Historical origin
development prospect
In recent years, Hangzhou Qingfeng interior design training institutions and other high-end design training institutions have emerged constantly, and interior designers have become a profession of great concern. With the rapid development of the decoration industry, the demand for professional designers and technicians is also increasing year by year, which is praised by the media as one of the "golden gray collar occupations". Because the training of interior design professionals in China started late, there is a big gap in talent supply in the face of high-speed development industries. In 2005, there was a shortage of 400,000 interior design talents in China.
With the development of society and the further improvement of specialty, this situation will gradually improve, and the following trends will appear:
1. Interior design needs to return to nature: With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, people yearn for nature, drink natural drinks and use natural materials, and are eager to live in a natural and green environment. A high degree of nationalization only emphasizes a high degree of modernization. Although people's quality of life has improved, they feel that they have lost their tradition and past. Therefore, the development trend of modern interior design is to pay equal attention to modernity and tradition.
2. Interior design needs to be artistic as a whole: with the enrichment of social material wealth, people demand to be liberated from the "accumulation of houses" and seek unified and complete beauty among various objects. Interior design needs to be highly modernized: with the development of science and technology, interior designers should learn to adopt all modern scientific and technological means to achieve the best matching effect of sound, light, color and shape, realize high speed, high efficiency and high function, and create an admirable ideal space environment.
3. Interior design should be high-tech and reasonable: the interior design of advanced countries in the world is developing in the direction of high technology and high emotion. Therefore, interior designers should not only attach importance to technology, but also emphasize humanistic feelings to achieve the combination of high technology and high emotion.
4. Interior design emphasizes individuality: large-scale industrial production has left the same problem for society. In order to break identity, people pursue individuality. Convenient service: urban population is concentrated. In order to be efficient and convenient, foreign countries attach great importance to the development of modern service facilities. Interior designers should pay more attention to the subject of "people" in the design process to make consumers satisfied and convenient. New materials are widely used: with the rapid development of new building materials and interior decoration materials, the future home will become wonderful. Free division of spatial pattern. With the improvement of people's living standards, the housing area will be large, and the original small space housing will be gradually transformed and renovated.
survey result
According to the survey, people who are currently engaged in the profession of interior designers mainly switch from artistic design and graphic design. Most designers have not received education and training in interior design system, which leads to many problems such as design level and decoration quality, and design complaints are on the rise. At the right time, the start and rapid development of domestic real estate has brought a rare opportunity to the unemployment of architectural decoration. With the acceleration of urbanization, the prosperity of housing industry and the further opening of domestic and foreign markets, under the background of rapid domestic economic development, infrastructure construction and real estate industry in various places are full of vitality and in the ascendant. Design is the leader and soul of decoration industry, and the style and taste of interior decoration depend on design. According to the data of relevant departments, the current shortage of interior design talents in China has reached 400,000, and the number and quality of graduates of related majors in domestic universities are far from meeting the market demand. Decoration and design industry has become one of the most promising sunrise industries, and will be in a high-speed rising stage in the next 20-50 years, with the potential of sustainable development.
research objects
The object of interior design research is only to study the closed surface and content of the interior space of the building. Usually used to divide interior design according to the following standards:
According to the design depth: indoor scheme design, indoor preliminary design and indoor construction drawing design.
According to the design content, it is divided into: interior decoration design, interior physical design (acoustic design, optical design), interior equipment design (indoor water supply and drainage design, indoor heating, ventilation and air conditioning design, electrical and communication design), interior soft decoration design (curtain design, accessories selection), indoor geomantic omen, etc.
According to the nature of design space, it can be divided into residential building space design, public building space design, industrial building space design and agricultural building space design.
The most common classifications are public dress (public building space design) and home decoration (residential building space design).
design cycle
How to design an ideal home to face the future new home, there will be many design ideas in your mind. Not everyone can completely put their ideas into practice, even if they finally draw the design drawings in their minds, they can't guarantee their rationality and feasibility.
Therefore, if you are not an architect, you'd better turn to a professional designer to help you make the most suitable design scheme for your new house. However, if you must believe that you have the ability to conceive, people who want to reflect their design intentions can refer to the information provided below.
2. How to read the design drawings?
How to look at the floor plan of residential buildings? The floor plan of residential buildings is an important basis for buyers to understand the floor shape, orientation and orientation of residential buildings and the spatial positions of rooms, stairs, walkways, doors and windows and fixed equipment in residential buildings. People often appear when buying a house or choosing a house.
interior design
In this case, that is, the house to be purchased has not been completed, so people should understand the basic situation of the house according to the plan, elevation, section, perspective, performance and model of the house. In addition, the floor plans of all floors of residential buildings are the same, so they can be displayed with one floor plan. For property buyers, the floor plan of residential buildings is very important. You must know and see it.
Residential building plan is a horizontal section of residential building drawn according to a certain proportion. Residential building plans are generally more detailed, usually with a larger scale, such as 1: 100 and 1: 50, indicating the actual detailed dimensions. However, some small-sized residential floor plans do not use special symbols to mark internal ancillary equipment, but are for design, construction and construction personnel. Some real estate development and sales enterprises, in order to let buyers have a more comprehensive understanding of the basic situation of the house, often describe the size and spatial position of the furniture that should be arranged indoors on the floor plan, and some will also use colors to distinguish and display it. The logo of furniture has no unified symbol, but the drawing method is more intuitive, which is convenient for people to associate and identify. Note: The opening mode of windows and the positions of water, heating and gas risers on the plan are generally not marked.
Basic viewpoints of interior design
The principle of modern interior design emphasizes that the following basic viewpoints should be established from the requirements of creating to meet modern functions and meet the spirit of the times:
First, take interpersonal activities as the core
"Serving people is the cornerstone of the social function of interior design." The purpose of interior design is to serve people by creating indoor space environment. Designers always need to put people's needs for indoor environment, including the use of materials and spirit, in the first place in design. Because of the complicated contradictions and numerous problems in the design process, designers need to clearly realize that people-oriented, serving people, ensuring people's safety and physical and mental health, meeting people's needs and interpersonal activities are the core of design. The ordinary truth of serving people is often intentional when designing.
Modern interior design needs to meet people's physiological and psychological requirements and comprehensively deal with the relationship between people and the environment, interpersonal communication and so on. , comprehensively solve the use function, economic benefits, comfort and beauty, environmental atmosphere and other requirements. On the premise of serving people, the design and implementation process will also involve many problems such as materials, equipment, quota regulation and coordination with construction management. It can be considered that modern interior design is a comprehensive system engineering, but it is the starting point and destination of modern interior design. Starting from the "functional cornerstone" of serving people, designers need to be meticulous and put themselves in people's shoes to create a beautiful indoor environment. Therefore, modern interior design pays special attention to the study of ergonomics, environmental psychology and aesthetic psychology, so as to scientifically and profoundly understand the design requirements of indoor environment from the aspects of human physiological characteristics, behavioral psychology and visual experience. According to different people and different users, different needs should be considered accordingly.
In the organization of indoor space, the choice of color and lighting, and the contrast of corresponding indoor environment, it is more necessary to study people's behavioral psychology and visual feelings. For example; The towering indoor space of the church has a sense of mystery, the regular indoor space of the conference hall has a sense of solemnity, and the gorgeous colors and colorful flashing lights in the entertainment places give people a psychological feeling of excitement and laziness. We should make full use of existing material and technical means and corresponding economic conditions to create an indoor artificial environment that first meets the needs of people and interpersonal activities.
Second, strengthen the overall environmental concept.
The conception and conception of modern interior design, the creation of interior style and environmental atmosphere need to focus on the overall environment, cultural characteristics and functional characteristics of the building. Modern interior design, understood from the overall concept, should be regarded as a "link in the chain" in the environmental design series.
The "inside" of interior design and the "outside" of outdoor environment (including natural environment, cultural characteristics and location, etc. ) can be said to be a pair of complementary dialectical unity contradictions. It is precisely for better interior design that it is increasingly necessary to have enough understanding and analysis of the environment as a whole, starting from the interior, but focusing on the "outside". One of the disadvantages of current interior design-similarity, lack of innovation and individuality, and lack of necessary understanding and research on the environment as a whole, thus making the design foundation mediocre and the design concept limited and closed. It seems that ignoring the analysis of the relationship between environment and interior design is also one of the important reasons.
Modern interior design, or indoor environment design, here the "environment" has two meanings:
The first meaning is that indoor environment refers to many aspects, including indoor space environment, visual environment, air quality environment, acousto-optic heat and other physical environment, psychological environment and so on. Interior design should attach importance to the design of visual environment (otherwise it will not be interior design), but it should not be limited to visual environment, but also attach great importance to indoor physical environment such as sound, light and heat, air quality environment and psychological environment. Because people's feelings about whether the indoor environment is comfortable are always comprehensive. Even if it looks beautiful, it is difficult to give people a pleasant feeling in a stuffy room with a high noise background. In some foreign-related hotels, complaints are concentrated, often because of the low-frequency noise of elevators and boiler rooms at night and the noise of sanitary ware pipes in bathrooms, which affects rest. Many hotel lobbies choose bright and hard decorative materials simply from the visual experience. From the ground to the wall, from the stairs and railings of the corridor to the countertops and cabinets of the service desk, the reverberation time in the lobby is too long, the clarity of the speech is poor, and of course the cost is high. When American interior designer Fisher visited the lecture, he also had a similar evaluation of a hotel where he stayed.
Another meaning is that interior design is regarded as a natural environment-urban and rural environment (including historical context)-community neighborhood, building outdoor environment-indoor environment, which is an organic part of this environmental series and a "link in the chain". There are many causes and effects between them, or factors that restrict and promote each other.
design element
1. space element. The basic task of design is to rationalize the space and give people a beautiful feeling. We should be brave in exploring the new image of space endowed by the times and technology, and don't stick to the spatial image formed in the past.
2. Color requirements. Indoor color not only affects the visual environment, but also directly affects people's mood and psychology. Scientific color selection is beneficial to work and health. Proper color processing can not only meet the functional requirements, but also achieve beautiful results. In addition to observing the general color rules, indoor colors are different with the changes of aesthetic standards of the times.
3. Light and shadow requirements. Humans love the beautiful scenery of nature, and often introduce sunlight directly into the room to eliminate the darkness and closed feeling, especially the top light and soft scattered light, and make the indoor space more intimate and natural. The change of light and shadow makes the room more colorful and gives people a variety of feelings.
4. Decorative elements. The indispensable building components in the whole indoor space, such as columns and walls, need to be decorated in combination with their functions to form a perfect indoor environment. Making full use of the texture characteristics of different decorative materials, we can obtain a variety of different styles of indoor artistic effects, and at the same time reflect the historical and cultural characteristics of the region. 5. Display elements. Indoor furniture, carpets, curtains, etc. They are all necessities of life, and their shapes often have the characteristics of furnishings, mostly playing a decorative role. Practicality and decoration should be coordinated with each other, and the functions and forms should be unified and diverse, so as to make the indoor space comfortable and decent and full of personality.
6. Green elements. Greening in interior design has become an important means to improve the indoor environment. Planting flowers and trees indoors, using greening and sketches to communicate indoor and outdoor environments, expanding the sense of indoor space and beautifying the space have positive effects.
principle
1. Functional principles: including meeting and ensuring the use requirements, protecting the main structure from damage, and decorating the building facade and indoor space;
2. Safety principle: No matter the wall, floor or ceiling, its structure requires a certain strength and rigidity to meet the calculation requirements, especially the connection nodes between various parts, which are safer and more reliable.
3. Feasibility principle: The reason for design is to turn the design into reality through construction. Therefore, interior design
Must be practical, and strive for convenient construction and easy operation.
4. Principle of economy: The design standard should be determined according to the actual nature and use of the building. Don't blindly raise the standard, simply pursue the artistic effect, resulting in a waste of funds, and don't unilaterally lower the standard and affect the effect. It is important to achieve good practical and artistic effects through ingenious structural design at the same cost.
5. Matching principle: meet the requirements of use function, modern technology and spiritual function.
trait
This paper analyzes the understanding of the meaning of interior design and its relationship with architectural design from different angles and different emphases. Many scholars have many profound insights, which are worth our serious consideration and reference. For example, they think that interior design "is the continuation and deepening of architectural design and the re-creation of indoor space and environment". It is considered that interior design is "the soul of architecture, the connection between man and environment, and the combination of human art and material civilization".
Mr. Dai Nianci, a senior architect in China, believes that "the starting point and focus of architectural design is connotative architectural space, and the spatial effect is the goal pursued by architectural art, while interfaces, doors and windows are the necessary subsidiary parts of space. The subordinate part is the material basis of space and plays a decisive role in the perception of the use of connotation space, but it is a subordinate part after all. As for the appearance, it is only the inevitable result of the connotation space. "
W. plattner, a master architect, thinks that interior design is "much more difficult than designing a building containing these internal spaces", because indoors "you have to deal with people more, study people's psychological factors and how to make them feel comfortable and excited. Experience has proved that this requires more experience and more specialized training than dealing with structures and building systems. "
G. Adam, former president of American Interior Designers Association, pointed out, ".
The work involved in interior design is much broader than simple decoration, and their concerns have been extended to all aspects of life, such as the design of houses, offices, hotels and restaurants, the improvement of labor productivity, barrier-free design, the compilation of fire prevention specifications and energy-saving indicators, and the improvement of the utilization rate of public facilities such as hospitals, libraries and schools. In a word, it gives comfort and safety to all kinds of people in the indoor environment. "
EoPonomaleva, a Belarusian architect, believes that interior design is to design "an artificial environment with visual limitations to meet people's physiological and spiritual requirements and ensure the needs of life and production activities", and interior design is also "the interdependence and close combination of function, spatial form, engineering technology and art".
classify
According to the use function of the building, interior design is divided into the following categories:
1, Interior Design of Residential Buildings
It mainly involves the interior design of houses, apartments and dormitories, including the design of front hall, living room, dining room, study room, studio, bedroom, kitchen and bathroom.
2. Interior design of public buildings
1) Interior design of cultural and educational buildings. It mainly involves the interior design of kindergartens, schools, libraries and scientific research buildings, including the interior design of foyer, lobby, atrium, classroom, activity room, reading room, laboratory and computer room.
2) Interior design of medical buildings. It mainly involves the architectural interior design of hospitals, community clinics and sanatoriums, including the interior design of outpatient clinics, examination rooms, operating rooms and wards.
3) Interior design of office building. It mainly involves the interior design of offices, conference rooms and lecture halls in administrative office buildings and commercial office buildings.
4) Interior design of commercial buildings. It mainly involves the interior design of shopping malls, convenience stores and catering buildings, including the interior design of business halls, specialty stores, bars, tea rooms and restaurants.
5) Interior design of exhibition buildings. It mainly involves the interior design of various art galleries, exhibition halls and museums, including the interior design of exhibition halls and galleries.
6) Interior design of entertainment buildings. It mainly involves the architectural interior design of all kinds of dance halls, karaoke bars, KTV and amusement halls.
7) Interior design of sports buildings. It mainly involves the interior design of various gymnasiums and swimming pools, including the design of supporting auxiliary rooms for competitions and training in different sports.
8) Interior design of traffic building. It mainly involves the construction of stations, terminals and docks of highways, railways, waterways and civil aviation, including the interior design of waiting rooms, waiting rooms, waiting rooms and ticket offices.
3. Interior design of industrial buildings
It mainly involves the interior design of workshops, living rooms and auxiliary rooms in various factories.
4. Interior design of agricultural buildings
It mainly involves the interior design of various agricultural production houses, such as planting greenhouses and breeding houses.