(a) the decoration of flammable materials, fire load.
(2) There are many electrical equipment and miscellaneous lines, forming an indirect ignition source.
(3) difficulty in concentration and evacuation.
(4) Modern hotels and restaurants, which have a fast fire spread and are difficult to put out, have already changed the single business model that used to focus on guest rooms, integrating guest rooms, apartments, restaurants, shopping malls, nightclubs, conference centers and fitness and entertainment places, and are developing in a multi-functional direction. Fire hazards mainly include the following aspects:
(a) More flammable materials
(2) There are many potential fire sources.
(3) Some hotels and restaurants have unreasonable building structures or improper use.
(d) Inadequate fire-fighting facilities and poor fire resistance.
(5) A shopping mall with a weak awareness of disaster prevention is a place with a large flow of people and a high turnover, which integrates all supplies for production, life and people's social activities. The flowing crowd brings flowing kindling. Its fire risk is mainly manifested in the following aspects:
(1) The building area of the business hall is large, the floors are high, and the space is connected, which is easy to cause the fire to spread and expand.
(2) There are many combustibles and the fire load is large. Once a fire breaks out, it is easy to cause great economic losses.
(3) There are many people in the shopping mall, and it is easy to cause heavy casualties in case of fire.
(4) There are many electric lighting devices, which lead to many factors of fire.
(5) It is difficult to put out the fire. General hospitals can be divided into general hospitals and specialized hospitals. Outpatient department, inpatient department and operating room are the main components of the hospital; Radiation, physical therapy and laboratory tests are the auxiliary treatment parts of the hospital; Pharmacy, preparation room, warehouse and power distribution room are the logistics supply guarantee parts of the hospital. The fire risk of hospitals is mainly manifested in the following aspects:
(1) The radiation room is equipped with fixed or mobile X-ray machines. Common circuit faults of X-ray machine include open circuit, short circuit and parts damage, which leads to electrical fire. X-ray machines require a high voltage. When the energy of electrons is converted into X-rays, it will also produce some heat energy, which is a fire hazard.
(2) The nitrocellulose film in the film room is flammable and easy to burn in case of open fire or high heat.
(3) The anesthetic used in the operating room is flammable and explosive, and more electrical equipment is used. If there is a fire, it will have serious consequences.
(4) Laboratory departments and laboratories have to contact and use all kinds of chemical reagents every day, and sometimes they need to use all kinds of chemical reagents, alcohol lamps and other naked flames, electric furnaces and other electric heating equipment. A slight carelessness will cause a fire.
(5) Pharmacy, pharmacy and preparation room store a large number of flammable, explosive and radioactive substances with various types and complex properties. In case of fire, it is not convenient to control and handle.
(6) Heating instruments such as infrared ray and spectrum analyzer for treatment are easy to catch fire if they are close to flammable materials such as clothes.
(7) The inpatient ward belongs to a special crowd place, and the physical therapy equipment is high-power electrical equipment. Patients and their families sometimes use open fire cooked food or smoke, which is the direct cause of the ward fire. (A) inventory, heavy fire load.
(b) The fire resistance rating of the building is low
(C) electrical equipment management confusion
(d) Inadequate fire water sources and fire fighting equipment.
(e) Poor fire escape.
(6) Weak awareness of fire safety (1) kindergarten fire risk
Kindergartens and nurseries are the main places to train and educate preschool children. Because preschool children are young, their ability to deal with emergencies, protect themselves and evacuate quickly is limited. Teachers and nurses in kindergartens and nurseries are mostly women, and their ability to deal with emergencies is limited; The interior decoration, equipment and children's toys of kindergartens and nurseries are mostly flammable, including TV sets, electric fans, refrigerators, electrical appliances and other electrical equipment. Therefore, in the event of a fire accident, it is difficult to evacuate people, which is easy to cause confusion and casualties, and the fire risk is great.
(2) Fire risk in primary and secondary schools
Primary and secondary school students are not yet adults, but they have strong activity ability. There are a large number of classes, and the time for recess and recess activities is very concentrated, which is easy to form crowds and onlookers. In the event of a fire, it is difficult to evacuate people, which is easy to cause heavy casualties and great fire risk.
(C) the risk of fire in colleges and universities
1. Fire hazard of classrooms and teaching buildings
Classroom is the main place for teaching activities in universities and secondary technical schools. The staff in the classroom is relatively concentrated, and the small classroom can accommodate a dozen to dozens of people; Large classrooms can accommodate hundreds to hundreds of people; Some teaching activities in the classroom also have certain fire risks.
Ordinary classrooms are generally used as basic courses and professional basic courses. In the classroom, science and engineering majors in universities of science and technology and comprehensive colleges often carry out various demonstrations or experiments in the classroom, which requires the use of fire, electricity and dangerous chemicals, which is very dangerous.
2. Fire hazards in laboratories and experimental buildings
3. Fire hazard of computer center
4. Fire risk of student apartments and dormitories
Student apartments and dormitories are the places with the largest proportion of campus fires and the most prominent casualties after the fires. The bus station is a crowded bus station, and thousands of passengers from south to north go to their destinations every day. Crowds in large airports, stations and port waiting areas often reach thousands, especially on major festivals such as the Spring Festival or the Golden Week of Tourism. At the same time, a large number of suitcases and bags carried by passengers are mostly flammable items, such as sparks caused by electrical equipment failures, open flames caused by fireworks and firecrackers, cigarette butts and kindling brought by food vendors, which can easily lead to mass casualties and serious adverse social impacts. 1999165438+10/2, a fire broke out in the waiting room of Nanjing Railway Station. Although the Nanjing Fire Department dispatched 30 fire engines to put out the fire after receiving the alarm, it still failed to effectively control the fire. It only took 15 minutes, and the whole roof of the waiting room collapsed. The fire not only caused property losses of nearly one million yuan, but also caused the death of a waiter who operated a commercial outlet in the waiting room, which attracted widespread attention at home and abroad. Strengthening the fire prevention work in the waiting area of bus passenger station is an important measure to avoid group deaths and injuries.
(a) the fire risk of railway, highway and airport waiting room;
The fire risk of such places is mainly manifested in two aspects: building facilities and use management:
1. The building facilities do not meet the requirements of the current fire protection technical specifications.
2. The fire hazards existing in the use management process mainly include:
(1) Passengers carrying inflammable and explosive articles into the station may cause fire or explosion due to damaged packaging, open fire, beating, squeezing, collision, friction, etc.
(2) Passengers throw cigarette butts and match sticks, causing fire.
(3) Careless use of fire and electricity in commercial outlets leads to fire.
(4) The unreasonable seat layout in the waiting place (airport) causes crowded people, makes it difficult to evacuate and put out the fire, and increases the fire loss.
⑤ The crew members have insufficient fire fighting skills, weak awareness of daily fire prevention management, and inadequate prevention work, which leads to fires.
⑥ arson, placing explosives, etc. Cause a fire.
(2) Fire risk of subway station:
Subway mainly includes: underground railway, station building, running trains, control center, main substation, rolling stock depot, etc. The subway building is a closed space buried deep underground, with complex structure, few entrances and exits, long evacuation route, poor ventilation and lighting conditions, many types of electrical equipment and high concentration of personnel. Therefore, once a fire breaks out, the fighting task will be very arduous, which will often cause heavy casualties and property losses. Therefore, mastering the characteristics of subway fires has a positive guiding role in effectively preventing and extinguishing fires. Subway fires generally have the following characteristics:
1. Flue gas flows quickly.
2. Low visibility.
3. The tunnel is narrow, and the situation of crowded trampling is serious.
4. There are many obstacles and the evacuation speed is slow.
5. It is easy to cause casualties.
6. Slow implementation of orders and decisions. 1, the fire resistance rating of buildings is generally low, and the fire load is large.
Many religious sites have a long history, and the building structure is mainly wood structure and brick-wood structure. The building materials are mainly wood, and the fire resistance is Grade III and IV. According to authoritative statistics, the wood consumption of modern buildings does not exceed 0.03 cubic meters, while the wood consumption of some religious sites is as high as several cubic meters. For example, Sagata in Beikeji, Yingxian County, Shanxi Province uses 4.78 cubic meters of wood per square meter, and the fire load is 148 times larger than that of modern buildings! In addition, a large number of resin materials such as pine, cypress and fir containing a large number of volatile substances are used in wood, which increases the fire risk. Although building materials with high fire resistance have been widely used in newly-built religious sites, and the fire resistance rating of buildings has been obviously improved, due to the requirements of the nature of religious sites, the use of wood is still essential.
2, high building density, fire spacing is generally insufficient.
In particular, Buddhist and Taoist buildings often form buildings, some of which cover hundreds of acres, with thousands of houses and tens of thousands of square meters of construction area. Due to the influence of traditional culture, Chinese religious architecture attaches great importance to symmetry and compactness. Most of them adopt the way of symmetry of the central axis on the building plane, and are arranged equidistantly to both sides, which makes the building highly dense, with narrow or even no fire spacing. Some consider practicality and beauty too much and deliberately use corridors to connect buildings. Left a congenital fire hazard, once a fire breaks out, it is easy to cause the expansion and spread of the fire.
3. The building space is large, the air circulation is good, and the fire is difficult to control.
4. Without reliable fire prevention and extinguishing facilities, people often do nothing in case of fire. Most religious sites have a long history. Although our ancestors considered fire prevention and extinguishing in their design, they were often very primitive and simple. For example, the horse head wall is used to separate indoor and outdoor fire prevention to prevent the fire from spreading between buildings. Replacing wooden eaves with wind eaves has changed the situation that wooden eaves are easy to catch fire; Place Taiping cylinders in patios and aisles; At the critical moment, the release pond in front of the temple can also be used as a fire pond, and so on. But in the event of a fire, these measures are often of no help.
5, crowded, it is difficult to evacuate safely after a fire, and it is easy to cause heavy casualties.
6. The fire water source is insufficient, the fire escape is not smooth, and the water supply conditions are poor. Many religious sites are far away from cities, even in mountainous areas, where fire communication and transportation are inconvenient and fire water sources are scarce, not to mention indoor and outdoor fire water facilities. In some places, due to the complex geographical environment and large drop, the water supply pressure is difficult to achieve the fire extinguishing effect.
7, electrical fire hazards, fire source is difficult to manage. In some religious places, due to the nonstandard design and installation of electrical wiring, there are a large number of electrical fire hazards, such as wires not passing through pipes, pulling and connecting randomly, overloading the use of electrical appliances, illegal use of electric heating appliances, etc. The use of fire in religion is not standardized, and it is more difficult for believers and tourists to smoke and throw cigarette butts.
It is possible that the surrounding buildings or trees caught fire and damaged this place. Religious sites are usually not isolated, especially temples, which are often connected with other civil buildings or forests. In case of forest fire, the potential fire threat to temples should not be underestimated. A forest fire not only destroys temples, but also devours a town.