Four Pests

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One of the four pests, the "Four Pests" of flies has a long history. On February 2, 1958, the Central Committee of China and the State Council issued the Instruction on Hygiene in Eliminating Four Pests. It is proposed that the task of eliminating flies, mosquitoes, mice and sparrows should be completed in 2111 or less. Gradually, "sparrow" was rehabilitated and replaced by "bug". Later, due to changes in social life, "bugs" were replaced by "cockroaches". Therefore, the "four pests" nowadays should be flies, mosquitoes, mice and cockroaches.

Contents

I. Historical evolution of exterminating the four pests

II. Significance of exterminating the four pests 1. Control vector-borne infectious diseases and protect people's health

2. Protect social productive forces and promote economic construction and development

3. Improve the investment environment. Promoting reform and opening up

4. Killing the four pests is the "admission ticket" to enter the national health city

Introduction of flies

Physiological characteristics

Suitable temperature

Flying technology

Overwintering mode

Introduction of mosquitoes

Biting

Reproductive life

Rats

Cockroaches

Biologists. Control vector-borne infectious diseases and protect people's health

2. Protect social productive forces and promote economic construction and development

3. Improve investment environment. Promoting reform and opening up

4. Killing the four pests is the "admission ticket" to enter the national health city

Introduction of flies

Physiological characteristics

Suitable temperature

Flying technology

Overwintering mode

Introduction of mosquitoes

Biting

Reproductive life

Rats

Cockroaches

Biologists. In the past, people used wormwood to repel insects, wormwood to light mosquitoes and scalded bedbugs, and created many methods to kill flies, mosquitoes and bedbugs. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, in the war of aggression against Korea in 1952, U.S. imperialism used a vicious germ war in Korea, Northeast China and North China, spreading a large number of rats, flies, mosquitoes and other pests with germs and viruses in an attempt to poison the Chinese and Korean people. In order to respond to the great call of the bacterial war against the American imperialists, improve the health level and crush the enemy's bacterial war, a patriotic health campaign centered on eliminating diseases was launched throughout the country. Exercised the people, broke the old and established the new, paid attention to hygiene, eliminated the four pests and shattered the enemy's germ war. In 1953, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council summed up the successful experience of the germ war against the American imperialists, put forward the policy of "combining health work with mass movements", and decided to incorporate the patriotic health movement centered on the elimination of four pests into socialist construction. In the winter of 1955, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council put the eradication of rats, flies, mosquitoes and sparrows (later changed to bedbugs) into the agricultural development program of 1956-1967. At that time, all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government and cities under separate state planning made plans, with the leadership of the party and government in the lead, the Patriotic Health Association in coordination, and the cooperation of various departments, which mobilized the masses to participate and set off many vigorous activities to eliminate the four pests. There are many advanced units for eliminating the four pests and health in China. Such as Xiaoying Lane in Hangzhou, Wulao Village in Nanjing, nanxiang town in Shanghai, Taiyang Village in Shanxi, Hupu Town in Jiangsu, shuidong town in Guangdong and Shanhaiguan in Hebei. Summarizing the experience and lessons of the activities of eliminating the four pests in the 1951s and 1961s, we should pay attention to more surprise activities and neglect regular work. Pay more attention to the symptoms and neglect the root cause; Pay attention to inspection and evaluation, ignoring daily publicity and education; Pay attention to mobilizing more people and ignore scientific and technological guidance and modern management. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, in the new period of reform, opening up and socialist construction, the Party and the government learned from these experiences and lessons, put the elimination of four pests into one of the important tasks of creating a health city, and put forward the activities of reaching the standard of eliminating four pests, which made the elimination of four pests embark on a new road and opened up a new situation. By the end of 1996, 35 municipalities directly under the central government, provincial capitals, cities with separate plans and 4 regions, more than 511 counties (cities), railways, transportation, civil aviation systems, large and medium-sized enterprises and troops had become advanced units for rodent control. Foshan City, Luoyang City, Jilin City, Qiaotou Town, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province, and Zouxian County, Shandong Province have become advanced cities for mosquito control. Jilin, Chifeng, Dandong, Foshan, Chengdu, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Harbin, Chongqing, Qingdao, Nanjing, Xiamen, Hangzhou, Taishan Town, Taishan County, Guangdong Province and Linghai City, Liaoning Province have become advanced cities for fly control. Dalian, Hohhot, Baotou, Harbin, Jilin, Foshan, Qingdao, Zhengzhou, Chengdu, Shenyang and Angang Iron and Steel Company have become advanced units to kill cockroaches.

editing this paragraph ii. the significance of eliminating the four pests

in the past p>51 years, China has made remarkable achievements in carrying out mass activities to eliminate the four pests, accumulated rich experience and made positive contributions to mankind's ultimate victory over the four pests, which is of great significance.

1. Control vector-borne infectious diseases and protect people's health

At present, 252 kinds of pathogens such as germs, viruses, spirochetes and rickettsia have been found all over the world, and 114 kinds of four pests can be carried, so it is an important link to control the four pests and eliminate the disease. Rats can spread more than 31 kinds of diseases, and plague is a great threat to human beings. There were three pandemics in the world, the first one in the 6th century, and half the population of the Eastern Roman Empire died. The second pandemic occurred in 1351, and more than 25 million people died in Europe. The third pandemic occurred in 2118, with 15 million deaths in Europe, accounting for a quarter of the population at that time. Later, more than 41 million people died in Asia, accounting for one third of the population in the epidemic area. At present, the rat plague is still prevalent in Yunnan, Gansu and Inner Mongolia in China, threatening the world all the time. The incidence of rat-borne epidemic hemorrhagic fever remains high, and it has occurred in most provinces and cities in China in recent years. The incidence of rat-borne typhoid fever is also expanding. Flies can spread dozens of diseases such as cholera, dysentery, typhoid fever, anthrax, tetanus, polio, viral hepatitis, cysticercosis and ascariasis. Mosquitoes can spread diseases such as malaria, Japanese encephalitis and dengue fever. Cockroaches can carry more than 41 kinds of germs, viruses and parasites such as dysentery, salmonella, hepatitis and roundworms. When we eliminate the four pests and reduce the incidence, we will protect people's health. After decades of work to eliminate the four pests, most diseases with the four pests as the media have been effectively controlled. Many infectious diseases that once ravaged and caused serious harm to people's lives, such as cholera, plague, malaria, filariasis, epidemic encephalitis and dengue fever, have been eliminated or basically eliminated, while others have been reduced to a very low level, and the incidence of related infectious diseases has also dropped greatly, especially in cities. The extension of people's life expectancy, except for the relationship between "four pests" and disease eradication, is not as prominent and direct as before, but it is still an important reason for the prevalence of some infectious diseases.

2. Protect social productive forces and promote economic construction and development

Protect the labor force, reduce diseases, keep fit and speed up economic construction. Everyone knows this truth. Many poor households in our country are caused by illness, and a farmer has a poor household when he has a hemorrhagic fever. Therefore, we can get rid of poverty and become rich by killing pests and preventing diseases. The World Food and Agriculture Organization recognizes that about 21% of the world's agriculture is lost to rodents, and each mouse wastes 18 kilograms of grain every year on average. Rats also bite clothes and destroy buildings, dams, forests and grasslands. 15~21% of industrial blackouts are caused by rats. A quarter of the fires were killed by rats. Flies, mosquitoes and cockroaches also disturb the peace of people and animals and hinder the construction of productive forces.

3. Improve the investment environment and promote reform and opening up

With the deepening of reform and opening up, each country is actively absorbing foreign capital, and eliminating the "four evils" is also one of the important means to improve the investment environment. For the vast number of urban residents, the existence of the "four pests" is mainly not the spread of epidemics, but the harassment it brings. The density of "four pests" is also an indirect indicator of whether the environment is dirty or not, reflecting the depth and breadth of a city's comprehensive improvement, and the reduction of the density of four pests indicates the improvement of living environment quality. Especially flies, it can be said that the presence or absence of flies has become a standard to judge the health level of a city. Because of the "four pests", only flies are pests that are mainly active during the day, which are easy to find and closely related to people. It is necessary to carry out fly control work to improve environmental quality and quality of life. It is difficult to imagine an environment where garbage is everywhere and flies are flying, which will make people happy, not to mention attracting investment, developing economy, developing tourism and striving for a civilized and hygienic city. Practice has proved that whether there are four evils is an important aspect of the investment environment. The city is clean and tidy, and people think that you have a high population quality and are willing to invest in you if you can't see the four evils flying around and crawling around. Because a few mice, flies and mosquitoes have blown up investment contracts from time to time.

4. Eliminating the four pests is the "admission ticket" to enter the national health city

With the improvement of people's living standards, people's understanding of health is also changing, and the new concept of health put forward by the World Health Organization reflects this change. According to the World Health Organization, health means not only the absence of disease and weakness, but also the physical, psychological and social integrity. This concept requires a high degree of coordination between people and their living environment, working environment and social environment. Nearly 11 years of activities to create a national health city have met people's needs. The change of this concept is also reflected in the understanding of eliminating the "four evils". In addition to the "four pests", in addition to participating in the urban sanitation inspection and appraisal, the founding activities also stipulate that in order to obtain a provincial sanitary city, rodent control must meet the standards, while in order to obtain a national sanitary city, three pests must meet the standards, and the other pest must not exceed three times the national standards. In addition to the "four pests", it has become a "admission ticket" to obtain the qualification of a sanitary city. This makes the creation of a sanitary city become the primary purpose of the city in addition to the "four evils". If the "Three Harms" fail to meet the standard, you can't enter the national health city without the "admission ticket" if you report it to the national health city and the provincial or national patriotic sanitation association won't give you the acceptance assessment. The harm of flies to human beings is: "flies carry countless bacteria and viruses, and there are dozens of diseases that can be transmitted." Among them, dysentery, hepatitis A, acute gastroenteritis, food poisoning, trachoma, polio, ascaris, cholera, etc. " Mosquitoes do harm to us: "It can spread malaria, Japanese encephalitis, filariasis, dengue fever, yellow fever and other diseases." Mice to humans will: "steal food, spread diseases, and destroy the environment of farmland." Cockroaches are certainly harmful to us: "Bite food, damage raw materials, pollute food, and spread diseases such as dysentery, typhoid fever, polio, adenovirus and viral hepatitis. In addition, it can mold food and produce carcinogenic aflatoxin. It is also called Xiaoqiang because of its strong growth ability and reproductive ability. "

Edit this section of flies

Brief introduction

According to the statistics of flies in the late 1971s, there are over 121,111 species of Diptera insects in the world, including 34,111 species of flies in 64 families. There are 4 families, 38 genera and 74 species in Fuzhou. The main fly species are housefly (right), city fly, Lucilia sericata and Chrysomya megacephala.

physiological characteristics

flies have the physiological characteristics that they can lay eggs for life once mating. A female fly can lay eggs for 5-6 times in her life, with about 111-151 eggs each time, up to about 311 at most. It can breed 11-12 generations within one year. Flies are insects that are active in the daytime and have obvious phototaxis. At night, it stays still. Activities and habitats depend on fly species, season, temperature and region. In some seasons, stable rot flies, summer flies and city flies will also invade the house. Chrysomya megacephala, Lucilia sericata, Calliphora, Bactrocera, Hemp Fly, etc. are mainly active and live outdoors.

suitable temperature

the activity of flies is greatly influenced by temperature. It can only crawl at 4 ~ 7℃, fly at 11 ~ 15℃, feed, mate and lay eggs above 21℃, especially active at 31 ~ 35℃, stop moving at 35 ~ 41℃ due to overheating, and die at 45 ~ 47℃.

flying skills

flies are good at flying. The flight speed can reach 6 ~ 8 kilometers per hour, and the highest flight speed is 8 ~ 18 kilometers per day and night. However, it usually moves within the radius of 111 ~ 211 meters of the breeding ground, and most of them do not exceed 1 ~ 2 kilometers.

wintering mode

The wintering mode of flies is quite complicated. It can overwinter not only in pupa state, but also in the form of fly maggots and adults. In the northern cold zone and temperate zone, there are no active houseflies in nature, but there are still adult flies in artificially heated rooms, and vegetable greenhouses often become the birthplace of a large number of flies in the next spring. In the south of the Yangtze River and parts of North China, the average temperature in winter is below 1℃, so flies can spend the winter in pupa state skillfully, and maggots of dormant female flies covered with livestock manure can also be found in a few areas. In the subtropical region of South China, the average temperature is above 5℃, and flies can continue to breed without dormancy.

Edit this paragraph of mosquito

Introduction

The average life span of mosquitoes is not long, which is 3-111 days for females and 11-21 days for males. Mosquitoes can be divided into male and female, and the antenna of male mosquitoes is filiform, and the antenna hair is generally thicker than that of female mosquitoes. Their food is nectar and plant juice. Female mosquitoes need to bite animals to suck blood to promote the maturation of inner eggs.

bite

there is a substance in the saliva of mosquitoes that has vasodilating and anticoagulant effects, which makes it easier for blood to converge to the bitten place. The substance in mosquito saliva makes the bitten person's skin blister and itch. Mosquitoes suck about one thousandth of a milliliter of blood every time they bite. After each full meal, mosquitoes usually move within 2 kilometers of their birthplace, but the farthest movement distance can reach 181 kilometers.

reproductive life

every female mosquito lays about 1,111-3,111 eggs in her life. They usually lay their eggs on the water and hatch into aquatic larvae two days later. The cicadas feed on algae in the water. They grow into pupae after four times of peeling, floating on the water, and finally the pupa epidermis breaks and young mosquitoes are born. The life history of mosquitoes includes four parts: eggs, larvae, pupae and adults. Generally, eggs are 1-2 days, larvae are 5-7 days, pupae are 2-3 days, adults emerge to blood-sucking and spawn for 3-7 days, and the whole generation is about 1-2 weeks.

Edit this paragraph. Mice

Know what food is in the kitchen by their sense of smell at night and at night. After they are full, they fight and chase in twos and threes. When they are hungry or find new delicious food, they will have dinner together. Very flexible and cunning, afraid of people, when sneaking out of the hole, two front paws climb on the edge of the hole, look left and right, and feel safe before coming out of the hole. It likes to establish a fixed route between the nest, food and water to avoid danger. Most mice with quick eyesight are active and foraging at night. Mice active at night can detect moving objects in very dark light, and mice active during the day have better eyesight. The rat hole with high drilling skill is obvious, and it is often found in the corners of walls, animal pens and warehouse kitchens. Strong memory and aversion to food change a part in a familiar environment, which will immediately arouse its vigilance and dare not move forward. After repeated familiarity, it dares to move forward. If it is attacked, it will avoid this place for a long time. Apart from humans, mice are the fastest and most successful mammals. Take the moon mouse, a kind of house mouse that often lives in human areas, as an example, it can conceive up to eight times a year and give birth to four to seven young mice each. In addition to consuming or polluting food