Knowledge of Food Culture of Gaoshan Nationality
The food of Gaoshan nationality is millet, rice, taro, potato, fifty, millet and beans, and the oil crops of miscellaneous grains are peanuts, sesame seeds and coix seed. There are upland rice, rice and glutinous rice in rice. Beans include soybeans, red beans, flower beans, peas, tree beans and so on. Taro potatoes include water taro, black taro, sweet potato and yam. Their staple food is millet and rice, but also taro and potatoes, pasta, beans, and occasionally peanuts. They cook millet or rice into porridge and dried rice, and make cakes and bazin with glutinous rice, or dry food similar to zongzi. Potatoes used for cooking wine are also dry food often brought when going out hunting. This kind of food processing is similar to that of Han people in mountainous areas.
The tableware of Gaoshan nationality is extremely simple. They use local materials, use bamboo or rattan to hold rice, use bamboo tube to hold soup, and use bamboo spoon, wooden spoon and water cup to make tableware. When eating, everyone squats next to the iron pot, holding coconut shells and snail shells of rice in their hands and grabbing rice with their hands, which is somewhat similar to the practice of some countries in Southeast Asia. In recent years, they have gradually become accustomed to using chopsticks.
Generally speaking, the cooking methods of Gaoshan people can usually be divided into three types: cooking, barbecue and distillation. Cooking is the most common, whether it is rice, millet, corn or potatoes. Usually boiled with water into dry rice or porridge, sometimes potatoes or vegetables are added to rice and porridge. Fish is often cooked. They seldom use steaming. Only in festive festivals or grand sacrificial ceremonies can glutinous rice and sticky millet be steamed into rice cakes, and distillation is also useful when making wine. For taro, potatoes, fish and animal meat, they like baking. Especially when they catch deer when they go hunting, they will kill them immediately. The smell of barbecue and game can stimulate the hunter's desire and confidence to hunt. Sometimes birds' eggs are taken out from the bird's nest in the tree and baked directly on the firewood as nutritious dry food when going out.
Wine occupies a very important position in the food culture of Gaoshan nationality. Except Amei, almost all other Gaoshan people like drinking. In their daily and social life, you can smell mellow wine everywhere. Weddings, childbirth, festivals, building houses, hunting, fishing and religious sacrifices are all closely related to alcohol. To this end, they should brew good wine in advance, then feast and revel, hold hands in singing and dancing, and get drunk. Men and women of all ethnic groups love to drink and drink a lot. Can brew millet wine, rice wine and potato wine. Smoking is very popular among all ethnic groups. Gaoshan ethnic groups, such as North South, Ami, Paiwan and Yamei, have the habit of chewing betel nuts, while the north-central ethnic groups do not.
Gaoshan people are generally not patients who don't drink boiled water and have no habit of drinking tea. When they are thirsty, they drink running water from mountain streams or water pipes. Atayal people also like to drink cold water soaked in ginger or pepper.
Cultural characteristics of Gaoshan nationality's diet
Mountain people take rice as their daily staple food, supplemented by potatoes and miscellaneous grains. In the production method of staple food, most Gaoshan people like to cook rice or steam glutinous rice and corn flour into cakes and cakes.
Alpine vegetables come from a wide range, most of which are planted and a small amount is collected. Common ones are pumpkin, leek, radish, cabbage, potato, beans, pepper, ginger and various wild vegetables. Gaoshan people generally love to eat ginger, and some directly use ginger dipped in salt as a dish; Some are pickled with salt and pepper.
The source of meat mainly depends on pigs, cows and chickens. Fishing and hunting are also a supplement to daily meat in many areas, especially the Gaoshan people who live in the mountains. Captured prey is almost the main source of daily meat.
Gaoshan people used to drink neither boiled water nor tea. Atayal people like to drink cold water soaked in ginger or pepper. It is said that this drink has the effect of treating abdominal pain. I used to hunt in the mountains and also had the habit of drinking animal blood. Both men and women are addicted to alcohol and generally drink their own brewed rice wine, such as millet wine, rice wine and potato wine.
The economy of Gaoshan nationality belongs to agriculture, fishery, agriculture and gathering economy. The food is mainly rice and edible roots. Non-staple foods are mostly hunted bears, deer, rabbits, pigeons, wild pigs, goats and self-raised pigs, chickens, fish, crabs, turtles and shrimps. Vegetables include various melons, beans and bamboo shoots. Gaoshan people also eat three meals a day, and some people still keep the habit of eating raw food and undercooked meat.
Because of the different natural environment and evolution degree of Gaoshan people, their eating habits are also different. Xia Sai people of Gaoshan nationality like to mash glutinous rice or yellow rice into rice cakes, or wrap glutinous rice with palm leaves, which is almost the same as Zongzi of Han nationality. Rice is mixed with potatoes, taro, beans or vegetables to make salted rice or porridge. When cooking glutinous rice, Gaoshan people like to add game and peanuts, and roll them up with non-toxic leaves for steaming. In some areas, corn flour and water, salt and beans are kneaded into jiaozi; Or cook taro in water, add peanut powder and game meat, mash it, wrap it in leaves and steam it. The usual vegetarian diet uses salt, ginger and honey as condiments. Due to the small amount of vegetables planted, some dishes are only served at festivals or festivals. Among the Gaoshan people, only the Ami and the Atayal can produce their own salt, and other tribes exchange salt with their Han compatriots with native products. They often cook and eat ginger, pepper and mountain pepper as seasonings, and usually like to eat fruits such as coconut, plum, banana and papaya to supplement the shortage of vegetables.
The non-staple foods of Gaoshan Buyi nationality include bacon or dried meat, dried wild vegetables and dried vegetables, but the quantity is small. If they catch game or fish, they will make meat into wine and invite relatives and friends to get together.
Go to the stream to catch shrimp, shellfish and crabs as delicious food on the table. They also like many kinds of fruits, besides the common ones, there are grapefruit, breadfruit, coconut and so on. Yamei people of Gaoshan nationality live on taro and potatoes every day, and there are many varieties. Their orchards are developed, but few vegetables are planted, so women and children often have to pick wild plants, fruits and shellfish as food supplements.
Pingpu nationality of Gaoshan nationality was influenced by Han compatriots earlier in Gaoshan nationality. /kloc-After Han compatriots arrived in Taiwan Province Province in the 6th century, rice became their staple food. It has been recorded in the history books that the rice of Pingpu nationality is full of fragrance, and the aroma of cooked rice will not decrease after 2 to 3 days. However, due to the small planting area and low yield, the crops planted every year are only enough for one year's consumption. The burning methods of Pingpu nationality are divided into boiling and steaming. They first soak rice, millet or millet in water, and then put them into containers such as bamboo tubes, bamboo baskets and gourds to cook or steam them into rice. When steaming rice with a bamboo tube, you must first collect firewood, burn it into black and red charcoal, and put the bamboo tube in the center of the charcoal. Soon, Daoxiang overflowed. The method of steaming rice is to put glutinous rice in a rice cage made of bamboo skin and put the rice cage on an iron pot until there is fog, and you are done. Boiling or steaming depends on whether the raw material is glutinous rice or glutinous rice. Glutinous rice is more suitable for cooking, steamed glutinous rice is more fragrant, softer and more delicious, and miscellaneous grains are also suitable for steaming. After the glutinous rice is steamed, it is pounded into a dough or a cake with Chu Jiu, which is called a dough or a cake by Pingpu people. DuDu? .
Most Gaoshan people don't eat the head and tail of animals, and they don't eat fish in special occasions such as sacrifice, hunting and funeral. They think fish is unlucky. Pregnant couples also have many food taboos, such as fasting animal blood and internal organs (for fear of dystocia) and fasting fruit (for fear of having twins). Gaoshan people in Taiwan Province Province are Miao descendants of Guyue (Yueliao) people. They think dog meat is a treasure in food, and some of it is made of dog meat. Sacrifice? The custom of. Gaoshan people in the coastal areas of Taiwan Province Province are used to taking fish, shellfish, taro and wild vegetables as non-staple food. After the fish are dyed by seawater, they are dried and stored as food. Most Yamei people on Lan Yu Island make a living by fishing, and there are plenty of fish in three meals. However, due to the lack of rice, they live on taro and potatoes. They cook millet or rice into porridge and dry rice, and make cakes and rice cakes with glutinous rice, or dry food similar to zongzi. Taro potatoes used for cooking wine are also dry food they often bring when they go out hunting. This kind of food processing is similar to the dietary customs of Han people in mountainous areas. Lan Yu Gaoshan people also have an interesting custom of eating fish: women eat good fish with red and black stripes or white stripes; Men eat gray-green inferior fish; The old people eat snakehead, which is based on the dietary law of different labor intensity. In the traditional concept of Gaoshan people, it is strange that women are the hardest. In addition to farming, they have to have children and eat good fish with high nutrition. Graded food customs? . Yamei is not good at receiving. Usually, they just dry a large number of flying fish in the sun when they can't finish eating them, so that they can eat them in a typhoon, and discard other fish that they can't finish eating. Dried fish may be their most important thing? Property? Yes Most Gaoshan people in coastal Lan Yu don't eat with chopsticks. They put the rice in a basin and then put it on the ground. Everybody get down and grab it with your hands.
Generally speaking, the cooking methods of Gaoshan people can usually be divided into three types: cooking, barbecue and distillation. Cooking is the most common, whether it is rice, millet, corn or potatoes. Usually boiled with water into dry rice or porridge, sometimes potatoes or vegetables are added to rice and porridge. Fish is often cooked. They seldom use steaming. Only in festive festivals or grand sacrificial ceremonies can glutinous rice and sticky millet be steamed into rice cakes, and distillation is also useful when making wine. For taro, potatoes, fish and animal meat, they like baking. Especially when they catch deer when they go hunting, they will kill them immediately. The smell of barbecue and game can stimulate the hunter's desire and confidence to hunt. Sometimes birds' eggs are taken out from the bird's nest in the tree and baked directly on the firewood as nutritious dry food when going out. When they come back from fishing, they will cook the fish they can't eat and store them for consumption in the off-season. When A-mei comes back from hunting or catching fish, she puts fish or animal meat on a bamboo pole or hangs it on a bamboo rack, and burns a flaming firewood under it until the fish oil and meat drop onto the fire? Crack? Don't eat any more, that kind of sweet and crisp fish and animal meat will make people drool when they think about it.
Wine occupies a very important position in the food culture of Gaoshan nationality. Except Amei, almost all other Gaoshan people like drinking. In their daily and social life, you can smell mellow wine everywhere. Weddings, childbirth, festivals, building houses, hunting, fishing and religious sacrifices are all closely related to alcohol. To this end, they should brew good wine in advance, then feast and revel, hold hands in singing and dancing, and get drunk. Usually they buy wine or exchange prey from Han merchants. As soon as they get the wine, they will have a good time and take a few bottles home until they are half awake and half drunk. For Gaoshan people, drinking is not just a man's patent. According to the history books of Qing Dynasty, Gaoshan people are good at making wine. When the wine is ripe, they take their own wine to the village community. Men and women sit on the floor in groups, taking wine with wooden spoons or coconut bowls and dancing while drinking. They are boiling and boiling, and they are not drunk for three consecutive nights.
Are there Atayals among the Gaoshan people? Sowing festival? After sowing every year, every household should put enough pork, chicken and? Honey rabbit? The banquet was filled with venison, wild boar, fish and shrimp, chestnut cakes and rice wine, and neighbors were invited to feast, eat meat in large pieces, drink in large cups, and sing and dance, which was very lively. Every year, the cloth compatriots of Gaoshan people hold a grand ceremony? Ear sacrifice? Activity (shoot the ears of deer, goats and other wild animals hanging at a certain distance with a shotgun). ? Ear sacrifice? After the activity, people will make a fire and barbecue in the open space. The firewood for the barbecue will be auspicious pine branches, and then they will indulge in drinking and singing. People in cloth still do it once every five years? Adult sacrifice? On this day, all men, women and children gather in the square to drink and eat barbecue (deer, goats and wild hunting, but no livestock), and young men and women who are in love can open on this night? Drink some wine? Open the bamboo tube to hold wine, men and women embrace each other, and drink face to face, indicating intimacy. Cao was born in August 15? Harvest Festival? In middle school, representatives of various families will send rice wine, rice cakes, pork and other foods to the square, and then the heads of households will mix them and distribute them to all families, and some will taste them casually.
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