knowledge of infectious diseases is common in nursery schools
1. Mumps
1. Etiology: Mumps virus
2. Epidemiology
(1) Source of infection: patients and recessive infected people are the main sources of infection.
(2) Transmission route: through saliva and droplets; Winter and spring are the peak of epidemic.
(3) Susceptible persons: preschool children are more common; Lifelong immunity can be obtained after illness.
3. Clinical manifestations
(1) Parotid gland swelling and pain. It can be swollen on one side or both sides at the same time, swollen forward, backward and downward with the earlobe as the center, with unclear edge, slight heat and tenderness, no redness and no suppuration. The buccal mucosa parotid gland orifice is red and swollen, and the pain is aggravated when you open your mouth or chew acid.
(2) Moderate fever, loss of appetite and general malaise.
4. Complications: encephalitis, pancreatitis, orchitis, oophoritis, auditory nerve damage, etc.
5. isolation and prevention
(1) isolate the child until the parotid swelling completely disappears, but at least 11 days after the onset. When you return to the park, you must hold the diagnosis certificate issued by the hospital and submit it to the infirmary for approval before returning to work.
(2) Pay attention to indoor ventilation and frequent drying of bedding.
(3) Indigofera root granules can be taken continuously for 3-5 days for susceptible people.
(4) Vaccinate against mumps.
6. Treatment
(1) General treatment: stay in bed, drink plenty of water, eat semi-liquid food, avoid acidic food and keep your mouth clean.
(2) Symptomatic treatment: antipyretics can be used for high fever, and vinegar Tiaojinhuang powder can be applied locally to relieve pain.
(3) Chinese medicine treatment: clearing away heat and toxic materials, reducing swelling and removing blood stasis.
(4) active treatment of complications.
Second, hand, foot and mouth diseases
1. Cause: virus infection.
2. Epidemiology
(1) Source of infection: patients and recessive infected persons.
(2) route of transmission: direct contact with infectious sources or transmission through nasopharyngeal secretions, feces and droplets; Frequent in summer and autumn.
(3) Susceptible persons: children under 5 years old are susceptible; It is immune to the same type of virus, and the maintenance time is not clear.
3. Clinical manifestations
(1) Mouth pain, anorexia and low fever.
(2) Small blisters or ulcers can be seen in oral mucosa, mostly in tongue, buccal mucosa and hard palate, and occasionally spread to gums, soft palate, tonsils and pharynx.
(3) maculopapules can be seen on the back of hands, feet and palms, and then turn into herpes, which will be absorbed after 2-3 days without scabs. It can also be seen in the arms, legs and buttocks, and the trunk is rare.
(4) The course of disease is short and the symptoms are mild.
4. Isolation and prevention
(1) Isolate the child for two weeks.
(2) Disinfect nasopharyngeal secretions, feces and pollutants of children at any time.
(3) Pay attention to indoor window ventilation and disinfection of articles.
5. Treatment
(1) Symptomatic treatment: keep oral hygiene, and apply medicine locally to the oral ulcer.
(2) prevent secondary infection.
(3) Chinese medicine treatment: clearing away heat and toxic materials.
3. Water pox
1. Etiology: varicella-zoster group virus.
2. Epidemiology
(1) Source of infection: acute patients.
(2) Transmission route: droplets or articles contaminated by herpes serosa. More common in winter and spring.
(3) Susceptible persons: infants and preschool children have a high incidence rate; You can get lifelong immunity after illness. Herpes zoster can occur in 21% of adults.
3. Clinical manifestations
(1) Fever, cough, runny nose, loss of appetite, etc.
(2) After 1-2 days of fever, a rash appears, which starts with a small red maculopapular rash and turns into a round "dewdrop" herpes surrounded by a thin film after several hours, with redness and itching around it. After 1-3 days, the herpes becomes dry and crusted. Trunk, waist and scalp are common, and limbs are rare, showing centripetal distribution; Often appear in batches, and maculopapules, herpes and scabs can be seen at the same time. Rashes can also be seen in oral mucosa, pharynx and conjunctiva, which form ulcers after bursting.
4. Complications: Sepsis can be caused by secondary infection. Encephalitis and myocarditis can also be seen.
5. isolation and prevention
(1) isolation until the rash is completely dry and scabbed. But not less than 2 weeks after onset.
(2) Pay attention to indoor ventilation.
(3) Vaccinate susceptible persons with varicella vaccine.
6. treatment
(1) symptomatic treatment: use antipyretics when fever occurs; Keep skin and nails clean, and avoid scratching herpes. If herpes has broken or there are secondary infections, apply 1% gentian violet locally.
(2) Antibiotics can be used when there is secondary infection.
(3) Carry out other related treatments according to the doctor's advice.
Fourth, scarlet fever
1. Etiology: Group A hemolytic streptococcus.
2. Epidemiology
(1) Sources of infection: patients, recessive infected persons and carriers.
(2) Transmission route: droplets are transmitted through respiratory tract, or indirectly through toys, towels, books, clothes and quilts. More common in winter and spring.
(3) Susceptible persons: children aged 2-8 years are more common.
3. Clinical manifestations
(1) Fever, headache, sore throat and lymphadenopathy before neck.
(2) A rash appeared within 24 hours of fever, which spread from the middle ear and neck to the trunk and limbs and spread all over the body within 24 hours. The rash is a diffuse pinhead-sized scarlet papule with no normal skin and itchy feeling between the papules. Facial flushing, visible "pale circle around the mouth", "bayberry tongue".
4. Complications
(1) Suppurative complications: otitis media, paranasal sinusitis, pneumonia and mastoiditis.
(2) Toxic complications: myocarditis, pericarditis and endocarditis.
(3) allergic complications: rheumatoid arthritis, acute glomerulonephritis.
5. isolation and prevention
(1) isolate the child until one week after the symptoms disappear; Those with suppurative complications are isolated until the inflammation is cured, and they can return to the park with a certificate of recovery issued by the hospital.
(2) Children should check urine and electrocardiogram frequently within 3 weeks after illness, so as to find and treat nephritis, myocarditis and other complications as soon as possible.
(3) Disinfect the secretions and contaminated articles of children.
(4) Indigofera root and compound sulfamethoxazole can be taken orally for susceptible children.
6. treatment
(1) symptomatic treatment: rinse your mouth with light salt water, and use antipyretics when you have high fever.
⑵ antibiotic therapy.
V. Influenza
1. Cause: influenza virus.
2. Epidemiology
(1) Source of infection: patients and recessive infected persons.
(2) Transmission route: mainly through air droplets and respiratory tract. Mostly in winter and late winter and early spring.
(3) Susceptible persons: children and other susceptible people.
3. Clinical manifestations
(1) Sudden onset, chills, high fever, headache, general aches, fatigue and other symptoms of systemic poisoning.
(2) accompanied by mild nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing, cough, sore throat and other symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection.
(3) The course of the disease lasts about one week.
4. Complications
Pneumonia, encephalitis, meningitis, circulatory dysfunction, etc.
5. isolation and prevention
(1) isolation until the fever recedes for 2 days or the symptoms disappear.
(2) Pay attention to indoor window ventilation.
(3) susceptible people can take isatis root for 3-5 days.
(4) strengthen physical fitness, reasonable nutrition and ensure adequate sleep.
(5) Develop good hygiene habits.
[6] Go to public places less, and don't visit patients.
⑺ those who have the conditions should be vaccinated against influenza.
6. treatment
(1) symptomatic treatment.
(2) If there are complications or secondary infections, corresponding treatment measures should be adopted (omitted).
VI. Bacillary dysentery
1. Etiology: Shigella dysenteriae.
2. Epidemiology
(1) Sources of infection: acute and chronic patients and carriers.
(2) route of transmission: feces discharged from infectious sources pollute hands, food, water sources, toys, etc. or food is polluted by flies, resulting in oral infection.
(3) Susceptible persons: generally susceptible, and the immunity is not consolidated after infection.
3. Clinical manifestations
(1) Universal type (typical bacillary dysentery): acute onset and high fever. More than 11 times a day, the stool is mainly mucus and purulent blood, and then it is urgent and heavy, accompanied by general weakness, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting and paroxysmal abdominal pain.
(2) mild (atypical bacillary dysentery): no fever or low fever. The stool is 3-4 times a day, and the amount of pus in the stool is not much or only mucus, and there is no obvious systemic symptom. Get better in 2-3 days.
(3) Severe type: defecation for several hundred times a day, with purulent blood, severe feeling after urgency, severe abdominal pain, vomiting, dehydration and acidosis, and mild systemic symptoms.
(4) Poisoning type: more common in children aged 2-7 years. Sudden onset, high fever, convulsion, coma, shock, respiratory failure and other systemic poisoning symptoms are obvious, and intestinal symptoms often appear in 24-36 hours. This type of illness is more serious.
(5) Chronic dysentery: the course of disease is more than 2 months, which is common in infants suffering from malnutrition, rickets and anemia, or acute dysentery is atypical, with normal or low body temperature, uncertain stool nature, mucus or mucus and purulent blood appearing alternately.
4. isolation and prevention
(1) isolation until the symptoms disappear, stool microscopy is negative, stool culture is negative twice after stopping the drug, and you can return to the park after the hospital has issued a certificate of recovery.
(2) disinfect the patient's excrement and all kinds of articles used by the patient.
(3) Pay attention to personal and food hygiene, and don't eat rotten, spoiled and unclean food.
(4) Strengthen environmental sanitation and manage feces and water.
5. treatment
(1) poisoning type: immediately sent to the hospital for emergency treatment.
(2) general treatment.
(3) antibiotic therapy.
VII. Measles
Measles is highly contagious, and most of the susceptible people are children.
Clinical manifestations: The patient's initial symptoms were similar to those of a cold. After 3 days of fever, a rash began to appear, which first started behind the ear and at the hairline, mainly maculopapular rash, and quickly spread to the face, chest and back, abdomen, limbs and whole body. After 3-4 days, the rash gradually desquamated and subsided, and gradually recovered.
Preventive measures: Vaccination with live attenuated measles vaccine is the most powerful measure to prevent measles. There is no specific drug for measles. The main thing is to take good care of patients and reduce complications. The dormitory should be warm, humid, with fresh air and not too strong light. Regularly ventilate, wash the face, eyes and nose secretions with warm water, and rinse your mouth with salt water or mouthwash regularly.
(The difference between rubella and measles: there is no rash on the hands, feet and heart, and it will subside within 1-2 days after the eruption, which makes the fetus deformed easily after pregnant women get it. )
VIII. Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
1. Etiology
Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, also known as epidemic hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (commonly known as pink eye), is a new type of acute viral eye disease that broke out in the world in recent 31 years.
2. Epidemiology
This disease is characterized by short incubation period, sudden onset, severe eye irritation symptoms, high conjunctival congestion, common subconjunctival hemorrhage and punctate exfoliation of corneal epithelium. The disease is highly contagious, the population is generally susceptible, the incidence rate is high, it spreads quickly, and the incidence is concentrated. This disease is prevalent in summer and autumn, and it is more common in adults.
3. Clinical manifestations:
(1) The incubation period is very short, and both eyes become ill at the same time or successively within 2 hours to 48 hours after contact with the infectious source.
(2) When you feel eye discomfort for 1-2 hours, you start to be jealous, and it will get worse soon. Obvious eye irritation symptoms, tingling, gritty foreign body sensation, burning sensation, photophobia and tears. Eyelid edema, eyelid and bulbar conjunctiva hyperemia.
(3) Eye secretions are watery and serous at first, reddish in color in severe cases, and then mucinous. Follicles are sometimes seen in the conjunctiva and fornix of eyelid, and pseudomembranes are occasionally formed. The lymph nodes in front of the ear are swollen and tender.
(4) Patients with acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis generally have no systemic symptoms, and a few people have symptoms such as fever and sore throat.
4. Isolation and prevention
(1) Patients with "pink eye" found in hospitals or communities should report to the relevant health and epidemic prevention departments in time.
(2) If pinkeye is found, it should be isolated in time, and all utensils should be used separately, preferably after being washed and dried.
(3) Good hygiene habits. Wash your hands with hand sanitizer or soap before meals, after defecation and after going home. Avoid rubbing your eyes with your hands and cut your nails frequently.
(4) In the epidemic season, it is best to swim in a regular swimming pool with perfect disinfection conditions, and patients with pink eye are strictly prohibited from entering the swimming pool.
In addition to active treatment, you should go to public places for activities less, and do not use towels and washbasins.
5. Treatment
(1) Wash the eyes. When there is a lot of secretions from the affected eyes, it is appropriate to wash the conjunctival sac with an appropriate washing agent, such as normal saline or 2% boric acid water, 2 ~ 3 times a day, and wipe the eyelid margin with a sterile cotton swab. Eye drops or ointment can also be applied to the affected eyes.
(2) Red eye disease can also be treated by traditional Chinese medicine, which calls it storm fever or red eye in the sky, and it is generally caused by exogenous wind heat and evil poison, so it is appropriate to drive away wind and evil spirits, clear away heat and detoxify, and commonly use Xiefei Decoction and Yinqiao Jiedu Pill.
(3) After the inflammation is controlled, in order to prevent recurrence, it is still necessary to apply eye drops for about 1 weeks, or use astringents, such as 1.25% zinc sulfate eye drops, 2 ~ 3 times a day to improve congestion and prevent recurrence.
(4) The disease is self-limited, with a natural course of 1-2 weeks, no visual impairment and generally no sequelae.
9. atypical pneumonia
1. Etiology: SARS virus.
2. Epidemiology
(1) Source of infection: Patients are important sources of infection.
(2) Transmission route: close droplet transmission, contact with patients' secretions and close contact.
⑶ Susceptible persons: People are generally susceptible because they have no immunity.
3. Clinical manifestations
(1) Fever (> 38℃), cough, accelerated breathing, shortness of breath, or respiratory distress syndrome, lung rales or lung consolidation.
(2) The WBC count in the early stage did not increase or decreased.
(3) The lungs have different degrees of patchy and patchy infiltrative shadows or reticular changes.
4. Prevention and isolation
(1) Natural ventilation should be preferred in public places, schools and kindergartens, and doors and windows should be opened for ventilation as much as possible.
(2) regular disinfection. (environment, catering, etc.)
(3) Wash and dry clothes and bedding frequently, and you can also use sterilized washing powder and detergent to clean clothes.
5, treatment
(1) symptomatic treatment.
(2) Stay in bed, pay attention to maintaining the balance of water and electrolyte, and avoid exertion and severe cough.
(3) psychotherapy.
X. Influenza A H1N1
1. Etiology: Influenza A virus H1n1.
2. Epidemiology
(1) Source of infection: infected persons.
(2) Transmission route: Influenza virus mainly spreads through respiratory tract through droplets, and it is more prone to infection in crowded environment. More and more evidence shows that micro-viruses can remain on desktops, telephones or other planes, and then spread through finger contact with eyes, nose and mouth. Infected people may infect others before symptoms appear, and usually get sick one week or more after infection. Children will be more contagious.
(3) Susceptible persons: people are generally susceptible to this virus; Obesity, pregnant women, children under 5 years old and elderly people over 65 years old are high-risk groups of influenza A (H1N1).
3. Clinical manifestations
(1) The symptoms are very similar to the common flu (fever, cough, runny nose, headache, sore throat, body aches, vomiting, etc.), and it is impossible to make a diagnosis by the symptoms (that is, the patient's description).
(2) persistent high fever for more than 3 days; Severe cough, expectoration, bloody sputum, or chest pain; Breathing frequency is fast, breathing is difficult, and the lips are cyanotic; Mental change: unresponsiveness, lethargy, restlessness, convulsions, etc. Severe vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration.
(3) The total number of white blood cells is generally not high or low. Most severe patients have decreased white blood cells, lymphocytes and platelets; Chest imaging: flake images can be seen in the lungs when complicated with pneumonia. Severe cases have a wide range of flaky images.
4. Complications: The original underlying diseases are obviously aggravated.
5. Isolation and prevention
(1) Develop good personal hygiene habits, including getting enough sleep and eating properly.