Wine is a beauty between heaven and earth. Although it also enters the stomach, it can't satisfy hunger and thirst, but only acts on people's minds. As soon as the heart-nerve wine is moistened and stimulated, it will produce inexplicable changes, and this inexplicable strangeness is unusual in words and deeds. Therefore, with wine in the world, human life will be colorful, human history will be colorful, the vast world will add many interesting scenery, and the short life will add many long flavors. If our ancestors hadn't been inspired by the sour taste of rotten wild fruits and leftovers and invented wine making, the vast history of twenty-four years would have been much more boring and the social life of past dynasties would not have been so bleak. When we look back, we may lose a lot of interest. History is a long river. When the wine is just right in the river, the river will flow more romantically and vividly, and the billowing waves will still make people feel relaxed and happy after the ages. From the palace to the streets and alleys, people drink. Emperor Jin and Yuan gave a banquet, and the old people in the three villages exchanged. Although the grades are different and the styles are different, it is the same to drink good wine or old bad wine and taste the wonderful process.
Wine culture is an important part of China food culture. Wine is one of the oldest foods in human beings, and its history almost begins with the history of human culture. Since the appearance of wine, as a kind of material culture, the forms of wine are various, and its development process is synchronous with the history of economic development. Moreover, wine is not only a kind of food, but also has spiritual and cultural value. As a kind of spiritual culture, it is embodied in social and political life, literature and art, and even people's attitude towards life and aesthetic taste. In this sense, drinking is not only drinking, but also drinking culture.
China is an ancient civilization in the Li Zhuo world and the hometown of wine. In the 5,000-year history of the Chinese nation, wine and wine culture have always occupied an important position. Wine is a special food, which belongs to the material, but at the same time it is integrated into people's spiritual life. As a special cultural form, wine culture has its unique position in China traditional culture. In the history of civilization for thousands of years, wine has almost penetrated into all fields of social life. First of all, China is a country based on agriculture, so all political and economic activities are based on agricultural development. Most of the wines in China are brewed from grain, and wine is closely linked with agriculture and becomes a part of agricultural economy. The prosperity of grain production is a barometer of the rise and fall of wine industry. According to the grain harvest, the rulers of various dynasties regulated the production of wine by issuing or opening bans, thus ensuring the people's food. In some places, the prosperity of wine industry has played a positive role in improving the living standards of local society. Alcohol is closely related to social and economic activities. Since the implementation of the national liquor monopoly policy in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the liquor monopoly fee or special tax collected from the brewing industry has become one of the main sources of national fiscal revenue. Wine tax revenue is also related to the military expenditure and war in history, which is directly related to the life and death of the country. In some dynasties, wine tax (or monopoly revenue of wine) was also related to corvee and other forms of taxation. The rich profits of wine often become the fat meat that countries, businessmen and rich people compete for. The alternation of different wine administrations reflects the comparative changes in the strength of all walks of life. The release of wine orders is often related to the change of dynasties, emperors and some major royal activities. As a special commodity, wine adds rich colors to people's lives. The ancients in China divided the functions of wine into three categories: wine for treating diseases, wine for providing for the aged and wine for giving gifts. For thousands of years, the role of wine is far more than these three, at least including: wine makes you happy, wine forgets your worries, and wine emboldens you.
Wine, in the long history of human culture, is not only an objective material existence, but also a cultural symbol, that is, a symbol of Dionysian spirit.
In China, Dionysian spirit originated from Taoist philosophy. Zhuang Zhou advocated the unity of things and me, the unity of heaven and man, and the unity of life and death. Zhuang Zhou sang the song of absolute freedom, advocating "wandering things", "wandering around the world" and "land without things". Zhuangzi would rather be a free turtle shaking his head in a mud pond than a bound swift horse. The essence of China's Dionysian spirit lies in pursuing absolute freedom and forgetting the benefits of life and death, honor and disgrace.
The artistic freedom gained by drunkenness is an important way for China ancient artists to get rid of bondage and gain artistic creativity. Liu Ling, a famous person in Wei and Jin Dynasties who is "ambitious and narrow-minded in the universe" and the first person who is "the meaning of drunkenness", said in Ode to Wine Virtue: "There are adults who regard heaven and earth as a day and ten thousand periods as a moment. The embarrassment of the sun and the moon, eight wastes for the court. " "The curtain is on the ground, which means so." "I was drunk, but I was sober. If you don't listen to thunder, you can't see the shape of Mount Tai. I can't feel the feeling of cutting muscles in cold weather and summer. Looking down on everything, it is like Jianghan duckweed. " This "people-oriented" realm is a typical embodiment of China's Dionysian spirit.
"There are hundreds of poems by Li Bai. Chang 'an went to a restaurant to sleep, but the son of heaven didn't get on the boat, calling himself Brewmaster." (Du Fu's Song of Drinking Eight Immortals) "Being drunk is a guest, and poetry becomes a god." (Du Fu's "Poem of Self-management") "Pitching has its own realm, and wine poetry is its own." (Su Shi's Drinking with Tao Yuanming) "A cup of unfinished poetry has been completed, and the poetry day is amazing." (Biography of Yang Wanli going to Wanhua River Valley in February after the Ninth Festival). Zhang Yuannian, a political poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, said: "Flowers fly after the rain, and the meaning of drunkenness is not in wine. "drunken poems passed down from generation to generation, such an example is in
The history of China's poetry can be seen everywhere.
Not only poetry, but also the Dionysian spirit is more vivid in the paintings and artistic calligraphy unique to China culture. Among the painters, Zheng Banqiao's calligraphy and painting are not easy to get, and those who seek them treat each other with dog meat and wine, while those who seek calligraphy and painting can get what they want. Zheng Banqiao also knew the painter's tricks, but he couldn't resist the temptation of wine and dog meat, so he had to write a poem to laugh at himself: "Look at the moon, you might as well go all out, only hate the wine coming late. Laugh at him and ask for a book, and ask his husband to get drunk. " Wu Daozi, the painter of The Wind in Five Dynasties, must get drunk before painting, and then start painting when he is drunk. Huang in Yuan Sijia is also "too drunk to draw". Wang Xizhi, a "book saint", wrote the Preface to the Lanting Pavilion when he was drunk, saying that he was "charming, extremely healthy and unparalleled", but when he woke up, he "read dozens of books, but failed to reach it". Li Bai wrote Huai Su's "Drunk Monk": "My teacher was drunk and slept in bed, sweeping thousands of copies in a moment. Flying flowers and showers are shocking, falling flowers and flying snow. " Huai Su was drunk and splashed ink, just to keep his "self-narrative post" that ghosts and gods admired. Zhang Xu, the sage of the grass, wrote "every drunk calls for madness", so he has his "four ancient poems".
Liquor is an alcoholic beverage handed down from generation to generation in China. Through the follow-up research and summary work, the traditional technology has been improved, from workshop-style operation to industrial production, from side-by-side operation to semi-mechanical operation, from dictation to heart-to-heart, flexible mastery to written information teaching. All these have enabled the liquor industry to continuously develop and innovate, improve the production technology level and product quality, and a number of production enterprises have become large-scale backbone enterprises in China, making important contributions to the country. We should inherit and develop this precious national specialty, carry forward the excellent liquor culture of the Chinese nation, and let the liquor industry carry forward.
In ancient times, there were about four types of prohibition. First of all, it is forbidden for a powerful country. Yidi makes wine, Yu drinks it, and it is sweet: someone will drink it and die in the future. Duke Zhou warned, "Don't be afraid of drinking in groups. If you want to be arrested and returned to Zhou, you will be killed by him, but I hate wine. " The Duke of Zhou issued an imperial edict, strictly forbidding alcohol, for fear that the people would be demoralized and weakened. This is for the sake of power and prohibition. Second, it is forbidden to store grain. Brewing requires a lot of grain. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, when a county banned alcohol for one year, it saved millions of meters. (Book of Jin, Volume 91) When Liu Bei was an official in Yizhou, he was forbidden to drink alcohol because of the drought. (The History of the Three Kingdoms, Volume 38, Biography of Jian Yong) In the past dynasties, grain saving and alcohol prohibition were generally carried out in famine years, and historical records were not uncommon, but they were all short-term. Because alcoholism has been a habit since ancient times, it is difficult to implement it for a long time. Third, monopoly is prohibited. Wei Xin's Biography of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty said: "People are forbidden to make wine, and only officials buy wine. For example, it is profitable to build roads and invest in wood. " It seems that this is not a real ban, but the government brews and sells it alone to obtain its profits and monopolize patents, which can be described as a false ban. The former is forbidden for the people; However, the prohibition of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was for profit, and there was a clear difference between them. Later, the power of the Jin Dynasty imperial court was the same as that of the Han Emperor's liquor monopoly system. It can be seen that drinking is becoming more and more popular, customs are becoming more and more popular, national systems are improvising, and official interests are given priority, both ancient and modern. Is it not just a wine custom? However, people who like to drink alcohol are forbidden. The historical record is clear. Fourth, it is forbidden because of drunkenness. In the four years of Tai 'an, Wen Chengdi in the Northern Wei Dynasty, after a bumper harvest, farmers started drinking and making trouble. To this end, Wen Chengdi ordered the prohibition of alcohol, and the imperial decree clearly stipulated: "Brewing, selling and drinking are all cut." ("Shu Wei" Volume 111 "Criminal Records") In fact, people can't help but be officials, and it is difficult to ban them secretly. (Excerpted from Huang Xianfan's A Preliminary Study on the Interpretation of Ancient Books, Guangxi Normal University Press, July 2004,No. 1 Edition)
Wine game
"The cup is small but big, and the sun and the moon grow in the pot." In any case, people should have a direct or indirect relationship with wine in social life. The materialization of this relationship is the taste of wine. The taste of wine is rich in the wine order, while the wine order is pure culture, which is the cultural essence of wine culture.
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period more than 2,000 years ago, wine lists appeared at banquets in the Yellow River Basin. The wine list is divided into vulgar list and elegant list. Guessing boxing is the representative of ordinary orders, and Yaling is a written order, which is usually welcomed by people with rich cultural knowledge. Bai Juyi said, "Being a poor official at leisure is better than listening to new songs drunk." People think that elegance at parties is more interesting than music with wine. Writing order includes word order, riddle order, preparation order, etc.
Liquor Decree is a combination of wine and games. For example, the pot-throwing game in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the "impromptu singing" between Qin and Han Dynasties are all a kind of wine order. However, after the game developed into a mandatory and conclusive game, it became a relaxed and serious cultural phenomenon. In the Western Han Dynasty, emperors had a big banquet and ordered Liu Zhang to supervise the drinking order. Liu Zhang invited him to make the drinking order according to the military orders. During the dinner, some Lu people escaped from the banquet and were beheaded by Liu Zhang with a sword, and were beheaded for drinking games. This may be a play in a play. This is the origin of "wine orders are like military orders". Tang and Song Dynasties were the most playful dynasties in ancient China, and the drinkers' wager game was of course colorful. Bai Juyi has the chant of "planting a red snail bowl and flying white jade" In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, wine made by going up one flight of stairs develop into a variety of things. In the Qing Dynasty, wine orders were divided into four categories: Zhan Ling, Ya Ling, your legend and Sheng Ling, and Sheng Ling was the highlight of wine orders.
Raising money, as the name implies, must be used in the drinking order, and raising money is the distinctive feature of this drinking order. When it comes to financing, we must first understand what financing is. This is an ancient computing tool. There was no calculator in ancient times, and bamboo was generally cut into thin slices for calculation. People who are good at calculation can get results without relying on calculators, so the chip extends to planning and planning. Liu Bang commented on Sean in Hanshu Gaudi: "I am not as good as an ovary because my husband won the battle thousands of miles away." Now military commanders will make operational plans indoors, which is called strategizing. Among them, preparation means planning, planning and planning. Since the Tang Dynasty, chips have two different uses in drinking: First, they are still used for counting, such as the "wine chips" in Bai Juyi's poem "Drunk Flowers for Wine". In this sense, chips can still be seen in later alcoholic drinks games. Their function is to count chips and then drink according to the number of chips obtained. The other one is more complicated. People are not satisfied with the original usage of raising money, but have turned it into a tool for making bills. The method of making chips is also very complicated. The chips made of silver, ivory, animal bones, bamboo and wood are engraved with various orders and wine agreements. When ordering food, shake the drum and draw chips in order, and then drink in the order specified by chips and wine order. According to the examination, the wine preparation of the Analects of Confucius in Tang Dynasty is the earliest known preparation order.
The size of the bag is very large, and the length is unlimited. There are 80 large financing orders in each round, including orders, so that China Bank can make orders.
It is precisely because of this feature that the preparatory work can draw materials from novels such as The West Chamber, The Water Margin, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, A Dream of Red Mansions, etc., and contain rich cultural phenomena such as the sixty-four hexagrams in the Book of Changes.
Wine culture is a part of China traditional culture, but it is also a special cultural phenomenon. Incredibly, in today's fast-paced modern life, several young people will sit in McDonald's and play Dream of Red Mansions slowly. However, as a traditional culture, wine-making is still a precious property left by our ancestors, which not only has certain cultural research value, but also has a certain civilized role in certain appropriate occasions. For example, in any case, it is better than "deep and boring" drinking, and "second brother is good, and the fifth champion is good" drinking. Because "arty" is always more tasteful than "vulgar". And "arty" is not a derogatory term.
Wine culture is the product of China's diet system, and its essence is agricultural culture. The wine prepared at the banquet is very cultural. Contestants, from ancient and modern masterpieces, poems and songs, to astronomy, geography and folk slang, must have a well-thought-out plan in order to perform well on the spot without being fined. People also exercised their agility and competitive spirit in the feast; It not only enlivens the atmosphere of diet, but also adds aesthetic taste.
Chinese wine culture and literature and art
In China, Dionysian spirit originated from Taoist philosophy. Zhuang Zhou advocated the unity of things and me, the unity of heaven and man, and the unity of life and death. Zhuang Zhou sang the song of absolute freedom, advocating "wandering things", "wandering around the world" and "land without things". Zhuangzi would rather be a free turtle shaking his head in a mud pond than a bound swift horse. The essence of China's Dionysian spirit lies in pursuing absolute freedom and forgetting the benefits of life and death, honor and disgrace.
There are striking similarities between world cultural phenomena. Dionysus, the god of grape cultivation and wine making, is the symbol of Dionysus in the west. In ancient Greek tragedies, the Dionysian spirit in the west rose to the theoretical level and was sublimated by the philosophy of German philosopher Nietzsche. Nietzsche believes that Dionysian spirit is a symbol of emotional catharsis, a survival experience of abandoning the traditional bondage and returning to the original state, and human beings have gained great pleasure in life in the desperate and painful cry of disappearing the unity of individuals and the world.
In the kingdom of literature and art, Dionysian spirit is ubiquitous, which has a great and far-reaching influence on literary artists and their masterpieces. Because freedom, art and beauty are trinity, art is born of freedom and beauty is born of art.
The artistic freedom gained by drunkenness is an important way for China ancient artists to get rid of bondage and gain artistic creativity. Liu Ling, a famous figure in Wei and Jin Dynasties and the first "alcoholic", said in Ode to Wine Virtue: "There is a gentleman who takes heaven and earth as the sky, ten thousand periods as a moment, the sun and the moon as a moment, and eight droughts as the DPRK." "The curtain is on the ground, which means so." "I was drunk, but I suddenly woke up. If you don't listen to thunder, you won't see the mountain shape. I can't feel the feeling of cutting muscles in cold weather and summer. Looking down on everything, it is like Jianghan duckweed. " This "people-oriented" realm is a typical embodiment of China's Dionysian spirit.
Compared with lawyers, businessmen, craftsmen and farmers, literati seem to have more fate with wine. First, literati are addicted to alcohol. Wine can inspire and activate thinking in images; There is a beautiful saying in writing poems after drinking. Drinking itself often becomes creative material. In a history of China literature, almost all the pages smell of wine. Li Bai and Du Fu, outstanding representatives of China literati, are lifelong alcoholics. Li Bai called himself "Brewmaster", and Du Fu was named "King of Wine Industry" by Mr. Guo Moruo because of a remark that "a bully is always a coward and a heavy drinker". "Li Bai has hundreds of poems about fighting wine. Chang' an went to sleep in a restaurant, but the son of heaven didn't get on the boat and claimed to be Brewmaster. " (Du Fu's Song of Drinking Eight Immortals) "Being drunk is a guest, and poetry becomes a god." (Du Fu's "Poem of Self-management") "Give yourself what you want, and make a poem of wine." (Su Shi's Drinking with Tao Yuanming) "A cup of unfinished poetry has been completed, and the poetry day is amazing." (Biography of Yang Wanli going to Wanhua River Valley in February after the Ninth Festival). Zhang Yuannian, a political poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, said: "Flowers fly after the rain, and the meaning of drunkenness is not in wine. "In the history of China's poetry, examples of drunken poems handed down from generation to generation abound. They also took pains to count out that among their existing poems, Li accounted for 17% and Du accounted for 2 1%. This reminds us that if there is no wine, Du Li's poems will lose a lot of charm, and the works of Li Taibai and Du Gongbu we read today will be much thinner.
Second, scholars pay special attention to the process of drinking, especially the set of red tape in the process of drinking. Therefore, it is necessary to make a very strict law and dance with all kinds of alcoholic drinks. The order of drinking is not fun, but a severe test of people's intelligence, knowledge level, literary accomplishment and adaptability; If you don't read enough poetry books, you are extremely smart and make a fool of yourself on the spot. Literati simply put this set into a wonderful extreme, and simply put hundreds of classics, poems, proverbs, allusions, couplets and other cultural contents into the wine sequence. Therefore, banquets are always full of strong and persistent bookish and cultural atmosphere. In the interweaving, we not only appreciate the mellow beauty of wine, but also appreciate the fragrance of culture. We can't see with our own eyes the elegant taste of ancient literati when feasting, but we can only get a glimpse from novels such as A Dream of Red Mansions, The Garden of Mirrors and books about wine. Because of the participation of literati, drinking is a taste, a realm and an infinite scenery. The wonderful part of wine culture is really created by literati. After the May 4th Movement, modern literati often get together for banquets, and even Mr. Lu Xun has attended many times, which is often recorded in Lu Xun's diary. His poem "Self-mockery" (the poem "Look at a thousand fingers coldly and bow down as a willing ox" became a famous couplet), which was made when Yu Dafu hosted a banquet. Yu Dafu is a drinker. He once said, "Be drunk for three thousand days, and then be drunk for ten years". He was drunk and wrote many good poems on impulse. The elegant collections of new literati are still full of cultural flavor, and improvisation of poetry is still a major theme. Feng Zikai once wrote: "The best things in the world are wine and food, which is like a poem." The rapid development of the May 4th Movement cleansed the old world, but the wine culture that has been passed down through the ages is still in the same strain. The new literati who created a new culture, as soon as they picked up their glasses, still looked like their ancestors.
Not only poetry, but also the Dionysian spirit is more vivid in the paintings and artistic calligraphy unique to China culture. Among the painters, Zheng Banqiao's calligraphy and painting are not easy to get, and those who seek them treat each other with dog meat and wine, while those who seek calligraphy and painting can get what they want. Zheng Banqiao also knew the painter's tricks, but he couldn't resist the temptation of wine and dog meat, so he had to write a poem to laugh at himself: "Look at the moon, you might as well go all out, only hate the wine coming late. Laugh at him and ask for a book, and ask his husband to get drunk. " Wu Daozi, the painter of The Wind in Five Dynasties, must get drunk before painting, and then start painting when he is drunk. Huang in Yuan Sijia is also "too drunk to draw". Wang Xizhi, a "book saint", wrote the Preface to the Lanting Pavilion when he was drunk, saying that he was "charming, extremely healthy and unparalleled", but when he woke up, he "read dozens of books, but failed to reach it". Li Bai wrote Huai Su's "Drunk Monk": "My teacher was drunk and slept in bed, sweeping thousands of copies in a moment. Flying flowers and showers are shocking, falling flowers and flying snow. " Huai Su was drunk and splashed ink, just to keep his "self-narrative post" that ghosts and gods admired. Zhang Xu, the sage of the grass, wrote "every drunk calls for madness", so he has his "four ancient poems".
China Liquor Records
Distilled Liquor: Maotai Liquor, Fenjiu Liquor and Luzhou Laojiao Tequ.
Brewing wine: Shaoxing yellow wine, Tsingtao beer, Great Wall dry white wine.
Blending wine: Zhuyeqing wine, Wujiapi wine and Beijing Tiger Bone wine.
The best wine in China-the first wine brewed by human society: fruit wine and milk wine.
The earliest malt liquor in China: grain.
China's most national wines: yellow rice wine and white wine.
The earliest brewery in China was built in Harbin in 1900.
The earliest written record of wine: Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty.
The earliest record of medicinal liquor production technology: silk book unearthed from Mawangdui in the Western Han Dynasty >.
The earliest record of wine: Sima Qian's>.
Records of malt manufacturing methods: Jia Sixie; & gt。
The oldest existing wine: 1980 wine unearthed from tombs in the late Shang Dynasty in Henan (about 3000 years ago) is now in the Palace Museum.
The earliest unearthed image reflecting the whole process of brewing:> portrait stone
The earliest brewing regulations: Zhou dynasty, see>.
The most famous wine encyclopedia in ancient times: Dou Ping's>
The earliest advertisement for selling wine records: Han Feizi at the end of the Warring States Period & gt: "Song people drank alcohol with high flags." Flag: wine flag.
Classification of Chinese Liquor
First of all, explain where the aroma of liquor comes from.
Pure alcohol aqueous solution is almost tasteless, while ordinary liquor has a unique fragrance, taste and color. This is because liquor contains not only alcohol, but also sugars, glycerol, amino acids, organic esters and vitamins. So it smells special.
Maoxiangjiu culture network
Liquor is classified as fragrant when it has fragrance, and then it has fragrance type. The brewing materials of liquor are different, some are sorghum and some are rice; Different saccharifying and fermenting agents are used, such as medium-temperature Daqu made from barley and peas, medium-temperature Daqu or high-temperature Daqu made from wheat, Xiaoqu made from rice and bran, and bran Daqu made from various microorganisms. The fermentation vessels and equipment used are different, some are clay pots, cement pools, brick pools, boxes, some are mud ponds and old pits. The brewing techniques used are different, some are coarse steaming, continuous fine mixed steaming, back-sand fermentation, some are solid and liquid fermentation, etc. The climatic conditions of brewing environment are different, some are high humidity, some are low dry humidity, some are high temperature and some are low temperature. Therefore, the wines brewed by different manufacturers have different aroma and rhyme characteristics. In the circular jointly issued by China Food Industry Association, China Quality Inspection Association, China Quality Management Association and China Food Industry Association Liquor Professional Association 1994 and 1994 on February 28th, China liquor was divided into the following seven flavor types:
Maotai-flavor type
Renhuai city Moutai, also known as Maoxiang, is a typical representative. This fragrant wine is made of sorghum. High-temperature Daqu or Longqu made of wheat at high temperature is saccharified and fermented by ester-producing yeast, and it is brewed by the brewing process of just high-temperature accumulation, once a year, twice feeding, eight fermentation, quality preservation with wine, seven times high-temperature baking, multiple times taking wine and long-term aging. Its main aroma components have not yet been determined, and it is initially considered to be a group of substances with high boiling point. The wine is colorless or yellowish, transparent and bright, with outstanding sauce flavor, elegance and delicacy, leaving fragrance in an empty cup, elegance and durability, mellow and full taste and long aftertaste. There are two kinds of high-alcohol liquor: 43 degrees and 53 degrees. The total acid is ≥ 1.5g/L in terms of acetic acid, and the total ester is ≥ 2.5g/L in terms of ethyl acetate. Low-alcohol liquor below 38 degrees, total acid ≥ 0.7g/L, total ester ≥1.5g/L. ..
A fragrant taste
Also known as Fenyang Fenyang Fenyang Xinghua Village Fenjiu is a typical representative. This Luzhou-flavor liquor takes sorghum and other grains as raw materials, medium-temperature Daqu made of barley and peas as saccharifying and fermenting agents (some of them use bran koji and yeast as saccharifying and fermenting agents), adopts the brewing process of steamed distiller's grains, and ferments the steamed liquor in solid vats, emphasizing "steaming off impurities, cleanliness and hygiene", that is, they all work hard on the word "clear" and "clear to the end". Its main aroma component is ethyl acetate, which is bright in color, clear and transparent, pure and fragrant, mellow and soft. Sweet, soft, natural and harmonious, fresh aftertaste. Long aftertaste: there should be no strong Joe or other fragrance or foul smell. High-alcohol liquor is divided into 40-54 and 55-65, and its total acid (calculated by acetic acid) is (0.4-0.9g/L; When the total ester (in ethyl acetate juice) is below 65438 0.4 to 2g/L ... 40 degrees, the total acid is ≥ 0.3g/L and the total ester is ≥1.4g/L. ..
Luzhou-flavor
Also known as Lu Xiang style and cellar incense punishment. Sichuan Huzhou Laojiao Tequ Liquor is a typical representative. This Luzhou-flavor liquor takes sorghum, rice and other grains as raw materials, medium-high temperature Daqu made of barley, peas or wheat as saccharifying fermentation gas (some of them use bran koji and ester-producing yeast as saccharifying fermentation benefits), and adopts the following brewing processes: mixed steaming, distiller's grains blending, old pit fermentation, slow fire distillation, storage blending, and its main aroma component is ethyl acetate. The wine is colorless or yellowish, clear and transparent. The wine cellar is rich, sweet and smooth, pure and harmonious, with a long aftertaste. The alcohol content is 40 to 60 degrees, and its total acid is acetic acid juice. 0.5 to1.7g/l ... The total ester is ≥ 2.5g/L in terms of ethyl acetate, the alcohol content is below 40 degrees, the total acid is ≥ 0.4g/L, and the total ester is ≥ 2g/l. ..
rice flavor type
Sanhua wine in Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region is a typical representative. This Luzhou-flavor liquor is a Xiaoqu made of rice as the main raw material and rice as the sugar ratio starter, without adding any auxiliary materials. It is brewed by solid saccharification, liquid fermentation, liquid distillation and wine storage. Its main aroma component is β-phenylethanol. The quality of the wine is colorless and transparent, with elegant honey fragrance, soft and sweet entrance, refreshing taste, pleasant aftertaste and pleasant medicinal fragrance. The wine contains higher fatty acid ethyl ester. When the temperature is lower than l0℃, this kind of higher fatty acid ethyl ester will precipitate when it is cold, resulting in milky white flocculent suspended matter in wine. When the temperature rises, the suspended matter will dissolve in the wine, and the color of the wine will become clear and transparent. High-alcohol liquor is 40-57 degrees, total acid is 0. 15-0.3g/L, total ester is 0.4-0.8g/L, low-alcohol liquor is below 40 degrees, total acid is ≥ 0.2g/L, and total ester is ≥ 0.6g/L. ..
Liquor is classified as fragrant when it has fragrance, and then it has fragrance type. The brewing materials of liquor are different, some are sorghum and some are rice; Different saccharifying and fermenting agents are used, such as medium-temperature Daqu made from barley and peas, medium-temperature Daqu or high-temperature Daqu made from wheat, Xiaoqu made from rice and bran, and bran Daqu made from various microorganisms. The fermentation vessels and equipment used are different, some are clay pots, cement pools, brick pools, boxes, some are mud ponds and old pits. The brewing techniques used are different, some are coarse steaming, continuous fine mixed steaming, back-sand fermentation, some are solid and liquid fermentation, etc. The climatic conditions of brewing environment are different, some have high humidity, some have low dry humidity and some have high temperature.