writing format, process and writing skills of catering papers
broadly speaking, all works that discuss scientific and technological contents are called scientific writings, such as original works (papers), briefings, comprehensive reports, progress reports, literature reviews, reviews, monographs, compilations, textbooks and popular science books. But only the original works and their briefings are original, major and primary, involving intellectual property rights such as inventions. Others are of course important, but they are all processed, developed and written for specific application purposes and objects. The following is only about the writing of the paper. When discussing paper writing, I am not prepared to talk about various regulations and rules about manuscript writing. This paper mainly talks about the problems and experiences that are easy to occur in paper writing, and it is the standardization of paper writing ethics and writing content.
Requirements for writing papers
The following are described in order of the structure of the papers.
(1) Papers-Topics Scientific papers all have topics and cannot be "untitled". The topic of the thesis is generally about 21 words. The size of the topic should be consistent with the content, and there should be no subtitle as far as possible, without the 1 th and 2 nd newspaper. Thesis topics are all in a direct narrative tone, without exclamation marks or question marks, and scientific paper topics cannot be written as advertising language or news reports.
(2) Papers-scientific papers with signatures should be signed with their real names and real work units. It mainly embodies the responsibility, the attribution of achievements and is convenient for future generations to follow up. Strictly speaking, the author of a paper refers to the person who is responsible for the whole process of topic selection, argumentation, literature review, scheme design, establishment method, experimental operation, data sorting, induction and summary, writing and so on, and should be the person who can answer the relevant questions of the paper. Nowadays, people who take part in the work are often listed, so they should be arranged in order of contribution. The signature of the paper should be approved by myself. According to the actual situation, the academic instructor can be listed as the author of the paper or generally thanked. Executive leaders generally do not sign their names.
(3) thesis-Introduction is a fascinating statement of the thesis, which is very important and should be written well. A good introduction to a paper can often make readers understand the development of your job and its position in this research direction. It is necessary to write the basis, foundation, background and research purpose of the thesis. It is necessary to review the necessary literature and state the development of the problem. The words should be concise.
(4) paper-materials and methods truthfully write out the experimental objects, equipment, animals and reagents and their specifications, write out the experimental methods, indicators, judgment standards, etc., and write out the experimental design, grouping, statistical methods, etc. These can be done according to the magazine's rules for submitting papers.
(5) paper-the experimental results should be highly summarized, carefully analyzed and logically presented. We should choose the essence from the rough, discard the false and retain the true, but we should not make subjective choices because it does not meet our own intentions, let alone resort to deceit. Only the data obtained during the period of unskilled technology or unstable instruments, the data obtained during technical failures or operational errors and the data obtained when the experimental conditions are not met can be discarded. Moreover, the reasons must be indicated on the original records at the time when the problems are found, and it is not allowed to be arbitrarily eliminated because of abnormality during the summary processing. When discarding this kind of data, we should discard the experimental data under the same conditions and at the same time, not just those that are not what we want.
The arrangement of the experimental results should be closely related to the theme, and simplified. Some data may not be suitable for this paper, but can be reserved for other purposes. Don't cram them into a paper. The essay should use professional terms as far as possible. Don't use charts for those who can use tables, and it's best not to use charts for those who can, so as not to occupy more space and increase typesetting difficulties. Text, table and diagram do not repeat each other. Special circumstances such as accidental phenomena and unexpected changes in the experiment should be explained as necessary and should not be discarded at will.
(6) paper-discussion is an important and difficult part of the paper. We should look at the overall situation, grasp the main controversial issues, and discuss them from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge. It is necessary to analyze and reason about the experimental results, instead of repeating the experimental results. We should focus on discussing the results and viewpoints in relevant literature at home and abroad, and show our own views, especially the opposing views. In the discussion of the paper, you can put forward assumptions and ideas for the development of this topic, but the discretion should be appropriate and cannot be written as "science fiction" or "imagination".
(7) thesis-conclusion or conclusion The conclusion of the thesis should write clear and reliable results and conclusive conclusions. The text of the paper should be concise and can be written item by item. Don't use vague words like "summary".
(8) thesis —— reference and dedication This is a very important and problematic part of the thesis. The purpose of listing the references of the thesis is to let readers know the ins and outs of the research proposition of the thesis, which is convenient for searching, and at the same time, it is also to respect the work of predecessors and have an accurate positioning for their own work. Therefore, there are both technical problems and scientific moral problems here.
almost from beginning to end, there are places where references need to be cited. For example, the most important and directly related documents should be cited in the introduction of the paper; In the method, the method adopted or used for reference should be cited; In the results, it is sometimes necessary to quote the data compared with the literature; In the discussion, all kinds of supporting or contradictory results or viewpoints related to the paper should be cited.
all careless, don't check the literature; Deliberately not citing, self-proclaimed innovation; Degrade others and raise yourself; It's wrong to avoid the important and make postures. However, this phenomenon is still seen from time to time in many papers, which should be regarded as a taboo for researchers. Among them, mistakes such as not looking up documents, missing important documents, deliberately not citing other people's documents or deliberately belittling other people's work are obvious and easy to find. Some practices are more subtle, such as introducing what should be in the introduction and introducing it into the discussion. This will be the basis or forerunner of your thesis, and put it on an equal footing with your thesis. Another example is that scientific research is always deeply developed, and your work is always developed on the basis of previous work. The correct way to write it should be, what did someone do on this topic in a certain year, and what did someone do on this basis in a certain year? Now I have completed this research on their basis. This is an attitude of seeking truth from facts, and this expression will not harm your contribution at all. Some paper authors don't say this, but say that someone did this problem in one year and failed to do it in another year, and now I have done it. This is not a realistic attitude. This can sometimes fool some laymen who don't know the truth, but it only takes an insider to poke, and the paper tiger will be broken, resulting in self-defeating and loss of credibility. This phenomenon is not uncommon in real life.
(9) Thesis-The directors, technical assistants, providers of special reagents or equipment, financial sponsors and those who have made important suggestions of the thank-you thesis belong to the object of thanks. Paper thanks should be sincere and real, not vulgar. Don't thank the professor in general, and don't just thank others. Before writing a paper to thank you, you should get the consent of the person being thanked, and you can't pull the banner as a tiger skin.
(11) paper-abstract or abstract: briefly summarize the full text of the paper in about 211 words. Always put the first article. The abstract of the paper needs to be carefully written and attractive. Let the reader read the abstract of the paper as if he had seen the miniature of the paper, or read the abstract of the paper and then want to continue reading the relevant parts of the paper. In addition, several key words should be given, and the key words should be written in real key academic vocabulary, not in general terms.