Minnan dialect is distributed in Quanzhou and Zhangzhou after the mid-Tang Dynasty and Quanzhou and Zhangzhou in the Ming Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, Yongquan Yongdao governed five counties in Quanzhou, including Putian, Xianyou and Yongchun in Xinghua (Yongchun, Datian and Dehua). In addition to Hakka dialect in most counties of Zhangzhou and Longyan, Tingzhanglong Road has two different accents of Jinjiang and Jiulong River Valley. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou accents were represented respectively, and the northern accent of Minnan dialect was represented by Quanzhou Fucheng accent. The southern accent of Minnan dialect is represented by the Xiangcheng accent of Zhangzhou, and Longyan dialect in the western accent retains the most complete ancient vocabulary of Minnan dialect. Xiamen, a new city, has become the representative dialect of the whole region, commonly known as Zhang Quanlan, with the characteristics of south and north (full and Zhang accent).
Puxian dialect in central Fujian is distributed in Putian City, Xianyou County of Putian City and the north and east of Quangang. Xincuo Township, originally belonging to Putian County, was transferred from Putian County to the west of Fuqing and Yuxi Town in 1956. Originally belonging to Putian County, called Su Tianli, and to the west of Dongzhang Township, originally belonging to Putian County, called Kariri. It is distributed in the northern part of Nan 'an County in the Southern Dynasties, the northern part of Quanzhou from the Tang Dynasty to the early Song Dynasty and Xinghua in the Ming Dynasty. In Qing Dynasty, the northern part of Xingquan Yong Dao was under the jurisdiction of 5 counties in Quanzhou, 2 counties in Xinghua Putian and Xianyou in Yongchun, and the northern part of Jinjiang area (now Quanzhou) before New China 1970.
Northern Fujian dialect is mainly distributed in Jianzhou in Tang Dynasty, Jianning House in Ming and Qing Dynasties, most areas in Nanping except Shaowu City and Guangze, and Shouning. The whole territory is built in a valley, represented by the sound of the old house building ou. The two tributaries of Jianxi Shangyuan and Chongyang River just divide the northern Fujian dialect into two accents. The eastern film is represented by Jian 'ou Audio, and the western film is represented by Jianyang Audio.
Min dialect area is Shao Wujun in Song Dynasty and Shao Wufu in Ming and Qing Dynasties, which belong to Futunxi Valley and the upper reaches of Jianxi River, Shaowu City, Guangze, Jianning, Taining and Jiangle, represented by Shaowu dialect in Fucheng. Its affiliated transition area (Jiangle and other counties) was originally Nanjian Prefecture, and then Yanping Prefecture (now Yong 'an, Shaxian County, Sanming and Youxi, 1970 included Sanming), which belongs to jianxi Valley.
Yong' an dialect area is the former Nanjian House (now most of Sanming) and Yanping House, which are distributed in Yong' an, Shaxian, Sanming and Youxi, and Shaxi runs through it. Yong 'an and Shaxian are representatives of two different accents. In addition to the above seven dialect areas, there are also some border dialects and dialect islands in Fujian. They also have their own history and characteristics, which are introduced as follows:
Wu dialect in northern Pucheng county
Pucheng County, located at the junction of Fujian and Zhejiang, has always been the gateway of Fujian and has close contacts with Zhejiang, and many Zhejiang people have settled here one after another. Today, Wu dialect, which is similar to Quzhou and Chuzhou, is used in the county and Beixiang (accounting for two-thirds of the county area).
Min dialect group
On the northwest slope of Daiyun Mountain, including most of Datian and Youxi counties and the border between Yong 'an and Shaxian, it is located at the junction of five Min dialects. In history, administrative divisions have changed greatly, and the population has moved a lot. At least five dialects are difficult to communicate with.
① Datian Lu Qian dialect: Passing through the middle of Datian Chengguan.
② Daejeon Houlu dialect: used in the northwest of Daejeon, southwest of Youxi, and individual towns in Yong 'an and Shaxian.
③ Youxi Chengguan dialect: commonly known as Youxi dialect, popular in the middle of Youxi.
④ Youxi Zhongxian dialect: spoken in the southeast of Youxi.
⑤ Youxi Yangzhong dialect: spoken in the northeast of Youxi.
Among the five dialects, ① is close to Minnan dialect, ② has the characteristics of central Fujian dialect, ③ has the characteristics of eastern Fujian, southern Fujian and central Fujian dialects, ④ is close to ③, with the components of Puxian dialect, and ⑤ is close to eastern Fujian dialect. Both of them have the same characteristics as Min dialect, belonging to Min dialect, but they don't want to belong to any region, and they are a mixed dialect at the boundary of a group of dialect areas.
Putonghua dialect island
In the Ming and Qing dynasties, two groups of officers and men came to Fujian to "quell the chaos" and then settled in the local area, forming two mandarin dialect islands.
One is the "dialect" of Nanping and Xiqin Town. The user population is around 20,000. In the 13th year of Ming Dynasty (1448), a peasant uprising took place in Deng, Shaxian County. In a few months, hundreds of thousands of rebels attacked more than 20 counties nearby. In the Ming Dynasty, more than 50,000 foot soldiers were transferred from Beijing to suppress it, and more than 20,000 people under Chen Mao stayed in Nanping.
Secondly, in Qinjiang Village, Hangcheng Town, Changle County, the flag camp in the early Qing Dynasty built a fort here to settle down, and the city wall still exists today. There are more than 1000 residents, and they are recognized as Manchu. What they say is commonly known as "Kyoto dialect". 198 1 years ago, Qinjiang Village belonged to Yangyu Brigade, and it was called "Yangyu Dialect" at that time.
The residents of these dialect islands are bilingual, speaking Mandarin internally and using local dialects externally. These Mandarin dialects are all influenced by local dialects, but their basic characteristics are northern dialects. Taking vocabulary as an example, the house, wife and woman, Lao Zi, brother (younger brother), body, fear of strangers, beating, hurting and him in Nanping Mandarin; Today, tomorrow, the grandfathers, grandmothers, grandfathers, grandmothers, mice, cloaks (hats) in Yangyu dialect are still authentic northern dialects. Various dialects in Fujian also have "dialect enclaves" (namely dialect islands) inserted into other dialect areas in the province. People who live there speak their mother tongue at home and speak the local dialect when they leave the village. The history of the formation of these dialect islands is 200-300 years long and 200-30 years short. Most local people still know when, where and why their ancestors moved here. As far as immigration reasons are concerned, most of them go out to make a living, and some of them take refuge, escape from famine or organize collective migration by the government. For example, in Wanyao Village, Ningde County, the Records of Ningde County compiled during the Qianlong period recorded: "Because of the bowl kiln industry in this city, unemployed people in Zhangzhou and Quanzi gathered in the two capitals to make bowls for food." As far as the survey is concerned, the breakdown by dialect is as follows:
(1) A dialect island outside Quanzhou dialect area of Minnan dialect.
According to the investigation of Fujian dialect experts in180s, there are 993 natural villages in 98 villages in 13 towns and villages in Fuding County, including Shacheng, Qianqi, Dianxia, Berlin, Diantou, Guanyang, Guanling, Nanxi and Tongcheng, with a total population of about130,000.
There are 33 townships 100 natural villages in Shuimen, Yacheng and Sansha in Xiapu County, with a total population of about 40,000. Among them, Watergate and Cliff Town were brought back from Minnan Island in Pingyang, Zhejiang Province, and were mainly used for agriculture. Sansha moved from southern Fujian, and made a living by fishing. In addition, there are thousands of people in Chisha Village and Yanting Village in Changshou Township. There are thousands of people in Bowl Kilns and Jiaotou Village in Feiluan Township, Ningde City.
There are hundreds of people in Fengwei and Beiyue villages in Aojiang Township, Lianjiang County.
Since ancient times, it has belonged to Xincuo Township, Putian County, Quanzhou. After liberation, Xincuo Township was transferred from Putian County to Fuqing. Yuxi Town belongs to Putian County in the west, called Sutianli, and Zhangxiang Town in the east belongs to Putian County in the west, called Kariri. 1958 belonged to Yongtai before, and was later allocated to some natural villages of Wangkeng, Dongshan and Li Shan villages in Yidu Township, Fuqing.
Some natural villages in Zhang Shang, Shuangdun, Bushang and Sutian villages in Yuxi Town, Fuqing City, Hongxing, Polan, Changzheng and Dongsheng villages in Jingyang Township, Nanwan, Pu Xian and Wugang villages in Shangjing Township, Yinxi, Pu Yin and Yan Qian villages in Yinxi Township, Luyuan, Youlou and Kuiling villages in Xiang Yang Township.
Dongxitai Village, Xiang Qian Township, Minhou County, 1 10,000 people.
Fudou Natural Village, Ye Fu Village, Rinan Island, Putian City (unknown number, the same below).
Dazhao Village, Xiadao Town, Nanping City.
There are tens of thousands of people in Jizhou, Wenxin and Jinglong villages in Chengguan Town of Shunchang County, Shihu Village, Pushang Township and Wenfu Township in Dagan Township.
Jianyang county Masha town Zhuzhou village Jintai natural village.
There are hundreds of people in Zhongtian New Village in Wuyishan.
There are hundreds of people in Shanghuangcuo Village, Panting Township, Pucheng County.
There are tens of thousands of people in Qiahu Village, Qingzhou Town, Shaxian County, Shangyang Village, Gao Qiao Township and Luoxi Village, Fukou Township.
7 villages in Xiyang Township, Yong 'an County, with nearly 10,000 people; There are four villages with thousands of people in Hudaxiang.
There are thousands of people in Jiemian Village, Pingmian Township, Youxi County.
⑵ Dialect Island outside Puxian Dialect Area.
Since ancient times, it has belonged to natural villages such as Suanling, Tiezao and Jiang Dou in Xincuo Township, Putian County. After the liberation of Xincuo Township, it was transferred from Putian County to Fuqing. Yuxi Town belongs to Putian County in the west, called Sutianli, and Zhangxiang Town in the east belongs to Putian County in the west, called Kariri. Xincuo Township is connected with Jiangkou Town, Putian City.
Some natural villages such as Dongji, Jiangshan, Liucuo and Shuitou in Yuxi Town, Fuqing City, some natural villages such as Luling, Jinzhi and Shuangxi in Dongzhang Township, some natural villages such as Houxi and Shanshan in Jingyang Township, Lingkou Natural Village in Yunzhong Village of Yinxi Town, Putou Village, Maiziyu Village and XiaShi Cun in Jiangyin Township, with tens of thousands of people.
There are more than 400 people in Houmen Village, Dayu Township, Xiapu County.
There are 1 1 natural villages in Xiabaishi Township, Fu 'an County, with more than 1000 people.
There are more than 1,000 people in Aoyao, Aoao and Hougang Village 1 000 in Shacheng Town, Fuding County.