Every undertaking can be regarded as a pyramid, and it is very vivid to compare cost work to a nine-story pyramid, because each layer represents an experience, a level and several struggles. Let's introduce the nine-story pyramid of the cost engineer profession. Let's see your level!
The state implements the qualification system of cost engineers in the field of project cost. Units and departments engaged in the construction, design, construction, project cost consultation and project cost management of engineering construction activities must be equipped with professional and technical personnel with the qualification of cost engineers in the positions of valuation, evaluation, audit (nuclear), control and management.
If a pyramid consists of nine floors, in order to support the bricks at the top, the eight floors at the bottom must consist of at least 284 bricks. When a person laments that he has worked for three or five years, but he still has no ability, look at his feet. Maybe the ninth and eighth floors of the base of the professional pyramid have not been paved yet.
The first layer: look at the picture and calculate the quantity
This is the basic skill that every cost personnel must have. No matter whether the current title is a teacher or a disciple, the position is a member or a long one, as long as he is in this position, he must always deal with the calculation of numbers. Whose work has passed this step, whoever will return to the original place and start again sooner or later;
The second layer: process control
Engineering construction, whether high-rise buildings or board houses, is from the bottom up and from the inside out. Mastering the working procedure represents the initial cognition of the cost personnel to the project construction, or as mentioned above, whoever engages in the cost must follow this law;
The third layer: decomposition calculation
Although this step belongs to the primary level, many people disdain to complete it. This omission has made many cost masters lose their heads and there is no way to give examples one by one. Just sum up one sentence. If some list items are found to be losing money afterwards, most of the reasons are that they have not done a good job of decomposition and calculation beforehand;
The fourth floor: fixed tour fee
Why not talk about the price tag here? Look at the answer on the seventh floor. Although China's quota is the product of planned economy, the quota theory is worth studying by cost personnel for a lifetime. The cost personnel standing on this step should set up this ambition and save energy for climbing up.
In the future, the quota prepared by government departments will gradually withdraw from the cost stage and be replaced by internal quota report, which has been repeatedly suggested in the bill specification clause in 2008.
Such as: 4.3. 1 Except for the mandatory provisions of this specification, the bid price shall be determined by the bidder independently, but it shall not be lower than the cost. (This article does not emphasize reference to government pricing standards) There are also:
4.3.3 The tender offer shall be compiled according to the following basis:
3 enterprise quota, national or provincial and industry construction departments issued by the valuation quota;
This article puts the enterprise quota before the pricing quota issued by the national or provincial and industry construction departments, which indicates the future pricing trend. The initial cost officer may not necessarily compile the enterprise quota, but he should be able to try to compile a quota subtitle. If you compile a quota subtitle every week, you can compile a quota subtitle in one year, and you can compile a professional quota in 10 years.
The fifth layer: contract management
Contract management is another knowledge point for cost personnel. The first three steps involve engineering construction knowledge, and this layer involves legal knowledge. For cost personnel, understanding the terms in the contract is one of them. In the 2008 bill specification, the definitions of basic terms range from 2.0. 1 to 2.0.23 * * 23. In fact, there are much more terms and procedures in large-scale engineering contracts.
There are also some terms, such as materials provided by Party A, tentative price materials and tentative amount. Although these terms are a name in each contract, they appear in two contracts, and the interpretation of operating procedures will not be exactly the same. Managing a contract is to operate or educate others to operate every clause in the contract, find out the favorable or unfavorable factors in the contract terms, and exaggerate or evade some clauses in the contract during the execution.
The sixth layer: project management
The work at this stage, from getting the bid-winning notice to the completion settlement signed and sealed by both parties, can be said to be the longest process in the cost stage, and it is often the first stage in which the cost personnel intervene, because there is enough time at this stage, and each step is the most easily touched. For example, after the cost personnel enter the site, the first thing to do is to check the items and quantity of the bill of quantities, that is, the drawing calculation mentioned above, so as to create a basis for adjusting the quantities during settlement. After reviewing the comprehensive unit price of the list, the bidding time is tight. Inevitably, the bidder was in a hurry, didn't look at which node carefully, and didn't adjust the quota content when pricing, which led to the loss of comprehensive unit price of partial and itemized list projects. The earlier it is discovered, the easier it is to make loss countermeasures and complete them through decomposition calculation.
There are also the above-mentioned progress settlement (reported quantity), contract management, negotiation change, group price and so on. This step tests the ability of cost personnel to comprehensively deal with problems, and the ability to apply knowledge such as engineering quantity calculation, group price and contract management to actual combat.
Level 7: organize bidding independently.
This layer of work seems to be a collection of work such as engineering quantity calculation, price assembly and contract management. However, one of the most important tasks to be completed by independent institutions in bidding is cost analysis, without cost analysis. Bidding means that the blind touch the elephant, the thick ones are called pillars, the big ones are called fans, and the curved ones are called hooks. Where does the cost come from? It is the internal quota of 10 annual cost staffing.
Take the group price as an example, people standing on this step pay more attention to the comprehensive unit price of the list, which is different from the fixed group price on the fourth step. The fixed unit price studies the process cost, while the comprehensive unit price of the list studies the unilateral cost of specific list items. The cost here is relatively fixed and has little change compared with the cost, which includes risks and management expenses. The comprehensive unit price of FIDIC clause full cost list also includes taxes and measures.
What is more difficult is that in order to enhance the competitiveness of comprehensive unit price bidding, unbalanced quotation must be adopted. It may take some space to explain the unbalanced quotation clearly. Here is a metaphor to summarize. There is a term in Go called giving up unwanted pieces. A master chess player is to let the abandoned child release the last energy, otherwise it is called being eaten. Unbalanced quotation is to make concessions in order to achieve the best effect, otherwise concession to loss is the biggest failure of bidding.
Level 8: Compilation of measures list
In the process of compiling the list, the tenderee will make many mistakes in compiling the partial and itemized list, and the bidder will find it difficult to quote the list of measures. The reason is that, unlike the physical quantity in the drawings, most of the expenses in the measure plan are intangible and will actually occur, and with the emergence of new technologies, new materials and new processes, the measure items are also increasing.
The simplest example, the original building foundation excavation can consider a slope coefficient. Now there are new buildings everywhere and high-rise buildings around. Each slope of the foundation may adopt different slope protection methods, and several slope protection costs will be reflected in the measure fee. The cost of these measures is difficult, and it may also attract the bidder's full attention. Some common measures may be ignored, such as the secondary handling fee, an empirical coefficient of ordinary projects, and several outfalls of subway projects. After the materials were transported underground, they were all carried by people, and the cart was transported backwards to complete the second transshipment. The empirical coefficient of secondary treatment can only be summed up by those who have personally experienced the settlement.
Layer 9: Program Preparation
The value of cost personnel is summed up in nine words in the market: "can design, can construct and can budget". Standing on the ninth step, you must have more hands than others.
1, measures and plans
The preparation of measures and plans is not the work of cost personnel, but it is the decision-making work that cost personnel should participate in. Measures and plans are related to safety, quality, construction period, cost and other factors. In bidding, it is generally the measure price that determines the life and death of the economic target, and the settlement progress is often affected by the dispute over measures and expenses. The decision of measures and schemes should be the most critical issue in bid evaluation.
2, drawing deepening work
Some tender drawings, especially decoration drawings, are said to be construction drawings. In fact, the contractor can't finish the construction work after getting the drawings, because many detailed nodes and typesetting in the drawings are not refined.
In the process of construction, the owner may put forward some constructive suggestions. At this time, the test is whether the bidder has predicted the possible design ideas of the employer during the bidding process, whether there is room for change in the cost when bidding, and whether the cost can be kept within the controllable range with the further refinement of the drawings. For example, the typesetting of walls and tiles has not changed, but the specifications and arrangement of tiles have actually changed. What will happen to the loss rate of bricks? How much will the processing fee increase?
There are 285 bricks for the ninth floor, of which the lowest two floors are made of bricks 185, which means that it takes 50% time and energy for the cost personnel to climb two steps. If you plan your life and career according to 10, you will understand every drawing in the first five years. If you don't go through the elevation index, you can find out the corresponding position of the elevation in the plan and read the node diagram. Explain that the cost reason has reached the primary level. When the designer's ceiling node diagram structure can be linked with the ground mosaic paving map, it is a sign that the career has reached the top level.
Each floor structure maintains its own stability, which is the most powerful support for the superstructure. It is unrealistic for cost personnel to rush headlong into action. If you don't want to stand on the nine steps of the cost cause, you will definitely get a hard fall.
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