From 1986, Chen Xitong, then the mayor of Beijing and secretary of the municipal party committee, put forward the slogan of "keeping the style of the ancient capital", which made many buildings in Beijing covered with large roofs in this period, so as to give traditional elements to contemporary architecture. Zhang Kaiji, a contemporary architect in China, is the main opponent of this trend and has strongly criticized it for many times. He believes that Beijing West Railway Station is also one of the major extreme development actions to "recapture the style of the ancient capital". Taking "wearing a hat on the building" as a means to "maintain the style of the ancient capital" is "confusing the fake with the real". 199 1, Zhang Kaiji once mentioned the negative impact of this trend in a letter to Beijing Mayor Chen Xitong.
"... Chen Xitong once proposed to maintain and regain the style of the ancient capital. The formulation is right and the practice is wrong. Because his focus is not on the protection of ancient buildings, but on the new building to engage in retro-ism, building a small pavilion, the role is to confuse the fake with the real, usurp the host's role. I suggested a long time ago that we can't do this. Beijing West Railway Station is going to set up a pavilion. I wrote to him to advise him: "Too much use of the pavilion will lead to new sameness and boredom. "But in the end, a small pavilion was built and it cost 80 million yuan. At such a great cost, instead of building an advanced railway station, a backward railway station was built. " -Zhang Kaiji (2004), interview with Zhang Kaiji.
"I want to sum it up in a few words,' seriously protect the ancient style, carefully design new buildings, and resolutely do not engage in fake antiques'. The design of Beijing West Railway Station runs counter to the modern design concept. What is the design concept of traffic facilities? That is high efficiency. When the train stops at the platform, passengers can get on the train in the shortest distance, the shortest time and the fastest speed. This is a principle of railway station design. " -Zhang Kaiji (2004), Confessions of Culture
Zhu Jialu, a former senior architect of Beijing Architectural Design and Research Institute, was the chief designer of Beijing West Railway Station in the early 1990s. In an interview with the media in 2009, he admitted that the exterior design of Beijing West Railway Station was influenced by some leaders' preferences.
"State form is one of the requirements put forward by leaders at the beginning. At first, we just put two bell towers at both ends of the station building, but the relevant leaders disagreed and changed it into a slightly smaller pavilion, which still didn't work. The final result is this 30-meter-high roof. " -Zhu Jialu (2009)
On the other hand, some citizens questioned the "hollow-out" design of Beijing West Railway Station, thinking that it caused a certain waste of space, but it was actually a means to cooperate with the subway embedded project and use the building structure. Because the design takes into account that Beijing Metro Line 9 will pass through the central axis of the station and set up a station below Beijing West Railway Station. In order to prevent ground subsidence, high-rise buildings in the station form a central gap on both sides of the subway line. In order to improve the visual effect of the central gap, a "doorway" with a width of 45 meters and a height of 50 meters was designed with reference to the design of the traditional gate building in China. Since the opening of Beijing West Railway Station, its quality problems have been criticized, and many problems have been exposed. At that time, Beijing West Railway Station was once known as the largest railway passenger station in Asia, so the people of Beijing once satirized Beijing West Railway Station as "the largest tofu dregs project in Asia".
As early as the night before the opening of Beijing West Railway Station, the first train stopped at the platform to prepare for the ribbon-cutting ceremony. Because the water pipe leaked and the ballast bed sank, the construction workers had to reinforce the ballast bed overnight to ensure the smooth opening the next day. 1997 On the afternoon of July 28th, Beijing West Railway Station was hit by a strong wind, and a strong cyclone caused local damage to the glass ceiling. 170 More than one piece of glass fell with the wind, damaging 8 cars on the platform, but fortunately not hurting passers-by. A similar situation happened again on August1998 12, but the glass ceiling was strengthened after the last experience, so the damage was slight this time, and only 8 pieces of glass were damaged in the unmodified part. In addition, other problems include the tearing off of large decorative ceilings, the falling of chandeliers in the ticket hall, and the arching of the floor.
One of the most serious problems is water leakage. Due to roof leakage, wall peeling, ground water accumulation and seepage can be seen everywhere, with 1997 and 1998 being the most serious. After the heavy rain, the water in the computer room is knee-deep. The baggage room of more than 2,000 square meters in the underground warehouse of the consignment office was forcibly converted into a garage, and the underground passage connecting the baggage warehouse with 500 meters accumulated water for half a meter, like an artificial river; There are many leaks in the roof and entrance passage of the waiting room, so plastic buckets are needed to install the leaks.
The reasons for the quality problems in Beijing West Railway Station mainly include short construction period and insufficient funds, which led to the station being put into use without completion acceptance. Yang Sixin, chief engineer of Beijing West Railway Station Engineering Construction Headquarters, once said that Beijing West Railway Station is a "trilateral" project. From 1993 to 1, the station has been in a state of "design, construction and operation" for a long time. And the construction period is very tight. As the Ministry of Railways requires Beijing West Railway Station to be put into operation before the Spring Festival travel rush peak in June 1995+00, the total construction period is more than one year ahead of the reasonable construction period, which leads to the installation and debugging of large-scale indoor decoration, waterproof engineering, hydropower system, heating and air conditioning, etc. Less than four months. At the same time, this period is in the stage of low temperature and severe winter, and some processes, such as in addition, the arrears of construction funds of Beijing West Railway Station are staggering. During the construction period, various manufacturers and material suppliers kept collecting debts from the general contractor. When the station was opened for use, the station still owed more than 300 million yuan to the construction unit. Even after opening for three years, there are still more than 200 million yuan in arrears, and some manufacturers have sued the court for arrears. Due to financial problems, the improvement, closure and completion acceptance of the station cannot be carried out as usual. 1996 Beijing west railway station put into use, it was not until19965438+February that the Ministry of Railways, Beijing Railway Bureau, Beijing Municipal Government and other relevant departments and Beijing west railway station engineering construction headquarters made preliminary acceptance. On August 7th, 20001year, the Ministry of Railways and the Beijing Municipal Government jointly submitted a report to the State Planning Commission on the application for national acceptance of the Beijing West Railway Station project. In June 5438+February of the same year, the National Acceptance Committee of Beijing West Railway Station Project officially accepted the railway and urban supporting projects of Beijing West Railway Station, and its design and construction quality were rated as qualified. According to the planning at that time, Beijing West Railway Station is a modern mega-scale comprehensive three-dimensional transportation hub and multi-functional comprehensive center integrating railway station, subway station, public transportation, post and telecommunications hub, commercial service and financial integration. Beijing Metro Lines 7 and 9 will pass under Beijing West Railway Station and set up stations. According to the original planning and design, the smooth diversion of Beijing West Railway Station, a super-large comprehensive three-dimensional transportation hub, depends on the above-ground and underground facilities. Passengers leave the station through the subway and the south and north squares respectively, of which the subway divides 40% to 50%, and the north and south squares share about 25% to 30% of the people. However, after the opening and operation of Beijing West Railway Station for more than ten years, Beijing Metro Lines 7 and 9 have not been completed, the building structure of Beijing West Railway Station has been vacant for more than ten years, and the exit system of South Square has not been activated, resulting in severe traffic problems in Beijing West Railway Station area for many years, and the North Square is overloaded. For passengers, it is even more difficult to get into the station, get out of the station, pick up people and park.
At the beginning of 2005, a group of experts from Beijing Academy of Social Sciences investigated the traffic problems in Beijing West Railway Station. This one-year research report pointed out that the growth rate of bus passenger flow around the West Railway Station is far less than that of railway passenger flow. From 1996 to 2004, the annual passenger traffic of Beijing West Railway Station increased from17.42 million to 49.06 million, an increase of 182%, while the bus passenger traffic increased from14.20 million to 25.39 million, an increase of 78.8%. However, the distribution of public transport capacity between South Square and North Square is quite different. There are more than 50 bus lines in the North Square of West Railway Station, while there are only 4 departure lines in the South Square. Upgrade the station by business.
According to the report of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, in addition to the subway, the unfinished projects in the original planning also include the South Square and its supporting facilities, the roads and municipal pipelines in the south area of the main station landlord, the permanent power switch station of the South Station building and its affiliated buildings, and the permanent power distribution room for the lighting of the North Square and underground bicycle lanes. , not built, motor vehicle parking facilities are seriously inadequate. As for the outbound system, only 14 elevators were installed in the original 29 elevators.
A large number of follow-up projects of Beijing West Railway Station cannot be completed, mainly due to a serious shortage of maintenance funds. Around 1996, the Ministry of Railways, the investor of Beijing West Railway Station, delivered and divided assets with the Beijing Municipal Government, and the two sides reached an agreement that "the areas that enter by ticket belong to the Ministry of Railways, and the areas that do not belong to Beijing belong to the Ministry of Railways", so the entrance system of the West Railway Station, that is, the elevated waiting hall, belongs to the Ministry of Railways; Outbound system (including station square, traffic facilities, etc.). ) It is mainly the first and second floors underground, and belongs to the Beijing Municipal Government. For the operation and maintenance of the outbound system, the Beijing municipal government has determined the mode of "maintaining the station by business", and suggested that the operating assets should be leased and contracted, and the rent and contract money should be collected; Public welfare assets collect property fees and depreciation fees through property management, and then use these funds to maintain, update and transform the facilities and equipment of the external call system. In this context, Hengxing Group was established in Beijing, under the Beijing Municipal Commission of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (Beijing Construction Committee), which undertakes three major tasks of the outbound system: ensuring passengers' safe and smooth exit, sanitation and cleaning, and hardware maintenance.
However, the facts show that the effect of the "commercial station" model is extremely poor. The operating cost of maintaining the outbound call system is much higher than the income from operating assets. In the past ten years, Hengxing Group has owed more than 60 million yuan. In the case of financial difficulties, in order to save costs, the operation quality of Beijing West Railway Station has also been affected. For example, before 2004, it cost 9 million yuan to turn on the lights in the exit hall of the West Railway Station all the year round, but it must actually be controlled at 4 million yuan. Turning off the lights and saving electricity leads to insufficient lighting, and the use of elevators is also restricted. A parking lot with an area of 65438+100000 square meters in the middle underground cannot be rebuilt due to ventilation failure, and it has never been put into use since10.
In addition, in order to improve the operating conditions through commercial contracting, Hengxing Group has successively opened two markets, Jinglong and Hengxing, covering an area of10.2 million square meters, accounting for 60% of the total area of more than 20,000 square meters of the underground hall. Jinglong Wholesale Market covers an area of 9,700 square meters and has 622 booths. There are 36 stalls in Hengxing Market, covering an area of about 2,300 square meters. These booths are rented to merchants to handle clothing, shoes and hats, daily necessities, second-hand electrical appliances, etc. This further aggravated the poor exit.
Support TV stations with the country
At the beginning of 2005, Jilin, then vice mayor of Beijing, presided over a meeting on the transformation of the exit system of the West Railway Station, and decided to cancel the mode of "maintaining the station by business" and put it into the maintenance of the West Railway Station by the state finance. This idea is called "the station is maintained by the state".
Facing the quality problems left by the station itself and a large number of unfinished "finishing" projects after the opening and operation, it is a very serious challenge to the previous "operating station construction" model. Equipment damage not only can not fully meet the needs of passengers, but also leads to complaints and criticism of security risks. As early as February 2, 2004, the General Office of Beijing Municipal Government issued "Important Practical Things to Be Done in People's Life in Beijing in 2004", which included "Renovating the West Station Environment" in the "56 Practical Things of the Municipal Government in 2004", demanding to improve the environment and social order in the West Station area and eliminate hidden dangers. At that time, Beijing West Railway Station had been in operation for 8 years, and the hardware facilities of the station exit system itself did not meet the original design standards. Coupled with the lack of timely maintenance and replacement, resulting in a large number of aging equipment, serious damage. Only about 5000 of the 65438+5000 lighting lamps can emit light normally; The ground area of 65438+8000m2 is damaged; 35,000 square meters of underground ceiling is seriously leaking; More than 5000 fire sprinklers are 80% inoperable.
In 2004, the Beijing Municipal Government invested 70 million yuan to carry out large-scale renovation of station equipment, fire fighting facilities and other 10 hardware facilities, which was the first time that government funds were directly invested in the maintenance of Beijing West Railway Station. Among them, the maintenance and replacement cost of the ground, ceiling and lighting facilities of the station exit system is 7 million yuan. In addition, the 1 100-meter-long fire smoke exhaust pipeline, 120 fire shutter doors, more than 2,200 automatic alarm devices, more than 5,000 fire sprinklers and more than 80 fire bolts have been completely reformed and updated. The two markets, Jinglong and Hengxing, on the second floor of the West Railway Station, were all demolished, and the original evacuation function of the underground hall was restored. The government invested150,000 yuan for this purpose, mainly as liquidated damages for market investors and merchants. At the same time, the project will introduce two overpasses into the main building of the West Railway Station, and passengers can directly take the overpass when entering and leaving the station; Install an electronic display screen in the central hall to show the time and route of the first and last bus departing from the West Station; Repair the lighting system of underground non-motor vehicle lanes, roads and walls in North Square; Compress the green space on the north side of the bus parking lot and social parking lot in North Square, and expand the pedestrian walkway 1000 square meters; Re-plan and install the guiding signs of the outbound system according to international standards; Improve the regional TV monitoring network, etc. The overall renovation project of the exit system of Beijing West Railway Station was completed in June 2004.
Since then, the maintenance of public assets of Beijing West Railway Station has been included in the financial budget of Beijing Municipal Government. By the beginning of 2005, the municipal government officially defined the mode of "maintaining stations by state". Since the beginning of 2005, the management responsibility of the outbound system has been placed under the Beijing West Railway Station Regional Management Committee (CMC), and the non-operating state-owned assets of the outbound system of the West Railway Station have been included in the CMC. Hengxing Group also separated from the West Railway Station Management Center and became an independent legal person, specializing in the maintenance of outbound systems. However, due to the deep accumulation of disadvantages, "supporting the station with the country" faces new problems in the source and distribution of funds.
According to the regulations, the management funds are included in the budget of the administrative committee, and the Beijing Municipal Finance Bureau can only allocate about 1 1 ten thousand yuan in the form of loans from the administrative committee every year for the expenses of water and electricity, air conditioning and heating, hardware custody, security and cleaning of the exit system of Beijing West Railway Station. But there are still many operating assets in Beijing West Railway Station. For example, the annual income of the commercial part from the parking lot and the first and second floors underground reaches 7 million yuan. The outsourcing system did not carry out asset accounting at the beginning, so it was impossible to determine the total assets, and the operating assets and non-operating assets were not completely separated, which made it difficult to calculate the government appropriation. In 2005, the Administrative Committee, the Beijing Municipal Finance Bureau and the Municipal Construction Committee conducted a four-month investigation on the management mode of the outbound system, and in September of the same year submitted the Report on Strengthening the Management of the Outbound System of Beijing West Railway Station to the municipal government. After research by the municipal government, the contract management mode of the exit system of the West Railway Station is determined, and the required funds are guaranteed by the municipal finance. At the same time, after consulting Beijing SASAC, it is determined that the exit system of Beijing West Railway Station is a social public service place and its state-owned assets are non-operating state-owned assets. Since the end of 2005, Beijing Audit Bureau has audited the operation of the exit system of Beijing West Railway Station for half a year.
Subsequent project
At the beginning of 2005, the Management Committee invited more than 30 experts to make a special study on the West Railway Station. The project was named "Research Project on Comprehensive Planning of North and South Square and Underground Space of Beijing West Railway Station", seeking technical solutions to alleviate the pressure on the North Square and ensure the safe entry and exit of railway passengers. In the final report, five of the eight topics are "How to use the space of the West Railway Station", namely, the traffic system adjustment and transformation plan, the preliminary plan of space utilization planning, the environmental landscape, the visual guidance and the temporary facilities plan, and put forward the rectification plans such as moving the bus station of the North Square from east to west and opening the underground garage.
The management committee of the West Railway Station also believes that the key to unblocking the Beijing West Railway Station is to start the construction of the South Square and subway that has been delayed for ten years. There are two squares in front of Beijing West Railway Station, South Square and North Square, accounting for 30% respectively, and the subway is diverted by 40%. At that time, the south square was designed as the main square, and many themed buildings were designed in the south. However, due to the opening of the West Railway Station, the South Square has not been opened, and most of the passenger flow is diverted through the North Square. However, due to the imbalance between supply and demand of traffic facilities in the North Square, the unreasonable passenger traffic organization, the North Square is obviously overwhelmed, the traffic order is chaotic, and the traffic situation is deteriorating. At the same time, due to the mistakes in planning and design, vehicles in the south and north directions can not pass directly, and the bus station is not closely connected with the south square, resulting in the unbalanced development of the south square and the north square. Passengers and pedestrians who want to cross the north and south must walk through the underground square of the West Railway Station, which is about 500 meters long, which is very inconvenient. However, the construction of four roads around the South Square, such as Guanglian Road, maliandao Road, Zhanqian East Street and Beijing West Railway Station South Road, is basically at a standstill, and the road network has been blocked for a long time due to the demolition problem.
On August 20 10, the People's Proposal Collection Office of Beijing Municipal Government designated the South Square of West Railway Station as a key research topic, and after collecting opinions from various parties, it submitted the report "Accelerating the Construction of South Square of West Railway Station" to the municipal leaders again. The report received the attention of Mayor Guo Jinlong and other city leaders, and was led by the Beijing Major Project Construction Headquarters Office (Major Office). The major office has successively organized the Municipal Development and Reform Commission, the Municipal Planning Commission, the Municipal Transportation Commission, the Municipal Housing Construction Committee, the Municipal Finance Bureau, the Municipal Traffic Management Bureau, the Beijing Railway Bureau, the West Railway Station Management Committee, the Fengtai District Government, the Xicheng District Government, China Railway Real Estate Group Corporation, the Public Transport Group, the Federation of Trade Unions, the Rail Construction Management Company and other 15 units, and held four coordination meetings and on-site meetings respectively, aiming at the preliminary work and construction organization of the South Plaza reconstruction project.
The reconstruction project of the South Square of Beijing West Railway Station, which was delayed for more than 10+010+00, was officially started on 20/kloc-0. The reconstruction contents include West Station South Road, maliandao Road, Guanglian Road, South Square Planning 1 Road, Pedestrian Overpass, Underground Passage, Taxi Station, South Square Bridge Deck Paving and Underground Commercial Structure Reinforcement Project. After the project is completed, the South Square will divert some passengers from the West Station, thus alleviating the traffic pressure in the North Square of the West Station. On September 22, 20 12, the reconstructed South Square of Beijing West Railway Station was officially opened, and the taxi dispatching station located on the northwest side of the South Square also began to operate.