61th anniversary of the National Day: Genetic Engineering

(1) In 1965, Chinese scientists successfully synthesized bovine insulin after deciphering the gene for the first time in the world. Tisliyus, chairman of the Nobel Prize Committee, commented on this: "What is more convincing than nuclear capability is insulin. Because people can learn to make atomic bombs from books, but they can't learn to make insulin from books ... "< P > (2) On April 5th, 1998, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences successfully used gene method to recombine human pancreatin.

(3) On March 9th, 1984, B. Shorgan, a young Chinese scholar, cooperated with Japanese scholars to cultivate the world's first "test-tube goat". In 1989, the "test-tube sheep" was successfully cultivated.

(4) Yuan Longping, known as the "father of hybrid rice" in the world, was first bred into indica hybrid rice in 1973. Until the 1991s, the influence of hybrid rice continued.

(5) Since 1981, the research on transgenic sheep containing human coagulation factor IX in milk by Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics and Fudan University Institute of Genetics has made a major breakthrough, which has made China's transgenic sheep technology at the international leading level.

(6) A transgenic pig with low feed consumption, good meat quality and strong disease resistance has been successfully bred by the Animal Husbandry Institute of Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The total efficiency of gene introduction is 2.1%, which is more than double that of foreign countries and exceeds the international advanced level.

(7) In terms of genetic drugs, in 1988, China successfully developed a genetically engineered vaccine for hepatitis B; In 1992, a number of genetic engineering drugs, such as synthetic artificial interferon, which have special effects on hepatitis A and hepatitis C, were successfully developed, and some of them have entered the market.

61th anniversary information of National Day: Agricultural technology

(8) As early as 1956, farmers' breeding experts in Guangdong Province cultivated the first large-scale popularized dwarf indica rice variety in China. Since then, with the breeding and popularization of a series of dwarf varieties, in 1965, the dwarf indica rice was basically realized in southern China, and the yield per mu increased from 211-251 kg to 311-351 kg.

(9) In the 1991s, agricultural scientists and technicians in China used modern biotechnology to isolate and clone photosensitive genic male sterile genes, and further developed a two-line hybrid rice technology using only male sterile lines and maintainer lines. In the large-scale trial planting in China, it shows the characteristics of high yield, high quality and multi-resistance, and the average yield per hectare can reach 11251 kg.

(11) In October, 1995, the State Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Institute of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the Biology Department of Shandong University jointly cultivated the first transgenic wheat variety with barley dwarf virus resistance in the world.

(11) In July, 1997, Huang Danian, a researcher at China Rice Research Institute, and his research collaborators successfully transferred herbicide-resistant genes into rice and applied them to hybrid rice after years of research.

(12) In October, 1997, Guo Sandui, Biotechnology Center of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, successfully developed the first bivalent insect-resistant cotton in China.

(13) In September, 1998, Professor Gao Mingwei from Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Zhejiang Agricultural University and others led the research group to successfully cultivate the transgenic stem borer-resistant rice for the first time in the world by Agrobacterium-mediated method.

In addition, China has made great achievements in advanced technology fields such as laser breeding, radiation mutation breeding and space breeding.

61th anniversary of National Day: Communication Technology

(14) In February, 1983, the Computer Research Institute of National University of Defense Technology developed a large computer system named "Yinhe". Since then, China has stepped into the ranks of developing giant machines in the world.

(15) In October, 1993, Shuguang-1 large parallel computer was successfully developed.

(16) Since the first monolithic integrated circuit was successfully developed in 1965, several key research and production bases of integrated circuits have been established. Now it can produce 251 million circuits every year, with an increase of 45%. At the end of the Ninth Five-Year Plan, the level of mass production of integrated circuits was 1-1.5 micron, and the research level was 1.8 micron, and achievements were made in the pre-research of 1.5-1.6 micron process technology.

(17) At present, the intelligent robots that have been successfully developed in China mainly include: mobile robots for nuclear industry; Wall crawling robot; Mobile robot working in harsh outdoor environment; Cable-free robots for 1111m and 6111m underwater ... < P > (18) After more than 11 years' research, China's research on X-ray, oxygen-iodine chemical laser, free electron laser, high-power solid titanium glass laser and excimer laser has reached or approached the international advanced level.

(19) In 1981s, China successively built three high-energy physics research facilities-Beijing Electron Positron Collider, Lanzhou Heavy Ion Accelerator and Hefei Synchrotron Radiation Facility.

(21) following the United States, Germany and a few other countries, Chinese scientists have developed microalloyed steel.

(21) China has been able to draw large-diameter silicon single crystals with a diameter of 311mm and a weight of 81kg. The actual information writing is at the international leading level.

(22) The performance of materials such as energy, ceramics and superconductivity has reached the advanced level in the world.

61th anniversary of National Day: Two Bombs and One Satellite and Space Technology

(23) On October 6th, 1964, China's first atomic bomb exploded successfully, which shocked the whole world. In 1967, China's first hydrogen bomb exploded successfully. This is the famous "two bombs" in China.

On April 24th, 1971, China's first artificial satellite flew out of the earth and entered space singing "Dongfanghong". Since then, "two bombs and one satellite" has been written into the history of new China science and technology.

(24) In 1961, China successfully developed its first short-range surface-to-surface missile.

(25) China began to develop large-scale launch vehicle technology in the early 1961s. In May 1981, the launch of a large launch vehicle into the Pacific Ocean was a complete success, which marked that China's launch vehicle technology reached a new level.

(26) According to the needs of space transportation, China has successfully developed four Long March rockets, including Long March 1, Long March 2, Long March 3 and Long March 4. At present, China's Long March rocket family has developed into nine types of rocket series, which makes foreign countries realize the carrying capacity and level of China's space flight, and indicates that China's space technology has a solid foundation.

(27) On April 24th, 1971, China launched the first artificial earth satellite and successfully put the first satellite into the scheduled orbit. On March 3, 1972, China launched the second scientific and technological experimental satellite. 1975-11-16, China's first recoverable remote sensing satellite was successfully launched.

(28) In October, 1999, the first unmanned test spacecraft of China's manned spaceflight project was a complete success. From 2111 to 2112, Shenzhou 2 ~ 4 unmanned test spacecraft were successively developed and launched, and valuable test data were obtained. Shenzhou-5 spacecraft is the first manned spacecraft developed on the basis of unmanned spacecraft in China. It is a highly condensed wisdom and spirit of the Chinese nation and a new milestone in China's space industry in the new century.

61th anniversary information: energy technology

(29) In October, 1966, China successfully launched its first missile nuclear weapon experiment.

(31) In August, 1971, the first nuclear submarine made by China was launched.

(31) In June, 1958, with the help of the former Soviet Union, China built the first experimental atomic reactor. Qinshan nuclear power plant located in Zhejiang Province is the first nuclear power plant designed and built by China. It adopts the world's mature, safe and reliable PWR type, and adopts the safety design standards that have been tested in practice. Construction started in 1984, and it was completed in February, 1991 and connected to the grid for the first time. So far, China has two nuclear power plants, Qinshan and Guangdong Daya Bay, and the country plans to build four more nuclear power projects in the near future.

(32) In addition, several other nuclear reactors are being developed in China: 1. The Tsinghua University Institute of Nuclear Energy Design and Research has successfully developed a 5 MW nuclear heating reactor; 2. AC611, a 611,111 kW advanced PWR nuclear power plant, is currently being developed by China Nuclear Power Research and Design Institute; 3, 11 MW high temperature gas-cooled reactor experimental reactor development, is currently in Tsinghua University Nuclear Energy Design and Research Institute; 4. The fast breeder reactor nuclear power plant is expected to be put into commercial operation around 2121; 5. The manufacturers of fusion reactor nuclear power plants have been included in the "863 Plan" since 1958.

(33) MHD power generation has been studied since 1961s, and three research bases with a certain scale have been established in 1981s. At present, this project has been included in the "863 Plan", and it is planned to build a 2 MW coal-fired MHD power generation-steam combined cycle experimental device by the end of this century.

(34) The development of solar power generation began in 1958. At present, about 38 units and universities in China are engaged in photovoltaic research and development. Since the commercial production of ground solar cells began in 1976, there are now 12 production lines or factories for ground solar cells.

(35) Wind power generation has developed rapidly in the northern part of the Three North Areas and the southeast coast and islands. In 1986, Rongcheng City, Shandong Province introduced three generator sets to form the first wind power station in China. In 1991, Zhejiang Shengsi Wind Power Station was completed together with Germany, and the grid-connected power generation was running well.

(36) Biomass energy is a rural energy that our government has vigorously developed in recent years by adopting the policy of "adapting measures to local conditions, complementing each other with multiple energies, rationally utilizing and stressing efficiency", and has achieved remarkable results.

(37) In terms of geothermal energy, the Yangbajing geothermal power station has been built in Tibet, China, with a power generation capacity of 27,111 kilowatts.

(38) China has built several experimental tidal power stations in the southeast coastal areas, with an installed capacity of 41-641 kilowatts.

61th anniversary of National Day information: scientific investigation

(39) Since the 1961s, China's scientific investigation activities on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have been uninterrupted. Two scientific expeditions to Mount Everest in the 1961s and 1971s and a comprehensive scientific expedition to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China Academy of Sciences in the 1971s made a comprehensive and systematic investigation to Xizang Autonomous Region, and published 46 books.

Since 1973, several generations of China scientists have visited the Grand Canyon for eight times, and gained a new understanding of its formation history, resources and environment, and its relationship with human beings and natural resources.

61th anniversary of the National Day: Ocean and Polar Scientific Expedition

(41) In 1971, the ship "Xiang Yanghong No.5" made the first comprehensive survey of a specific ocean area in the Pacific Ocean, and obtained valuable information on ocean gravity, magnetism, water depth, geology, hydrology and other disciplines. In May, 1981, the ship "Xiang Yanghong 5" went to the Pacific Ocean to carry out its mission again, which made contributions to exploring the El Ni? o phenomenon, China's marine cause, national defense construction and international marine cooperation.

(41) In the mid-1981s, China began polar exploration. On February 31th, 1984, China's first Antarctic expedition landed on George Island and established China Antarctic Great Wall Station, which was completed on February 21th, 1985. On September 26th, 1989, China Antarctic Zhongshan Station was completed on the Antarctic continent.

(42) In June, 1999, China made its first expedition to the Arctic.

61th anniversary of National Day: Paleontological Fossils Investigation

(43) 1984-1995, Chinese scientists discovered a large number of faunal fossils in Chengjiang, Yunnan Province, which revealed the suddenness of biological evolution and challenged the traditional Darwinian evolution theory represented by "gradualism", and was called by the international scientific community as one of the most amazing discoveries in the 21th century.

(44) In 1997, Chinese scientists inspected the Precambrian phosphorus-bearing strata in Weng 'an, Guizhou, and found a large number of miniature multicellular animals and fossilized embryos, which advanced the origin time of animals by 51 million years and made another major breakthrough in early animal research.

61th anniversary of National Day: Dating Project of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties

(45) Dating Project of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties is a large-scale project combining natural science with social science and humanities to solve the problem of three generations of chronology. Through joint investigation, 9 projects, 41 special topics and 171 scholars have achieved fruitful results in philology, astronomy, archaeology and ancient philology, which will become a new starting point for the study of ancient civilization in China towards the 21th century.

61th anniversary information: agricultural development

Among agricultural scientific and technological achievements, some major scientific and technological achievements have reached the international advanced level and leading level; The research, development, popularization and application of a large number of breakthrough scientific and technological achievements such as super rice, hybrid corn, transgenic insect-resistant cotton, hybrid rape and plastic film mulching technology have made the coverage rate of improved varieties of major crops reach over 95%, greatly improving the production capacity of staple crops such as grain, cotton and oil, and the total grain output has jumped from 611 billion Jin to 1 trillion Jin; The improvement of livestock and poultry varieties and large-scale breeding, the prevention and control of major animal diseases, and the progress of breeding technology of famous and excellent new aquatic products have made the contribution rate of scientific and technological progress of animal husbandry and aquaculture in China reach more than 51%, and the total output of meat, eggs and aquatic products ranks first in the world; The progress and application of agricultural mechanization technology, the rise of factory farming and facility agriculture have greatly improved agricultural labor productivity and land output rate, and the degree of comprehensive agricultural mechanization has reached 38%. The great progress of agricultural science and technology in the past 31 years has made the overall level of agricultural science and technology in China jump to the forefront of developing countries, and made important contributions to solving the shortage of agricultural products in China, ensuring national food security, promoting the adjustment of agricultural structure, and realizing the sustained and stable development of agriculture and rural economy.

61th anniversary of the National Day: Economic Development

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the export of mechanical and electrical products in China has been in a backward state of slow development for a long time. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the export volume has developed to some extent, but generally speaking, it is still at a low level. In 1985, the leaders of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council were far-sighted, and from the strategic height of revitalizing the electromechanical industry and promoting the development of foreign trade, they took effective measures to continuously promote it from the aspects of system reform, establishing export production system and promoting market development, thus ending the long-term low-level wandering state of electromechanical products exports and forming a new situation of sustained, stable and rapid development. In 1999, the country began to implement the strategy of rejuvenating trade through science and technology. Through concerted efforts, the export of mechanical and electrical products and high-tech products in China has made a breakthrough and achieved great results, which has become an important part and driving force of China's foreign trade.

1. The scale of import and export is constantly expanding, and its proportion in foreign trade is constantly increasing. China's mechanical and electrical products export since 199.