in 5A, 38 tourist star hotels/KLOC-0 and 436 travel agencies, among which 27 were engaged in international tourism.
culture
Library. Nanjing Library: The former Central Library and Jiangnan Library, the earliest public library in China, and one of the three largest libraries in China. The new library has been built. At the end of 2006, there were1/kloc-0.868 million books in public libraries in the city, and1/kloc-0.9 million books at the end of 2007.
Museums. Main museums: Nanjing Paleontology Museum, Nanjing geological museum, Nanjing Ming City Wall History Museum and Nanjing Museum. Nanjing Museum: Formerly known as the Central Museum, it is the first modern comprehensive large-scale museum in China and one of the largest museums in China. By the end of 2006, there were 537,826 cultural relics.
Art institutions. Main art institutions: Jiangsu Art Museum, Nanjing Art Museum, Nanjing Painting and Calligraphy Institute, Jinling Painting and Calligraphy Institute, Jiangsu Traditional Chinese Painting Institute and Jiangsu Provincial Traditional Chinese Painting Institute.
Dramatic performing arts institutions. Main performing arts organizations: Nanjing Little Red Flower Art Troupe, Nanjing Song and Dance Troupe, Nanjing National Orchestra, Nanjing Peking Opera Troupe, Nanjing Yue Opera Troupe, Nanjing Acrobatic Troupe, Jiangsu Kun Theatre, Jiangsu Peking Opera Theatre, Jiangsu Song and Dance Theatre, Jiangsu Local Opera Theatre and Nanjing Film Studio.
Writer. Su Tong, Bi Feiyu,,, Ye, Huang Beijia.
Famous scenic spot
Ming Mausoleum: the tomb of Zhu Yuanzhang, the ancestor of the royal mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty and the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
Confucius Temple: The most prosperous place in Nanjing from the Six Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which has been transformed into the largest antique market in China.
Xinjiekou: Located in the center of Nanjing, it developed into a commercial district in the Republic of China, and is known as "the largest shopping and consumption circle in China".
Xuanwu Lake: Located in the northeast of the city, it is forbidden to enter in the Ming Dynasty. There is a wall around the lake, and yellow books are stored on the island in the lake. It is called the largest royal garden lake in China.
Mochou Lake: Located outside the West Water Gate of Nanjing City, it was called "Jinling First Lake" in ancient times.
Hongzhi Glass Pagoda: One of the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages, it was destroyed by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and is now planned to be rebuilt.
Yuejiang Tower: a legendary building with a history of 600 years.
Ming City Wall: The longest existing city wall in the world.
Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum: The mausoleum of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, Premier of the Chinese Kuomintang, is the most magnificent modern mausoleum in China.
Jiming Temple: A famous ancient temple in Nanjing, which was built during the Liang Wudi period in the Southern Dynasties. Known as the "First Temple in Southern Dynasties" and the "480 Temple in Southern Dynasties".
Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge: The first double-deck highway-railway bridge on the Yangtze River designed and built by China.
Taicheng: Located in the north of Jiming Mountain, it is the palace of the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties and the seat of Thai Province. There is an ancient city wall built in the Ming Dynasty.
Jinghai Temple: the witness incarnation of important events in China's ancient and modern diplomatic history, the Zheng He Memorial Hall with the theme of Zheng He's voyage to the Western Ocean, and the Jinghai Temple Memorial Hall with the theme of the first unequal treaty in modern China, English treaty of nanking.
Jiangdongmen: Memorial Hall for Victims of Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders.
Chaotian Palace: the largest and best-preserved ancient architectural complex in the south of the Yangtze River.
Zhonghua Gate: The largest ancient city gate in China, the most well-preserved and complicated ancient castle in the world.
Zhan Garden: a famous garden in the south of the Yangtze River.
Xu Yuan: a famous Jiangnan garden.
Jiangnan Gongyuan: The largest imperial examination room in the south of the Yangtze River, where more than half of the top candidates took the exam in the Qing Dynasty.
Presidential Palace: A harmonious symbolic building in China, including the former temporary presidential palace and the ruins of Liangjiang Governor's Office.
Yuhuatai: Yuhuatai Martyrs Cemetery
The cradle of modern meteorology in China.
Wuliangdian: Located in Guling Park, it is the only existing ancient building of Linggu Temple in Ming Dynasty.
Liao Zhongkai He Xiangning Burial Tomb: Located at the southwest foot of Maofeng Mountain in Zhongshan City, it is backed by Tianbao City, facing Yanque Lake and facing the Ming Tombs in the east.
Qixia Mountain: Located in Qixia District, the maple leaf is the most famous, and there is an ancient temple qixia temple at the foot of the mountain.
Yanziji: one of the 48 scenic spots in Jinling. The rock stands upright, flying in the air like a swallow, which is a scenic spot to watch the river view.
Purple Mountain: Also known as Zhongshan Mountain, the mountain is steep and spectacular, like a dragon pan, with many places of interest. He is a leading figure in Nanjing's theory of "Dragon Pan and Tiger Ju". Ming Mausoleum and Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum are located on its southern slope.
Liang Qingshan: Also known as Shishan. It is the dragon tail of Nanjing, which is said to be the place of "the dragon in the tiger".
Stone Town: Located behind Liang Qingshan in the northwest of Nanjing, it was originally Jinling City in Chu Weiwang. It was built in the seventh year of Chu Weiwang (333 BC) and carved from natural rocks. Sun Quan of the State of Wu built the city on the original site. Commonly known as "grimace city" (named after grimace).
Qinhuai River: According to legend, it was dug by Qin Shihuang in Jinling to vent his anger. In fact, it is a natural river. Originated in Lushan Mountain, Lishui East, Jurong, Zhenjiang, and entered the Yangtze River at Dinghuaimen, Nanjing. Among them, a section of the river located in the urban area has been a prosperous place from the Three Kingdoms to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and is known as the "River of Culture".
Forty-eight scenic spots in Jinling: eight scenic spots in Jinling, twenty scenic spots in Jinling, forty scenic spots in Jinling and forty-eight scenic spots in Jinling, among which forty-eight scenic spots in Jinling are the most widely spread. The saying of "Forty-eight Scenes of Jinling" originated in the Ming Dynasty, and Gao Cen painted "Forty-eight Scenes of Jinling" in the early Qing Dynasty. At present, only half of the 48 ancient Jinling scenes are left. Modern Nanjing has carried out the selection of new scenic spots, including 40 scenic spots in New Jinling selected by 1983 and 48 scenic spots in New Jinling selected in 2004.
speciality
Jin Yun Shi Yu Hua Jin Bo Jinling Folding Fan
Traditional Art: Hundred Songs and Yang Qiang Mulian Opera (Gaochun)
Traditional customs: climbing the city head (stepping on peace), eating black rice, jumping five cabins and making long lanterns (Gao Chun).
Diet: Jinling cuisine (Sujing cuisine), Nanjing snacks, salted duck, Nanjing dried salted duck, duck blood vermicelli soup, candied haws, roasted goose, dried eight immortals and water eight immortals.
education
higher education
As early as the Han Dynasty, private schools in Jiangdong were already relatively developed. The government-run higher education in Nanjing began in Soochow. In the first year of Wu Yong 'an (Gregorian calendar year 258), Dr. Sun Xiu called the Five Classics to establish Chinese studies, which lasted from the Jin Dynasty to the Song, Qi, Liang, Chen, Nanjing and imperial academy. It was the most prosperous and highest institution in the world during the imperial academy period in Nanjing in the Ming Dynasty. In the non-Kyoto era, Jinling was changed from Central University to Nanjing official school, 1650, and imperial academy was changed to A Qing Jiangning official school. Jiangning Fu Xue 1902 closed Sanjiang Normal School, 1906 changed its name to Liangjiang Normal School, and 19 12 closed; After the founding of the Republic of China, 19 14 established Nanjing Normal University, which was later renamed as National Southeast University, Fourth Zhongshan University, Jiangsu University and Central University, and 1949 was renamed as Nanjing University. In addition, Ming Dow Academy and Maoshan Academy were built in the early Song Dynasty, while Zhongshan Academy and Yin Xi Academy were built in the Qing Dynasty. In the late Qing Dynasty, Jiangnan Industrial School, Jiangnan Military Equipment School, Jiangnan Lushi School, Jiangnan Naval School, Jinling University of Technology and other new schools were opened. During the Republic of China, many American Christian churches jointly established universities such as Jinling University and Jinling Women's University in Nanjing. After the founding of New China, especially after the adjustment of 1952 departments, the former Nanjing University merged with some departments of Jinling University and Jinling Women's College of Arts and Sciences, and established a number of institutions of higher learning such as Nanjing University, Southeast University and Nanjing Normal University today. In addition, there are Nanjing University of Science and Technology and Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
By the end of 2007, there were 4 1 universities (excluding military academies) with 678,000 students, including 68,000 graduate students. There are 79 academicians of Nanjing Academy of Sciences, including 47 academicians of China Academy of Sciences and 32 academicians of China Academy of Engineering. The academicians of Chinese Academy of Sciences in Ningning are distributed in six fields: Department of Mathematical Physics 14, Department of Chemistry 7, Department of Life Science and Medicine 1, Department of Geology 15, Department of Information Technology Science 4 and Department of Technology 6. The academicians of China Academy of Engineering in Ningning are distributed in seven fields: 2 from the Department of Mechanical Transportation and Engineering, 5 from the Department of Information and Electronic Engineering, 5 from the Department of Chemical Engineering, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, 2 from the Department of Energy and Mining Engineering, 7 from the Department of Civil Engineering, Water Conservancy and Construction Engineering, 7 from the Department of Agriculture, Textile and Environmental Engineering, and 4 from the Department of Medical and Health Engineering.
history
Prehistoric history
With the passage of time, ancient human footprints spread all over Nanjing today. A complete skull fossil of "Nanjing ape-man" dating from about 300,000 to 500,000 years ago was unearthed in Tangshan, the eastern suburb. The site of "Lishui Man" was discovered 10,000 years ago in Shenxian Cave, Lishui County.
Primitive villages appeared in Nanjing 6000 years ago. /kloc-The Beiyinyingying site excavated in the 1950s is about 4000 BC to 3000 BC, belonging to the Neolithic culture type in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. There are more than 200 early cultural relics in Nanjing, including Dianjiangtai Culture and Lake Cooked Culture. Nanjing has been the cultural and political center of Jiangnan since ancient times.
Pre-Qin era
Nanjing, the land of ancient Wu, is located in the ancient Yangzhou area, one of the "Kyushu in the world". In the first 495 years, it is said that Fu Cha, the king of Wu, built a smelting city here. In the first 472 years, the King of Yue Gou Jian destroyed Wu and built Yuecheng, which is located on the south bank of Qinhuai River outside now Huamen. In the first 333 years, King Chu Wei of Xiong Shang destroyed Yue, buried gold to make the town "imperial" and built Jinling City in Shitoushan (now Liang Qing), so Nanjing was nicknamed "Jinling".
Six Dynasties
In 2 1 1 year, Sun Quan, Emperor Wu, built Stone Town in the former site of Jinling City in Stone Mountain. In 229, the capital was established here, named "Jianye", and the perimeter of the capital was about 1 1 km, which began the capital history of Nanjing. The Five Rebellions in China, the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, the gentry of the Central Plains crossed to the south, and in the first year of Jianwu (365,438+07), Si Marui established the Eastern Jin Dynasty with Jiankang as its capital (365,438+07-420), and Nanjing became the center of orthodox China culture. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Song (420-479), Qi (479-502), Liang (502-557) and Chen (557-589) successively established their capitals here, which was called the Southern Dynasties in history. The Southern Dynasties and Wu and Jin before them were collectively called the "Six Dynasties".
Sui Zhiyuan
In 589 AD, the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen, captured and leveled the palaces in the city, and Shicheng was located in Jiangzhou. Jinling, the capital of Southern Tang Dynasty (937-975), was called jiangning house. Today's inner bridge is the bridge in front of the inner court of Nantang Palace, and Zhonghua Road was the imperial road and the central axis of the city at that time. After the Song Dynasty, Nanjing City gradually expanded on the basis of Jinling City in the Southern Tang Dynasty. Jiangning house was named in the Northern Song Dynasty, and Jiankang House was renamed in the Southern Song Dynasty, which is the capital of Jiangnan East Road. In the Yuan Dynasty, it was Qing Ji Road.
1356, Zhu Yuanzhang (Ming Taizu) captured Qing Ji, and gradually eliminated Chen Youliang, Fang Guozhen, Zhang Shicheng and other opponents on this basis. 1368, the Mongols were driven away, and the Ming Dynasty was established, with this as its capital. With a total length of 96 miles, the Great Wall is the longest in the world and the highest wall in China, and half of it has been preserved. In the 19th year of Yongle, Ming Chengzu moved the capital to Beijing (Beijing Palace and government offices were modeled after Nanjing system), changed Yingtianfu to Nanjing (Beijing Office), and still set up six institutions.
1644, Li Zicheng captured Beijing, Emperor Chongzhen committed suicide, and Zhu Yousong, the axe king, acceded to the throne in Nanjing, namely Emperor Hong Guang. 1645, Nanjing was captured by Qing soldiers and reduced to Jiangning. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, it was the capital of Jiangnan province, and at the end of the Qing Dynasty, it was the resident of Liangjiang Governor (covering Jiangsu, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces). 1853- 1864, the Taiping heavenly kingdom also established its capital here, which is called "Tianjing". Nanjing was almost completely destroyed in the war.
1899, Shimonoseki, Nanjing opened a commercial port. 1906, 19 1 1 year, Shanghai-Nanjing Railway and Jinpu Railway were opened to traffic one after another.
During the period of 1929- 1937, Nanjing carried out large-scale capital construction. 1937 (26 years of the Republic of China) 65438+February, Nanjing, the capital of the Republic of China, fell and the National Government moved to Chongqing; The Japanese invaders carried out the Nanjing Massacre, killing at least 300,000 people.
Ming city wall
Nanjing Ming City Wall is the product and symbol of Nanjing, the capital of Zhu Yuanzhang (1328- 1398), and it is the only capital city wall built in the history of China to unify the whole country in the south of the Yangtze River.
Nanjing Ming City Wall was built from the end of Yuan Dynasty to the 26th year of Zheng Zheng (A.D. 1366) and completed in the 15th year of Ming Hongwu (A.D. 1386), lasting 2 1 year. From the inside out, it consists of four walls: Miyagi, Imperial City, Beijing and Waiguo. Among them, the Nanjing capital city wall does not follow the square or rectangular old system of the ancient capital, with unique design concept, exquisite construction technology and grand scale. It winds between the beautiful Nanjing mountains and rivers in Zhong Ling, with a total length of 33.676 kilometers, which is 0.776 kilometers longer than the ancient city wall of the capital Beijing. The outer wall of Nanjing ancient city wall is 60 kilometers in circumference.
After hundreds of years of vicissitudes, the walls of Miyagi, Imperial City and Waiguo have been completely destroyed, but the tall walls of Beijing, except for wooden buildings such as gates, no longer exist, and the walls still stand. Therefore, the "Nanjing City Wall" and "Nanjing Ming City Wall" usually refer to the capital city wall.
Nanjing City Wall is a masterpiece of China's ancient military defense facilities and wall construction technology. No matter its historical value, ornamental value, archaeological value, architectural design, scale and function, the city walls at home and abroad can not be compared with it. It is another historical wonder of China after Qin Changcheng.
As early as 472 BC, after the destruction of Wu by Gou Jian, the King of Yue, he attempted to further annex Chu. He took a fancy to Changganli, which is located in the Zhonghua Gate of Nanjing today, and called Fan Li, a counselor, to supervise the construction, and named it "Yuecheng" or "Fan Li" City. At that time, "Yuecheng" was very small, only 1km, with 80 steps around the city and an area of only 60,000 square meters, so it was called "Yuetai". In 333 BC, Chu Weiwang was destroyed, and a city was built in Liang Qingshan (also known as Stone Mountain) in Nanjing, which is called "Jinling City", which is also the origin of Nanjing, also known as "Jinling" and "Stone City". In 2 1 1 BC, Sun Quan built the "Stone City" in the former site of Jinling City, which is an important historical relic in Nanjing today. This was a military fortress at that time. Surrounded by mountains and rivers, the terrain is very dangerous
Of course, the most brilliant page in the history of Nanjing's capital in the Ten Dynasties is the Ming City Wall built by Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming Emperor, after he captured Nanjing from the end of Yuan Dynasty to the twenty-sixth year. It is connected to Shitou Town in the east, Qinhuai District in the south and Xuanwu Lake in the north, covering all the capitals of past dynasties. In order to build this capital, Zhu Yuanzhang used more than one million people of all kinds, and the scope of building the city covered the vast areas of several provinces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with strong national affinity and regional representation.
There are 13 gates in Nanjing, namely: Toilet God Gate (now Heping Gate), Zhongfu Gate, Jinchuan Gate, Yifeng Gate (now Zhong Xing Gate), Dinghuai Gate, Liangqingmen Gate, Shicheng Gate (now Hanzhong Gate), Sanshanmen Gate (now Shuiximen Gate), Jubao Gate (now Zhonghua Gate), Tongji Gate and Zhengzheng Gate.
Later, during the Republic of China, Caochangmen, Central Gate, Xinmin Gate, Jiefangmen, Yimeng Gate and Runfengmen (now Xuanwu Gate) were successively opened. Then the Jiqing Gate was opened in the 1980s. However, Zhongfumen, Jinchuan Gate, Tongji Gate, Qingliangmen, Caochangmen, Dinghuai Gate, Sanshanmen, Taiping Gate and Zhengyangmen were destroyed by the war and have not been rebuilt so far. Therefore, there are ten gates in Nanjing: Ce Shen, Xinmin, Yifeng, Yijiang, Shicheng, Qing Ji, Jubao, Chaoyang, Jiefang and Feng Run.
After recent years' rescue repair, the complete length of Nanjing Ming City Wall has reached 23.743 kilometers. The Nanjing Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government also spared no expense to build Crescent Lake Park, Lion Mountain Park, Shencemen Park, Hydrangea Park, Xiaotaoyuan, Bazishan Park and Qinhuai Square in Shui Mu. With the ancient city wall as the background and the moat as the support, Shuiximen Ruins Square, which can convey historical information, and new buildings such as Hanzhongmen Citizen Leisure Square and Zhonghuamen Castle with the theme of urn city and city wall have been built.