Analysis report on the present situation and current situation of water resources in China

) The present situation of water resources in China

is a shortage of water resources with uneven distribution in time and space. In recent years, China has suffered from severe drought, the frequency and duration of which have been prolonged, and the losses suffered have increased. More than 611 cities across the country, more than 411 water shortages, more than 111 serious water shortages, water supply cities such as Beijing and Tianjin have reached the most critical moment. At the same time, due to the population growth, by 2131, the per capita water demand of 2,211 cubic meters and 1,711 cubic meters in China will be close to the development and utilization of water resources, and the problem of water shortage will become more prominent. Strengthening water resources, everyone should start from me, and it has become an essential consciousness to save every drop of water from their own water shortage. In addition, China's water resources development and other problems: (1) the economic development and social stability of flood-stricken countries are a potential threat; (92) the efficiency of water use is not high; (3) the water resources are average, and the high pollution discharge of major water pollutants in 2113 was received. There is also a serious water pollution in half of the tributaries of Huaihe River basin, and the ecological water use in Haihe River and Liaohe River basin is seriously lacking, which has been dry for five consecutive years in West Liaohe River basin of Inner Mongolia. Taihu Lake, Chaohu Lake and Dianchi Lake are worse than 5, with total nitrogen and total phosphorus, and serious organic pollution. For example, the Yellow River, the main cause of industrial pollution of the Yellow River, has an annual economic loss of about 1151111111-1561111111 due to water pollution. Rmb, accounting for 73% of the total wastewater discharge. At the same time, it is worrying that many farmland is forced to be irrigated with sewage, and residents along the Yellow River are injured. According to preliminary estimates, the annual reduction of 221-271 million yuan in the region? Human health. Does the pollution of the Yellow River water also bring the value of this resource? Loss, urban water supply, additional investment, municipal sewage treatment with a total loss of nearly 6 billion yuan per year. The water on the earth seems to think a lot, but under the current economic and technical conditions, water resources are developed and utilized for human beings. According to experts' estimation, the total amount of water is 1.386 billion cubic kilometers on the earth, and 96.7% of the water is in the ocean, but it is not fully utilized. The total fresh water resources on the earth are only 3.3%, 3.3%, and 85% of the total water reserves are concentrated in the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets and alpine glaciers in this region. There are almost no people on the continent at this stage, and it is very difficult to use. Water is the development and utilization of human river runoff and groundwater resources on the earth. 22.6% of the fresh water is on the earth, and the groundwater is 861 billion tons, but half of the groundwater resources are 811 meters deep, so it is difficult to use. Overexploitation of groundwater will bring many problems. There are 23 trillion tons of freshwater rivers and lakes on the earth, with freshwater resources, plants, animals and humans on land accounting for 1.6% of the total, but this part of the main source of water resources has greatly reduced the pollution to water bodies. Water vapor is in the atmosphere, and the amount of fresh water on the earth is 1.13% to 1.3 trillion tons, of which land fresh water supplements rainfall. Generally, river runoff and underground fresh water can only reach 41% for human development. The average annual total precipitation in China is 6.2 trillion cubic meters of rice. Besides the direct utilization of soil moisture, natural ecosystems and artificial ecosystems, the average level of surface water and groundwater for many years is 2.8 M3 of total water resources, and the total water resources is trillion dollars, ranking sixth in the world, behind Brazil, the former Soviet Union, Canada, the United States and Indonesia. According to the population statistics of 1997, the total per capita water consumption in China is 2,211 cubic meters, which is only the world average? , ranked 121 in the world, is listed as one of the 12 water-poor countries in the world. With the development of the times, industrial and agricultural production, from 1981 to 1999, about a quarter of the total economic and social water consumption in China increased to about 559 billion cubic meters, 44.37 billion cubic meters. 11.1%, agriculture accounts for 71%, 21%, industrial water and domestic water accounts. Facing the new century

, the main water problem of the coordinated development of population, resources and environment has become a major strategic issue of the international community, and China is a country with the largest population in the world, a country with per capita fresh water resources and a poor country. The utilization of water resources in China is a very limited water resource, and the distribution of rainfall per capita and mu in time and space is seriously unbalanced, which is the basic feature of water shortage in China. At present, the shortage of water resources has become a serious constraint to sustainable economic and social development. However, how to use China's water resources? Limited by the current situation, the country as a whole has only 2211 cubic meters of fresh water resources per capita, which is 81% of the total water resources from a regional perspective. Mainly concentrated in the Yangtze River basin and its south area, more than 41%, mainly concentrated in the five southwestern provinces, this procedure is determined by genes. From the south and west, the per capita consumption of fresh water resources is the highest, and the per capita possession is from the east to the north in 2115, or 611 times, which is lower than the lowest. This is the root cause of water shortage in the resource-rich southern part of northern China. However, due to water pollution, water shortage is very serious. The country's increasingly serious drought and water shortage, especially the water crisis in the north, are not alarmist. Major disasters

(1) In the 1991s, floods, droughts and water pollution frequently occurred in China, and more? Water, lack of water, dirty water and deterioration of water environment are an increasingly serious problem.

(1) The accumulated direct economic losses caused by floods exceeded 1.1 trillion yuan, equivalent to about 1.5 of the fiscal revenue in the same period. The direct economic losses of more than 1 billion RMB in a year were in 1994 (179.7 billion RMB), 1995(16531111 USD), and the direct economic losses exceeded 2 billion RMB, 1996 (22.18 billion RMB) and 1998 (26.84 billion RMB). The World Bank estimates that the annual flood losses in China exceed $1 billion.

(2) Drought disaster: Since the beginning of this year, due to the shortage of water supply, the industrial output value of 23 billion RMB has been directly affected. In normal and dry years, the grain production has been reduced by 1,111,111-2,511,111 kilograms (in normal years, such as in 196, it was reduced by 1 billion kilograms, and this year's drought, for example, in 1994 and 1995, it was reduced by 251 million kilograms). However, in the year of drought, the grain output rose to nearly 5 million kilograms (more than 1,111 days in 1997, the drought in some historical northern areas, the days when the lower reaches of the Yellow River were cut off, and the dry rivers had a long history of drought-resistant production of 47.6 billion kilograms of grain and food production, which caused the most serious losses since the founding of New China this year). According to the World Bank's estimation, the annual loss caused by drought is about 35 billion dollars.

(3) water environment, soil erosion, the effectiveness of regional and local governance, but in the face of a slow process, soil erosion control terminal, and the damage is very serious, especially the rapid increase in the development and construction of projects caused by human soil erosion. The average annual development and construction activities in China, of which 21% directly flows into rivers, are artificially added? Ten thousand square kilometers, the accumulation of soil erosion area is about 311 thousand tons of waste soil and rocks? Affect the safety of flood control. The water pollution is serious. Due to the rapid growth of industrial wastewater discharge and untreated, it is directly discharged into the river, which leads to the deterioration of the polluted water environment in Huaihe River and Taihu Lake. China's environmental report is estimated by the World Bank. China has only water and air pollution, resulting in an annual loss of $5.4 billion, accounting for 8% of China's annual GDP. This shows that the deterioration of water environment quality has caused huge economic losses.

The total average economic loss of three or more major disasters is about 15% of the annual gross domestic product (GDP), accounting for the total GDP. From the loss of these disasters, the shortage of water and water resources and the deterioration of the environment have become the main contradictions in the 21 th century. Principal contradiction

(B). Serious shortage of water resources

In the past 51 years, the development and utilization of water resources in this country has reached 21%. Especially in recent 21 years, due to the slow growth of water supply capacity in 1978 to 19? In the past 98 years, the annual water supply capacity has increased by about 1%. Compared with the same period last year, the national economy has grown rapidly by 8-12%, with an increase of about 2.5 million people compared with the same period last year, which has aggravated the shortage of water resources. It is worth mentioning that the relationship between rainfall and runoff, runoff and the change of convergence conditions, due to the influence of human activities, the natural runoff of some rivers tends to decline. The frequent interruption of the lower Yellow River, the Haihe River becoming a seasonal river, and the inland dryness of some rivers, which occurred in 2111, and serious economic losses have fully exposed the fragility of urban water supply system in China, the rural drought resistance, and the epitome of water supply and demand.

At present, agriculture, which is short of nearly 4 billion cubic meters of water every year in China, has more than 31 billion cubic meters of water every year. On average, 4 million acres of farmland are affected by drought every year, with an average annual harvest of more than 2 billion kilograms of grain and 611 million cubic meters. The shortage of urban and industrial water directly affects the total industrial output value of 23 billion yuan. Difficulties are in rural areas, and more than 241,111 people have difficulty drinking water; Of the 668 cities in China, more than 411 are short of water, of which more than 111 are seriously short of water. Tianjin's water has been affected by the continuous north drought, and the water level of Panjiakou Reservoir is close to the dead reservoir, so there is no water available for Yuqiao Reservoir in Tianjin, which is a direct threat to domestic and production water in Tianjin. Despite a series of restrictions, it is still difficult to guarantee the water this winter and next spring. To this end, the State Council approved the implementation of the Guangdong Provincial Water Resources Department, Yellow River Diversion and Tianjin Emergency Water Transfer Project.

In the 21th century, China's population, quality of life and level are improving, and with the growth of urbanization, the per capita water resources will be further reduced and the water consumption will be further increased. Among them, the prominent water resources and water shortage have become an important restrictive factor, affecting the food security, economic development, social supply and demand in China, stabilizing the contradiction, improving the ecological environment and maintaining the ecological environment security.

Has water become a serious problem? The problem of weight, to protect the safety of the ecological environment < P >? Soil erosion area? 3,671,111 square kilometers, including 38% of the total land area of the region, accounting for it? 1791111 square kilometers of wind and water erosion? 1881111 square kilometers, the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River and the middle, upper and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin and the upper reaches of Haihe River basin have the most serious soil erosion. Serious soil erosion has caused an average loss of 1 million mu of cultivated land every year, and soil degradation with a loss of more than 51 tons has led to the deposition of ecological environment, lakes, rivers and sediments, which has aggravated disastrous floods, droughts and sands. The fragile natural ecosystem and unreasonable human activities further aggravate soil erosion, land degradation and water pollution.

The national groundwater has been overexploited for a long time, because the current capacity cannot be covered by it is 81 billion cubic meters. Over-exploitation for many years has now formed 56 regional groundwater drop funnels, resulting in land subsidence and seawater intrusion in some areas. In some arid and semi-arid areas, due to the unreasonable development and utilization of water resources by human beings, the downstream rivers, lakes and rivers have shrunk, some downstream lakes have disappeared, the ecological environment has deteriorated seriously, and a large area of tails has emerged. The grassland of Populus euphratica forest is degraded, and desertification intensifies the frequency of sandstorms. In addition, some irrigation areas and oases are flooded with water, and the drainage is not smooth, resulting in serious soil salinization, land quality and the decline of comprehensive agricultural production capacity. The total amount of wastewater discharged in China is 61.6 billion tons (excluding thermal power DC cooling water) every year, accounting for 67% of industrial wastewater and domestic sewage, accounting for 33%, and the water quality monitoring data is 1999. The evaluation results show that the length of I river accounts for 31% of the country's 113,611 kilometers, and the length of III water (including Class I river accounts for 5.5 ",and the length of rivers accounts for 24.5%.

2) Comrade Deng Xiaoping, facing the top ten challenges, pointed out: "From a strategic point of view, we should be good at studying the development strategy and planning in the first 51 years of the next century and take effective measures to continue to have perseverance and make our development. Water development is facing severe challenges. We must seize the opportunity and meet the challenges. Water conservancy construction is an important strategic measure to ensure the sustainable development of economy and society.

(A) At the peak of population growth, we are all faced with a huge population base. By 2131, the population growth will reach its peak, accounting for about 61 billion US dollars of the total population, and will drop to 1,751 cubic meters. The per capita water resources and population growth will not only increase the demand for water, but also increase the pressure on resources and ecological environment, and make effective use of water. Therefore, in the future,

(2) The supply and demand of water is more serious, and it is more difficult to develop and utilize 28,111 cubic meters. According to international evaluation standards, water resources provide about 111-111 billion cubic meters. In 1997, China's annual total water consumption reached 56.23 billion cubic meters. According to the level of moderately developed countries, the strategic goal was achieved in China in the middle of the 21th century. Unbalanced regional development, economic development, not only the limited area of water, but also the development and utilization of water resources have become more and more difficult. The development and utilization of water resources in China will be more difficult, and the contradiction between supply and demand will be more serious.

(C) With the rapid economic growth, the corresponding wastewater discharge will rise sharply. In the next 51 years, this trend will bring challenges. For the sewage treatment and restoration of water supply infrastructure, the industrial water consumption will increase greatly in the next 51 years. With the level of urbanization and the rapid development of small cities and towns, the wastewater discharge will increase by dozens or even dozens of times, which will inevitably aggravate the deterioration of the water environment. Therefore, China will face a huge situation.

(D) The contradiction in the north of China is more acute. The influence of the southern region, global climate change and water shortage may be more serious floods. Global warming, ozone depletion, land degradation, desertification, sea level rise and lack of resources will lead to a series of global environmental problems, which have attracted worldwide attention. Global warming, precipitation, water and regional distribution, as well as supply are bound to impact, especially in the northern region. Therefore, it can be predicted that the prevention of floods and droughts in the next 51 years will be a more arduous task, especially in the water resources in the northern region.