Question 2: What is food quality? Food quality consists of many elements. These factors are called the characteristics of food, and different foods have different characteristics. Therefore, the sum of various characteristics of food constitutes the connotation of food quality. According to the definition of quality in national standard GB/T19000-2000 (ISO 9000: 2000), we can define the quality of food as the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics of food meet the requirements.
The "demand" mentioned here refers to the explicit, usually implied or necessary demand or expectation. "Express" can be understood as express requirements, such as those stated in food labels and food descriptions, and those explicitly put forward by consumers. "Usually implied" means that consumers' needs or expectations are self-evident. For example, food must ensure the safety of consumers and cannot cause harm to the human body. "Mandatory" refers to the requirements of laws, regulations and mandatory standards. "Requirements" often change with time and are closely related to the continuous progress of science and technology. "Demand" can be transformed into characteristics with specific indicators.
"Requirements" can include safety, nutrition, edibility and economy. Food safety refers to the ability of food to protect human health and safety in the process of consumption, storage, transportation and sales. The nutrition of food refers to the guarantee ability of food to various nutrients and mineral elements necessary for human body. Edibility of food refers to the ability of food to be eaten by consumers. Any food has its specific edibility. The economy of food refers to the degree of cost paid or consumed by food in the process of production and processing.
Question 3: What are the main problems of food safety in China? Current situation and main problems of food safety in China.
Food quality and safety has become one of the focuses of global attention. Judging from the irregular spot checks on food quality by relevant departments, the common food quality problems in China are mainly in three aspects: first, the hygiene index exceeds the standard, the total number of colonies and coliforms seriously exceed the national mandatory standard, and some even exceed the national standard many times; Second, excessive use of food additives or the use of food additives that have been explicitly prohibited, such as excessive benzoic acid and sorbic acid, and illegal use of artificial synthetic pigments such as clenbuterol, melamine and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate; Third, food packaging and labeling are not standardized, and there are many artificial frauds such as false labeling and shoddy.
The factors of food insecurity come from every link of human food chain, that is, the whole process from raw material production, processing, storage and transportation, sales to consumption, including all kinds of pollution brought by agricultural and industrial development, as well as artificial factors such as counterfeiting caused by low spiritual civilization quality or insufficient understanding of food safety. At present, the main problems in food safety are:
(1), biological hazard source
Diseases caused by biological pollution include food-borne diseases caused by microorganisms and potential threats to health caused by metabolic toxins. Food-borne diseases are the most important factors affecting food safety and endangering public health in China, mainly caused by bacteria and viruses. Microbial pollution includes bacterial pollution, viruses and fungi and their toxins. At present, China has not yet established a complete food-borne disease reporting system. According to the World Health Organization, the underreporting rate of foodborne diseases in developing countries is over 95%. Therefore, in China, microbial pollution has become the chief culprit affecting food safety in China. Bacteria pollute food through the following ways: first, they pollute food raw materials: there are many varieties and sources of food raw materials, and different varieties and sources have different degrees of bacterial pollution; The second is the pollution of food processing; The third is the pollution caused by food storage, transportation and sales.
(2) Environmental pollution of agricultural and sideline products
Chemicals discharged from chemical plants, soot dust and acid rain are all atmospheric pollution sources; Due to the discharge of industrial wastewater and domestic sewage, water pollution is becoming more and more serious, threatening the safety of fishery and agricultural products.
(3) Chemical fertilizer and pesticide residues
Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer makes a lot of nitrate accumulate in crops, which is harmless to crops themselves, but harmful to people and animals. For example, ammonia water produced by waste gas from coking plant has high phenol content, which causes phenol pollution in soil, reduces the quality of agricultural products and makes food smell; In addition to phosphorus, phosphate rock also contains arsenic, cadmium, chromium, fluorine, mercury, lead and so on. And long-term use will also cause pollution. Excessive use of pesticides beyond the scope increases pesticide residues in food, which is more harmful.
(4) Abuse of antibiotics and synthetic hormones
The chemicals in animal food mainly come from feed additives. Antibiotics are commonly used as feed additives in livestock and poultry breeding. If overused or misused, they can be transmitted to humans by eating meat, eggs and milk. Hormones used for the growth of plants and livestock and poultry in recent years.
(5), food processing links
Illegal use of additives, food contains toxic and harmful substances. Some enterprises or individuals engaged in food production and sales illegally use preservatives, pigments and additives due to their weak awareness of safety, hygiene and law. In production, production and processing, in order to reduce production costs, profiteering, and lay hidden dangers for food safety. For example, flour whitening agent is made of "sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate", edible oil is replaced by industrial paraffin wax in Bengbu melon seeds, dichlorvos is added to Jinhua ham, and industrial dyes and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate are added. , too numerous to mention [6]. Using inferior raw materials, the food lacks nutrition. In order to reduce costs, some enterprises use cheap raw materials to produce products with almost no nutrition, which makes consumers suffer greatly. Fuyang inferior milk powder incident is an important example. The main raw materials in inferior milk powder include light milk powder, sucrose, maltodextrin, refined vegetable oil and trace elements such as calcium, zinc and iron. Among these raw materials, light milk powder made of fresh milk is the most expensive. Some manufacturers give up using light milk powder as raw material or a small amount as supplement, and instead add starch with different nutritional values. Although this product contains no toxic ingredients, it has killed many babies. Experts predict that inferior milk powder is just the tip of the iceberg, and food counters may be full of "empty shell food".
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Question 4: What is food safety? Food safety means that food is non-toxic and harmless, meets the nutritional requirements, and will not cause any acute, subacute or chronic harm to human health. According to the definition of the World Health Organization, food safety is "a public health problem in which toxic and harmful substances in food affect human health". Food safety is also an interdisciplinary field, focusing on ensuring food hygiene and food safety, reducing hidden diseases and preventing food poisoning in the process of food processing, storage and sales.
Food safety refers to all kinds of finished products and raw materials for human consumption or drinking, as well as articles that are traditionally both food and medicine, but do not include articles for therapeutic purposes. Food is the most basic substance for human survival and development, with the characteristics of nutrition, functionality and diversity.
Question 5: What are the causes of food safety problems? Foodbbs, a food safety forum, answers your question:
Causes of food safety problems in China
First, the source pollution of primary agricultural products is more serious;
Second, the pass rate of sampling inspection in some food markets is low;
Third, the food safety management system is not perfect;
Fourth, the operation order of food circulation links is not standardized;
Fifth, fake and shoddy food has been repeatedly banned.
Question 6: How to treat the current food safety and quality problem is a common problem, a problem of lack of faith, a problem of regulatory loopholes, a problem of lax law enforcement, an unclear standard and an inadequate quality control. So it's not clear in one or two sentences.
Question 7: What is the root of the food safety problem? There are three main reasons: First, Chinese people's awareness of food safety is very weak. After an event happens, we often don't think about its deep-seated reasons, have no long-term vision, and have "nothing to do with ourselves"; In addition, it is a period of social transformation, and people's utilitarian thoughts are more serious. The second is the hidden rules of the industry, the credit crisis of the industry, and the lack of social responsibility. Melamine in Sanlu milk powder was detected in American pet food as early as a year ago. Melamine, which is banned in pet food in the United States, has been added to baby milk powder by well-known domestic enterprises. This is not the social responsibility of a single enterprise, but the integrity crisis of the whole industry, which is the social responsibility of the whole industry. The third is * * * regulatory issues. I think this is the most fundamental reason. The first is the exemption mechanism. China's exemption mechanism was introduced in 2000, with a good intention. In September 2008, 17 was abolished. In eight years, there have been too many incidents that go against its original intention. This is a loophole in supervision and an imperfection of the mechanism itself. In fact, there are also inspection-free mechanisms abroad, but the inspection-free mechanisms abroad are relatively mature, the supervision is also relatively strict, and the penalties for inspection-free enterprises that violate them are also quite severe. Moreover, the exemption from inspection in China is really irregular ... In addition, China's food safety-related laws are not perfect and can't keep up with social development. It is difficult to obey the law, and the illegal cost is very low. Since violence is profitable, why not pay a small price? In addition, in the 30 years of reform and opening up in China, * * * has devoted a lot of energy to ensuring economic development, and passed on many basic functional burdens to the people, and people's livelihood is lacking, which is also the inevitable reason for repeated food safety problems. Of course, the illegal cost is too low, which is also the reason why some places do not abide by the law and do not investigate the law.
Question 8: What is the definition of food safety? Basic meaning of food safety
In 1996, the World Health Organization defines food safety as "ensuring that food is prepared according to its original purpose and will not harm consumers' health when eaten", and defines food hygiene as "all conditions and measures that must be taken to ensure the safety and applicability of food at all stages of the food chain". Food quality refers to the characteristics that food meets the explicit or implicit needs of consumers. Judging from the current research situation, the international community has basically formed the following understanding of the concept of food safety:
First of all, food safety is a comprehensive concept. As a concept, food safety includes food hygiene, food quality, food nutrition and other related aspects and food (food) planting, breeding, processing, packaging, storage, transportation, sales and consumption. As a general concept, food hygiene, food quality, food nutrition, etc. (usually understood as the concept of department or industry) cannot cover all the above contents and all the links. Food hygiene, food quality and food nutrition overlap in connotation and extension, which leads to repeated food safety supervision.
Secondly, food safety is a social concept. Different from the concepts of hygiene, nutrition and quality, food safety is a concept of social governance. The outstanding problems and governance requirements of food safety are different in different countries and different periods. In developed countries, food safety mainly focuses on the problems brought about by the development of science and technology, such as the impact of genetically modified food on human health; In developing countries, food safety focuses on the problems brought about by the immature market economy, such as the illegal production and management of fake, shoddy, toxic and harmful foods. China's food safety problems include all of the above.
Third, food safety is a political concept. Whether in developed or developing countries, food safety is the most basic responsibility and commitment that enterprises and * * * must make to society. Food safety is closely related to the right to subsistence, which is unique and compulsory, and usually belongs to the category of * * * guarantee or * * * compulsion. Moreover, food quality is often related to the right to development, which is hierarchical and selective and usually belongs to the category of business choice or advocacy. In recent years, the international community has gradually replaced the concepts of food hygiene and food quality with the concept of food safety, further highlighting the political responsibility of food safety.
Fourth, food safety is a legal concept. Since 1980s, some countries and relevant international organizations have gradually replaced health, quality and nutrition legislation with comprehensive food safety legislation from the perspective of social system engineering construction. 1990, Britain promulgated the Food Safety Act; In 2000, the European Union published a guiding white paper on food safety. In 2003, Japan enacted the Basic Law on Food Safety; Some developing countries have also enacted food safety laws. The comprehensive food safety law gradually replaces the basic food hygiene law, food quality law and food nutrition law, which embodies the requirements of the times.
Based on the above understanding, the concept of food safety can be expressed as follows: the cultivation, breeding, processing, packaging, storage, transportation, sales and consumption of food (food) meet the mandatory national standards and requirements, and there are no hidden dangers that may harm or threaten human health, lead to the death of consumers or endanger consumers and their descendants. This concept shows that food safety includes both production safety and operation safety; Including result safety and process safety; It includes both present security and future security.
Question 9: What are the food safety problems? Whitening agent in steamed bread, flavor enhancer in catering, waste oil, preservatives in food transportation, pesticides in vegetables, heavy metals in soil, Sudan red in some foods, nematodes in seafood, clenbuterol and three no products. In addition, it was also found that some mung bean sprouts in the market contained nitrogen fertilizer; Some colorful stems are pickled with ammonia water.
The qualified rate of bean products is not high.
The pass rate of bean products is not high, which is mainly reflected in the widespread use of "hanging white blocks" in yuba products favored by housewives. The products of "Fujian-made" yuba found in the market are basically unqualified, mainly because criminals illegally use harmful substances "hanging white blocks" and inedible chemical raw materials "gelatin" in order to whiten yuba, enhance toughness and improve smoothness. In addition, a small amount of "hanging white blocks" were also found in grain and its products.
Aquatic products are soaked in formalin.
In order to prevent corrosion and extend the shelf life, some unscrupulous traders soak aquatic products such as baboons and "little spiders" with formalin, and the formaldehyde content of some aquatic products is seriously exceeding the standard.
Use dichlorvos when processing fish.
Dried fish with high salt is no longer suitable for consumers' taste, so some producers and processors began to use their brains. They use pesticides such as dichlorvos and trichlorfon to prevent flies in the process of processing fish with low salt content, which seriously harms the health of consumers. Last August, the Municipal Health Bureau investigated and dealt with seven cases of illegal production of harmful and toxic food, all of which were transferred to judicial organs for criminal responsibility. At present, three cases have been tried and the parties have been punished by law.
The content of benzoic acid in kimchi exceeds the standard.
Because the preservatives currently used are mostly synthetic chemicals, long-term excessive intake will cause harm to human body, therefore, the Municipal Consumer Council issued the No.2 Consumer Warning in 2004 on April 12. Recently, the Municipal Consumer Council, together with the municipal industrial and commercial department, randomly sampled nine kinds of goods, including canned litchi, orange slices without clothes, beef and delicious cold dishes, in three shopping malls of Yueqing Shopping Mall of People's Supermarket and Xinxixi Candy Wholesale Center of Lecheng Town, and entrusted the Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention to conduct inspection. After inspection, it was found that the "hillbilly" mustard tuber produced by Tongxiang Zhongnan Vegetable Food Co., Ltd. (production date, batch number: 20040 129) and the "delicious" sauerkraut produced by Taizhou Jiaojiang Minhui Pickle Factory (production date, batch number: 2003 12 19) sold by People's Supermarket.
Question 10: What are the main problems of food safety in China?
There are usually two reasons for food safety problems: one is the food itself (such as toadstools), and the other is human factors. The latter is the main factor causing food safety problems. At present, China's food safety situation is worrying, from Guanshengyuan sandwich moon cakes to Jinhua poisoned ham, from mineral oil polishing of rice to whitening agent of flour, from formaldehyde coloring and brightening of seafood to chemical ripening and freshness enhancement of fruits, from Shanxi fake wine case to Fuyang poisoned milk powder case, food safety issues have become particularly prominent. The food safety problems in China mainly include the following points:
1. The safety of food sources is worrying.
First, a large number of pesticides and fertilizers are used unscientific, resulting in excessive residues of harmful substances such as pesticides and fertilizers in agricultural products; Second, the abuse of veterinary drugs and compound feed leads to the residue of harmful substances such as antibiotics and hormones in livestock, dairy products and aquatic products; Third, heavy metals in agricultural and poultry products exceed the standard and continue to be surplus. Chemical poisoning has accounted for more than 40% of major poisoning incidents in China, such as organophosphorus pesticide poisoning, tetramine poisoning and clenbuterol poisoning.
2. The food processing and production safety situation is worrying.
First, food production and processing enterprises use inferior raw materials, such as processing food with dead or poisoned livestock and poultry; Second, excessive use of food additives. For example, the whitening agent "benzoyl peroxide", preservative "benzoic acid" and sweetener are used in Super-X; Third, illegal use of non-food processing chemical additives, such as sulfur dioxide, formaldehyde, sodium bicarbonate and so on. ; The fourth is to make huge profits for fraud.
3. The safety of food storage and transportation is worrying.
There are no effective measures and regulations to control the pollution in food storage and transportation.
4. Food hygiene and safety are worrying.
According to the major food poisoning report of the Ministry of Health in the quarter of 2004 1-3, the number of people who suffered from microbial poisoning in the quarter of 2004 1-3 in China was 5849, and most of the collective food poisoning in China was caused by microorganisms.
5. The safety situation of genetically modified food is worrying.
In China, genetically modified food has been put on people's table for a long time. However, according to the research on genetically modified foods at home and abroad, genetically modified foods may damage human immune system, produce allergic syndrome or produce toxicity, and have unknown harm to human beings and human bodies.
Food is the most important thing for people. Food safety has always been a concern of people. Zheng Xiaoyu, director of the State Food Supervision Bureau, said at today's global food safety forum that the food safety situation in China is constantly improving, but there are still five issues worthy of attention.
Countermeasures
First, basically establish and gradually improve the food safety legal system in China.
According to our preliminary statistics, since 1949, there have been as many as 840 laws, regulations, rules, judicial interpretations and various normative documents related to food safety promulgated by Chinese authorities at or above the ministerial level. Among them, there are 107 basic regulations, 683 special regulations and 50 relevant regulations; There were 7 articles before the Cultural Revolution (before May 1966), 1 before the reform and opening up (before February 1978) and 832 articles after the reform and opening up (after February 1978). 1979 On August 28th, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on Food Hygiene Management in People's Republic of China (PRC) (now invalid), and on June 28th, the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) promulgated the Law on Food Hygiene in People's Republic of China (PRC) (for Trial Implementation) (1982+065438+1October 9th, the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC)). These three legal provisions have successively formed the core of China's food safety legal system after the reform and opening up, and played an important and irreplaceable role in China's food safety.
However, with the rapid development of economy, society, science and technology, and the deepening of people's understanding of food safety issues, some aspects of China's current food safety legal system can no longer meet the development needs of today's food safety situation. As the core of the food safety legal system, the Food Hygiene Law has also declined in its guiding role to other laws, regulations and normative documents within the system. The main reasons include:
First, the scope of adjustment of the Food Hygiene Law and other laws and regulations is too narrow. Article 4 of the Food Hygiene Law stipulates that anyone who engages in food production and marketing within the territory of People's Republic of China (PRC) must abide by this law. It can be seen from this article that the concept of food in the Food Hygiene Law is narrow, and it does not include food in cultivation, breeding and storage, and food additives related to food. & gt