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A case of fire caused by smoking: the case of the Lanzhou Longma Shopping Mall, which has attracted much attention from Lanzhou citizens, has finally been settled. At 9 o'clock in the morning, the People's Court of Chengguan District of Lanzhou City pronounced the fire case of Longma Mall in the first instance. Luo Jinguo was sentenced to four years' imprisonment for the crime of fire, and compensated the plaintiff in the incidental civil action, Lanzhou Longma Mall, for economic losses of 31,171.24 yuan.
On May 23, when the Chengguan Court held a public hearing, Luo Jinguo's defense lawyer said: There is no evidence to prove that there is a direct causal relationship between the fire and Luo Jinguo's throwing cigarette butts
On May 23, the People's Court of Chengguan District of Lanzhou City held a public hearing on the most disastrous fire accident case in Lanzhou in recent three years. Above the court, the defendant Luo Jinguo argued that the burning of three people and the direct economic loss of 5,459,631.15 yuan only appeared after the fire broke out, and he did not intentionally cause it. Smoking in the warehouse did happen, but it was not necessarily caused by his cigarette butts. Luo Jinguo's defense lawyer also pointed out that there is no evidence to prove that there is a direct causal relationship between the fire and the cigarette butts thrown by the defendant Luo Jinguo. As evidence, the test report of Lanzhou University Analysis and Testing Center can only determine that the burning degree of "555" cigarettes may cause a fire, which cannot be used as a basis for finalization. It is emphasized that the expansion of fire loss should be closely related to the poor fire resistance and management of warehouse materials. In view of the complexity of the case, the presiding judge of the court decided to decide the case on a date. On May 24th, this newspaper gave a detailed report on the trial process of that day with the title of "The Debate Focus of Small Cigarette butts Detonation in Court" in a prominent position on the front page.
After supplementary investigation and evidence collection, 14 witness statements, exhibits and accident investigation responsibility letters were submitted to the court. On the morning of June 9, Chengguan People's Court made a judgment of first instance.
At 9 o'clock on the morning of June 9, Lanzhou Chengguan District People's Court sentenced the defendant Luo Jinguo to four years' imprisonment and ordered Luo Jinguo to compensate Lanzhou Longma Mall, the plaintiff in the incidental civil action, for economic losses of 31,171.24 yuan.
The Chengguan District People's Court held that the defendant Luo Jinguo smoked in the no-smoking area and threw the unlit cigarette butts in the warehouse, which caused a fire and caused serious consequences, and his behavior constituted a crime of misfire. The charges charged by the public prosecution agency were established. The smoking position confessed by the defendant Luo Jinguo is basically consistent with the fire point confirmed by Ye Guanghan and other witnesses' testimonies and fire scene investigation records. A witness confirmed that four people had been in Warehouse 21 on the day of the fire. Only Luo Jinguo and Tibetan Jun Yan went in for the longest time around 12: 11, and Tibetan Jun Yan did not smoke, while the defendant Luo Jinguo smoked in the warehouse at ordinary times, and was certified by the fire accident responsibility book of Lanzhou Public Security Bureau of Gansu Province. Therefore, the defendant Luo Jinguo's defense and his defender's opinion that there is no direct causal relationship between cigarette butts and fires are not accepted. The test report of Lanzhou University Analysis and Testing Center put forward by its defender can not be used as the basis for finalization, and other possible causes of fire are not proved by evidence, so it will not be considered. Defender's argument that the fire spread, the warehouse collapse and the low fire resistance of the warehouse materials and the failure to take fire prevention measures lead to the fire spread can be accepted if there is evidence to prove it. The claim filed by Longma Mall, the plaintiff in the incidental civil action, shall be subject to the notice of review of direct property loss caused by fire of Gansu Public Security Department.
smoking and fire: the fires caused by cigarettes mainly ignite solid combustible materials, especially bedding, clothes and fabrics, indoor decoration and furniture decoration. As we all know, most of these articles are made of cotton, hemp and wool, which are combustible. For example, common cotton contains more than 91% cellulose, which is a combustible polymer organic compound composed of three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, and its molecular formula is (C6H11O5) N. Other plant fibers such as jute, flax, hemp and sisal are basically composed of cellulose. Wood, wood-based products, paper, etc., the main component is cellulose, the molecular formula is also (C6H11O5)n, and it is mainly composed of three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. As for the fiber obtained from animals, it consists of complex protein molecules, which contain a high proportion of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and a small amount of sulfur, and are also flammable.
Due to the different test methods and conditions, the data obtained in different places will be different. The ignition points of some solid combustible materials tested by the American National Bureau of Standards are as follows: newsprint 231℃, filter paper 232.2℃, absorbent cotton 266.1℃, cotton tire 231℃, quilt sheet 241℃, wool blanket 215℃, viscose fiber 281℃, wood fiberboard 216.1-228.8℃, sugarcane and bamboo fiberboard 241℃, and short.
how high is the temperature of a burning cigarette? According to the test of California Fire Department, its temperature ranges from 288℃ (the temperature of cigarette surface when not smoking) to 732℃ (the temperature of cigarette center when smoking). According to some information, a cigarette parked on a flat surface can be lit continuously for 24 minutes. Therefore, the temperature of hot cigarettes is theoretically enough to cause the combustion of most flammable solids, flammable liquids and gases.
The experiment shows that the ignition of solid combustible by cigarettes can only happen when the heat in solid combustible is gradually accumulated and increased. That is to say, in order for a cigarette to ignite a solid combustible, the material must have the performance of maintaining gradual flameless combustion. Most common solid combustibles have this property to varying degrees, and all plant cellulose substances are the most susceptible. This is because plant cellulose is mainly composed of three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, and the stability of organic oxygenates is much lower than that of hydrocarbons, which can decompose and precipitate combustible gases at a lower temperature. Moreover, their thermal conductivity is also very low, and they are poor thermal conductors. For example, wood begins to decompose weakly at 131℃, and the decomposition of wood obviously accelerates and changes color when the temperature rises to 151℃ and above. When the temperature rises to 211℃ and above, the decomposition products contain a large amount of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, hydrogen and vapor of organic substances. The thermal conductivity of wood is very low, only 351% and 1/1111% of that of copper and aluminum respectively.
When a solid combustible is ignited by a cigarette, it generally goes through four stages (taking plant cellulose as an example):
1. Preheating stage: after the solid combustible comes into contact with the burning cigarette, it begins to be preheated.
2. Decomposition stage: when the material is heated to a certain extent, it will produce slow chemical decomposition, and some gases, including water vapor, will be slowly released from solid combustible materials. With the increase of material temperature, the decomposition speed is accelerated, and the combustible components in the gas are gradually increased. This stage is basically an endothermic reaction.
3. smoldering stage: this is the stage from the beginning of flame to complete combustion. The gas volume of the flame causes the second pyrolysis process, and the combustion continues.
In most combustible solid fires caused by cigarettes, the ignition of solid combustible materials usually requires that the ignition source, namely cigarettes, contact with combustible materials for a long time to release combustible vapor. At the same time, there is also a delay time between ignition and rapid combustion. Steam and heat are generated in the combustion process, and carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are generated. High temperature, lack of oxygen and carbon monoxide are the main dangers of death in the fire of burning solid combustible materials by cigarettes. Many victims are often killed by hot air, carbon monoxide and lack of oxygen instead of being burned. In addition, a large number of smoke, aldehydes, acids and other gases are produced during combustion, which have a strong stimulating effect on human body by themselves or when combined with water vapor.
of course, this does not mean that solid combustible materials will be ignited as soon as they come into contact with cigarettes. In fact, it is a very complicated process that cigarettes cause fuel to burn. Whether it can cause combustion or not depends on the thermal properties of the combustible (thermal conductivity, specific heat, latent heat of vaporization, etc.), the temperature and decomposition speed required for the initial decomposition, the physical and chemical characteristics such as the flammability of the decomposition products, and the holding capacity of the cigarette as the ignition source. It is also obviously affected by the volatile factors such as the physical shape, temperature and air supply of the combustible. Only when these important conditions and factors are combined with each other to achieve a suitable situation, can the fuel catch fire.