As early as 6,000 years ago, there were two tribes living in Laoshan Mountain, namely "Bu" and "Qi", which belonged to Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, Qi in Spring and Autumn Period, Langya County in Qin Dynasty and Donglai County in Han Dynasty, and the subordinate relationship was even more changeable. It can be said that every change of affiliation will inevitably integrate into the folk customs of different regions, especially the Ming immigrants who brought the folk customs of Shanxi and Yunnan to Laoshan more than 600 years ago. Therefore, for thousands of years, the residents in Laoshan area have not only retained some ancient and unique folk customs, but also absorbed and integrated foreign folk customs in terms of food, clothing, housing, transportation, weddings, funerals and places to worship the heavens, making them the folk customs of Laoshan that have been passed down to this day.
In the past, houses in Laoshan paid attention to mountains, water (sea), earth and stone buildings, and wooden doors and windows with grass roofs. Mostly three rooms, facing the sun. The heatable adobe sleeping platform is near the south window. It is sunny in winter, and people are warm on the kang. Isn't it scientific to use sunlight to keep warm under the condition of backward living conditions?
Laoshan people have also put a lot of thought into their diet. In order to save food, we changed to eat two meals during the winter slack season (this custom lasted until the end of 1960s). In order to make people full, people often use sweet potatoes to make "sweet potato rice", cut sweet potato noodles into noodles and steam them, turn wild vegetables into dregs, or dip green onions in shrimp for dinner ... Over time, it has formed a unique eating custom in Laoshan.
Although Laoshan Mountain has been under the jurisdiction of Jimo County for nearly 1500 years, it has its own customs in marriage: in some villages in Jimo, one sedan chair is used for wedding, but in Laoshan area, two sedan chairs are used, and the son-in-law gets married in one sedan chair, and the other sedan chair is brought to her husband's family by her new wife.
Many people in Laoshan believe that their hometown is in Yunnan, so when people report to the temple after death, they burn paper horses and pray for the soul of the deceased to return to Yunnan. This formed a custom at the funeral.
Laoshan dialect is more unique: my aunt's name is Zhang Zi, my grandmother's name is Mom, and my uncle's name is Da Die and his second father. More interestingly, the spider is called Ma Lao, the noodle soup is called bone residue soup, jiaozi is called little bone residue, and the steamed bread is called Bobo.
The etiquette and folk customs of Laoshan involve all aspects of life. Have a family and a neighborhood; There are spiritual and moral aspects, as well as New Year's Eve festivals. Etiquette and folk customs, once formed, are extremely binding. For example, when eating, we must let the old people move chopsticks first, pay New Year greetings to their elders on the first day of the Lunar New Year, get up to greet guests when they arrive, don't wear white for weddings, don't wear red for funerals, don't leave your relatives within three years after your family dies, and go to the grave on Qingming Day ... If we violate these taboos in folk customs, we will be considered rude or cause people's disgust and unhappiness.
The culture, entertainment and folk customs in Laoshan area are more colorful. Dozens of operas and dances go from village to village, hundreds of plays are staged year after year, thousands of ballads are sung repeatedly, and tens of thousands of stories are handed down from generation to generation. Especially those funny games and those well-known proverbs, two-part allegorical sayings and riddles, who can tell clearly? For thousands of years, people have sought happiness, enjoyment and comfort in these rap, and have been edified and enlightened.
Folk beliefs in Laoshan area have been deeply rooted in people's hearts. In the old days, people went to the temple to pray for the peace of their ancestors, and gradually formed a temple fair that integrated prayer, trading and amusement. There are many temples in Laoshan Mountain. There used to be a saying of "Nine palaces, Eight Views and Seventy-two Temples". There are many temples, and there are many temple fairs. Laoshan people always worship gods: heaven and earth, earth, mountain, God of Wealth, Guandi Sheng Jun, Poseidon and so on. , all in the human sacrifice, people worship it. People in Laoshan believe and fear foxes and weasels. For example, they call foxes foxes foxes and weasels "old neighbors' homes". They dare not hurt them, and they are regarded as gods. In the past, people often asked witches for treatment when they were sick, and they often divined good or bad luck when they were in trouble, so witchcraft, magic and divination were in Sheng Xing, Laoshan.
There is also a unique folk custom in Laoshan Mountain, which is to treat diseases with folk remedies. In the old society, people had no money to buy medicine. Laoshan Mountain is a treasure house of medicine, so once they get sick, they take medicine to save themselves. People have summed up many therapies in treating diseases. For example, take 3 to 5 persimmon leaves and put them in an iron pot to boil. After the water boils, scoop them into a wooden or iron pot. When the temperature is too low to burn hands, immerse the child's legs in water and take them out immediately after 5 to 6 minutes of burns. Twice a day in the morning and evening, it has special effects on treating infantile diarrhea. There are also folk therapies to treat knife wounds, burns and oral ulcers ... According to statistics, there are nearly a thousand folk remedies at present. Some folk remedies "treat the disease with medicine", in the words of ordinary people, are "eradication" (that is, treating the disease). Therefore, even in today's advanced science, people still believe in folk remedies to treat serious diseases.
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With the progress of human beings and the development of society, the folk customs of Laoshan Mountain will inevitably change and develop. Some folk customs that do not adapt to the trend of the times have been eliminated, some folk customs have been perfected with the development of society, and some new folk customs have also emerged with the development of society.
Since 1980s, people's houses have changed from low thatched houses to tall and spacious brick houses. After the 1990s, the village collective Gai Lou, "upstairs and downstairs, lights and telephones" really became a reality, and the old customs of building houses, checking the days and flogging helpers disappeared.
Diet changes more, and no one eats twice to save money. Rice and white flour, as staple foods, have replaced sweet potatoes and dried sweet potatoes in the past. Those meals that used to live in the old days, as the characteristics of Laoshan Mountain, have become the favorite food of guests. The old saying "Don't be greedy, celebrate the New Year after Laba" can only be kept as a memory, because adults no longer need to use this sentence to comfort children who are looking forward to the New Year.
Clothing changes more. Robes, mandarin jackets and cheongsam, which have been popular for many years, were replaced by tunic suit, Lenin suit and military casual clothes after 1950s. After 1980s, suits, casual wear, sportswear, short skirts and miniskirts became the mainstream again. Nowadays, the changes in clothing styles and colors can hardly keep up. The concept of valuing red and yellow in clothing has long been broken.
In marriage, "marital autonomy" has replaced "the words agreed by the media, the life of parents", cars have replaced sedan chairs, and hotel guests have gradually become fashionable. Since 1950s, early marriage, child bride and other arranged marriages have disappeared. Funeral customs have also undergone tremendous changes. "Cremation" replaced the custom of burial and burial. Except ...
Many temple fairs were abolished as "four modernizations" during the Cultural Revolution, and there is no grand occasion of the old days. People's worship of various gods has been greatly reduced.
Many Laoshan dialects have also caught up with the new fashion. Dad is called "Dad", Mom is called "Mom", Zhang Zi is called "Auntie" and Bobo is called "Steamed Bread". Laoshan people immediately understood what was happening in the society.
Great changes have taken place in the folk customs of culture and entertainment: movies, television and karaoke have replaced Liu Qiang and Qiang Mao in the old mountain village; Foreign toys such as electronic game consoles have replaced traditional games such as jumping room and hide-and-seek. Playing poker, playing mahjong and buying lottery tickets have replaced "pushing Pai Jiu", "watching cards", "rolling dice" and "betting on treasures" which have been circulating in mountain villages and fishing villages for thousands of years. Table tennis, badminton, football, volleyball, basketball and table tennis are also very popular in rural areas.
New folk customs are constantly taking shape. For thousands of years, the old concept of "raising children to prevent old age" has changed with the implementation of rural endowment insurance. Those old people who "catch up with the good times" began to go out of their homes by train, ship and plane when they had money, and even traveled abroad! One-child families are not uncommon in rural areas. Some new festivals, such as Valentine's Day, Mother's Day, Father's Day, Old People's Day, Christmas Day and Gregorian calendar year, are becoming more and more popular. Going out to take a taxi is no longer a "patent" for city people. Motorcycles have long been an important means of transportation for people to work in the fields and go out to work, and cars are increasingly entering people's homes.
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In a sense, a complete history of folklore development is not only a valuable national cultural heritage of a country, a nation and a region, but also a history of social development and civilization of a country, a nation and a region. Laoshan folk custom is no exception, which has experienced a development process from low to high, from simple to complex, from vulgarity to civilization. It is not only a valuable cultural heritage in Laoshan area, but also an important part of the social development history of Laoshan.
I hope that the folk custom of Laoshan will always maintain its unique attractive charm in the future social changes and become a wonderful flower that will shine forever in our folk culture.
Chapter 1 Festival Folk Customs at the Age of Years
Chapter 1 Festival Folk Customs at the Age of Years
The 20-year-old festival folklore includes traditional festival folklore and emerging festival folklore.
Traditional festival folk custom is a folk custom formed according to the climate change and solar terms change throughout the year. It is an important part of Laoshan folk custom.
Traditional festivals are held every month in Laoshan area. After thousands of years of inheritance and variation, these festivals have formed their own different contents and characteristics. There are agricultural festivals reflecting production (beginning of spring, Grain Rain, etc.). ); There is a festival to worship ancestors (the first day of the tenth lunar month); There are festivals to commemorate national heroes and celebrities (Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival, etc. ); There are festivals to celebrate harvest and family reunion (Spring Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival); There is also an amusement festival (Lantern Festival) which belongs to entertainment. Many festivals are accompanied by beautiful myths and legends, such as the "Cowherd and Weaver Girl Meeting" on July 7th. Nowadays, people still attach importance to traditional festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Half-year Festival, July 7th, Mid-Autumn Festival, October 1st, Winter Solstice, off-year and so on, but the birthdays of some animals and plants are gradually forgotten by people, and some festivals are gradually celebrated with some new contents and fashions.
After the founding of New China, the emerging festivals in Laoshan area are all international, such as Valentine's Day, Mother's Day, Father's Day and New Year's Day. It is unique to China, such as Teachers' Day and National Day. There are also unique in Laoshan area, such as Beizhai Cherry Blossom Festival, Laoshan Tea Festival and Dead Peach Blossom Festival. These new festivals, especially those founded in Laoshan, have enriched the cultural connotation of Laoshan folk customs, improved local popularity and created a good environment for the local economic development of Laoshan.
Now, traditional festivals are more and more prosperous in Laoshan, and emerging festivals are full of new charm in Laoshan.
Section 1 Traditional festivals
I. Spring Festival
Firecrackers bring flowers to the New Year.
The origin of the Spring Festival has a long history, but from the legendary Three Emperors and Five Emperors to the Western Han Dynasty, the dates are changeable. For example, the Xia dynasty was designated as the first day of the first lunar month, the Shang dynasty as the first day of the second lunar month, the Zhou dynasty as the first day of the first lunar month, and the Qin dynasty once designated October as the first lunar month. In BC 104, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty promulgated the taichu calendar, and the custom of designating the first day of the first lunar month as "New Year's Day" spread to the Revolution of 1911. After the Revolution of 1911, Gregorian calendar 1 was designated as "New Year's Day" and the first day of the first lunar month was designated as "Spring Festival". People have always been commonly known as "Chinese New Year" and "Lunar New Year".
The Spring Festival is the most solemn and lively traditional festival of Laoshan people. Although people usually refer to the first to the third day of the first month as the "New Year", the festive atmosphere of "Busy Year", "Welcome Year" and "New Year" is very strong during the period from the 23rd to the 15th of the twelfth month. Today, this traditional custom is still intact, and it is constantly developing and more innovative.
New Year's Eve is the last day of the twelfth lunar month, which is commonly known as Lunar New Year's Eve and Lunar New Year's Day. From morning till night, people are busy cleaning, putting up couplets, making jiaozi, inviting the New Year, cleaning up the kitchen, putting out whips and welcoming the New Year, which is busier, more lively and happier than the first day of the Lunar New Year. It can be said that there is joy in being busy, which is very enjoyable.
Clean it up Early in the morning, the men cleaned the inside and outside of the door, in front of the house and behind it.
Hang a family tree. After breakfast, the man nailed the red mat on the middle north wall, and then hung the genealogy on the red mat (with lotus and peony colored pictures on both sides) and put it on the altar in front of the genealogy. There are cakes, fish, meat, chicken and fruit on the table. (Three dishes, three bowls or five dishes, five bowls) serve, and put chopsticks, incense burners, wax tables, yellow paper mounts and tin pots (prepare to order wine). When everything was ready, people burned paper and kowtowed to Zong Pu.
Stick couplets (Spring Festival couplets). Couplets should be posted from the outside to the inside, followed by the gate, door, door and room. Last year's should be screened off and burned at home. It is better to stick couplets without wrinkling. Sometimes I'm afraid of bad weather except the sun, so I stick it one day in advance, and sometimes I'm afraid that the slurry surface will freeze, so I take off the gate and put it in the sun.
Spring Festival couplets
Fishing for next year's meal. After the millet is boiled for three times, put it into a plate and pile it into a mountain shape. Insert red dates (even numbers are auspicious) and put them on the table. On the first day of the new year, it is "New Year's Dinner", which symbolizes that there is more food every year.
After lunch, the children put on new clothes, set off firecrackers in the street and play happily; The woman began to mix stuffing and jiaozi; Men began to carry water for the next year (to be used before the year) and chop wood for the next year (symbolizing that there is no need to drink water or light a fire at home). Now, villagers who eat tap water and gas no longer have to carry water and cut wood every other year.
In ancestor worship (1940s), before sunset, the men at home should go to the ancestral grave with lanterns, offerings, incense paper and firecrackers, and invite the souls of the deceased elders to go home for the New Year. After putting the offerings on the table in front of the grave with the highest seniority, I burned paper, offered sacrifices and kowtowed, one by one, and finally shouted "Grandpa and Mom went home for the New Year!" " After returning home, put a wooden stick across the gate and call it a door plug, then burn incense and kowtow to the genealogy. After that, I took the soul of my ancestors to the ancestral temple of nature to worship, and then I took the soul of the deceased old man home to worship. Nowadays, the custom of Chinese New Year is still popular, but few people bring offerings and no one goes to the ancestral temple to worship their ancestors.
The kitchen is usually open at seven or eight in the evening. The men of the whole family came to the patio, placed offerings, faced the south, burned the statue of the kitchen god and paper together, kowtowed after offering wine, put the incense burner and offerings on the east pot, and scattered sesame, wheat straw and cereal grass in the patio (until the third morning). After taking the kitchen, the whole family drank and ate together, and officially entered the realm of "New Year". Now, people are still connected to the kitchen, but the program has been watered down a lot.
At twelve o'clock on New Year's Eve in jiaozi last year, women began to cook jiaozi. Men began to burn incense, paper, wine, kowtow, offer sacrifices to gods, ancestors, set off firecrackers, and then pay homage to the ripe jiaozi. At this time, firecrackers exploded outside the house, candles were brightly lit inside, the burnt smell was intertwined with the jiaozi flavor of cooking, and burning cigarettes and jiaozi gas filled the room. People are busy wrapping jiaozi and setting tables on the kang. Then, the younger generation kowtowed to the elders. As soon as they kowtowed, they said, "Happy New Year, Dad. I kowtowed to you." . When kowtowing, adults say yes and share the lucky money. Ask how happy you are after Chinese New Year, and eat jiaozi together. When anyone eats peanuts, dates, coins and sweets in jiaozi, they show off to their families. People say that if they eat a piece of candy, it is "sweet", and if they eat coins, they say "rich flowers". Whoever eats more will be happier and push the atmosphere of the New Year to a climax. During the Cultural Revolution, worship to heaven, ancestor worship and kowtowing were abolished as the "four old", and some villagers resumed it after the 1980s. However, most villagers have played down the custom of celebrating the New Year, worshipping heaven and kowtowing. On New Year's Eve, the whole family get together, drink reunion wine, eat reunion dinner and watch the Spring Festival Gala.
After eating jiaozi in the New Year, men began to use lanterns and incense to celebrate the New Year. Meet people on the road and ask each other "Happy New Year". When they walked into the door of the oldest family nearby, they shouted "Happy New Year, Grandpa (...)". After entering the room, they put their incense in the incense burner, burned paper and offered wine, then kowtowed to the ancestors in the genealogy and then kowtowed to the elders in the family. Then he took a stick of incense from his house and continued to pay New Year greetings until he had worshipped all his close elders. Nowadays, not only men pay New Year greetings, but also girls can pay New Year greetings with adults. When they came in, they just asked for a good year, ate a piece of candy and said a few words of blessing. The first day of the first month is the first day of the housewife's New Year. They just say hello, don't burn incense paper, don't kowtow (the newly married wife will give a big gift in the first year).
Happy New Year (early 20th century)
In the1980s, the mutual New Year greetings between friends and colleagues developed into collective worship. In the 1990s, telephone calls and text messages have become a new custom in the Spring Festival.
There is a legend about the origin of the custom of paying New Year greetings: in ancient times, there was a monster with a unicorn on its head and a mouth like a blood basin, which people called "Nian". On the thirtieth night of the twelfth lunar month, it jumped out of the mountain and preyed on people. People have to prepare some meat and put it outside the door, then close the door and hide at home. It was not until the first morning that Nian had eaten enough and left that people opened the door to congratulate each other on not being eaten by Nian. So the wind of New Year's greetings spread.
The time to deliver the new year's goods is on the evening of the second day 12 (some are in the early morning of the third day). After setting off firecrackers, we will burn incense, paper, toast and kowtow in front of the genealogy, then have dinner and send new year's goods to jiaozi. Before the 1950s, at about two o'clock in the morning, the male elders in the family took offerings and led their male descendants to the village head or crossroads, lit incense, paper and sacred tablets, then offered sacrifices, kowtowed to their ancestors and sent back the souls of their deceased elders. It's been years. Before breakfast on the third day of the first month, please write down the genealogy, roll it up and put it on the altar (for the Lantern Festival), and remove the offerings. The Lord of God and the memorial tablet are sincerely collected. Remove the straw and "Mense" in the courtyard, and lift the taboo of sweeping the floor and splashing water at home.
I went to see my uncle and aunt in the second day. On this day, the nephew will bring gifts to his uncle or aunt to pay New Year greetings, and the male nephew will also greet and kowtow to his elders. On this day, my uncle and aunt can't put on airs, but also give a banquet to entertain my nephew.
Meeting my father-in-law in the third year Laoshan area often visits my father-in-law in the third year, commonly known as "visiting my father-in-law" and "meeting my father-in-law". After breakfast, the son-in-law, daughter-in-law and children take gifts to pay New Year's greetings to her husband's family. When the son-in-law saw his father-in-law, he also asked "Happy New Year" and kowtowed in the house. My husband's family is going to have a banquet. If there are many brothers in the husband's family, they will take turns to entertain the son-in-law, which is called "Lunzhuang wine".
I visited my aunt in the fourth grade. Young students go to menstruation's home to celebrate the New Year with gifts such as jiaozi, steamed stuffed bun and jujube cake. Ask "Happy New Year" before entering the house. Male junior will burn incense, paper and wine after entering the house, first give the genealogy, and then give it to the elders of aunt's house.
The taboo of the Spring Festival is more taboo than other festivals: please don't sweep the floor after the New Year, until the second night of the second day, sweeping the floor means disrespect for ancestors and will also sweep away wealth; Don't splash water for fear of spilling wealth. New Year's Eve can't be without fish, which means "more than every year, more than every year", and fish without scales can't be served; Donkey meat, horse meat, rabbit meat and other so-called "messy meat" can not be served.
Be very cautious when speaking and doing things during the Spring Festival; Unfortunate words such as "broken, broken, scattered, dead, compensated, sick, lost, painful" can't be exported, can't swear, can't hit children. Say "hit" when the dumpling skin is broken, "laugh" when the steamed bread is cracked, "done" when the meal is finished, and garlic is called "Yihe cuisine". If you break an appliance, you should say "Peace through the years" or "The more you play, the more you play". You can't say "high spirits (poverty)" when setting off firecrackers. Once you say another person, you can say "the end of arrogance (poverty)", which means that you can't be poor any more, and you will start to be rich next year. Therefore, there is a saying that "the donkey died on the fifth day of the Lunar New Year, so let's talk about it."
Also, before the delivery year, the married daughter can't go back to her mother's house, and the offerings must be odd. Within three years after the death of a family member, no Spring Festival couplets will be posted, and children will not pay New Year greetings or visit relatives. First day avoiding the dead. If you die on the first day, you should lie about two deaths from the beginning. Some of these taboos have been abolished, but most of them are still circulating among the people.
Animal Birthdays During the Spring Festival, some animals are given birthdays, such as dogs' birthdays on the first day (the fourth day). On the first morning of the first day, people put all kinds of food made of whole grains in the yard for dogs to eat, which is called "inviting dogs" Inviting a dog comes from an interesting fairy tale. Legend has it that the ears of wheat in the world are from root to top, and the harvested ears are piled up into mountains, so people don't know how to cherish them. But there was less and less wheat in the granary in the sky, so the Jade Emperor sent immortals to inspect the world. God became a beggar and crossed the country. He found moldy wheat everywhere, and some urchins were playing on a big cake. The gods reported back to the Jade Emperor, who was furious and ordered to take back all the wheat. Thanks to the god dog stealing a wheat, the world has food. Later, Tiangou was reduced to a human dog. People invite dogs to thank them for their kindness on New Year's Day. There is also a saying that the first chicken birthday, the second duck birthday, the third cat birthday, the fourth dog birthday, the fifth pig birthday and the sixth sheep birthday. On their birthdays, people should treat them well, give them delicious food and make them happy. Now the birthdays of these animals have been forgotten.
People call the seventh, seventeenth and twenty-seventh days of the first month "the seventh day of the first lunar month, the seventh day of the middle lunar month and the seventh day of the old lunar month". They think that observing the astronomical phenomena early now can predict human health. If there is no cloud in the morning of July in the lunar calendar, children can be kept safe for one year, which is also called "collecting villains". On the seventeenth day, young people were recorded, and on the twenty-seventh day, old people were recorded. These customs without scientific basis still exist in some people's minds. For example, a windy cloudy day on the morning of the 27th will increase the psychological burden on the elderly, thinking that something may happen this year.
In the past, people attached great importance to the seventh grade. We should burn incense, paper, wine and kowtow, and pray for the safety and health of the family for a hundred years. Eating noodles for breakfast can prolong life. Noisy fighting is forbidden in one day, which means that the whole family is harmonious and friendly, and they don't work, just eat, drink and be merry. Now this custom has disappeared.
Plants' birthdays, such as the eighth valley's birthday, the ninth fruit's birthday, the tenth vegetable's birthday, the eleventh crop's birthday and the 21st wheat's birthday, were all highly valued in the past. On this day, they went to the patio (valley birthday), fruit fields, vegetable fields, yards (crop birthdays) and wheat fields to place offerings, burn incense and paper, and pray for God to bless the harvest of crops. As the saying goes, "Don't use needle scissors on the tenth day of the tenth lunar month, so as not to hurt the roots and leaves of vegetables", and some people say "it depends on the time when wheat is mixed on the 21st day of the first lunar month". There are still people who celebrate crops' birthdays, but most of them celebrate crops' birthdays on the eleventh day of the first month, and they only eat noodles with whips at home.
Second, beginning of spring.
Beginning of spring, commonly known as "Da Chun", is the first of the 24 solar terms, sometimes in the first month, and sometimes in December (around February 4th in Gregorian calendar). Beginning of spring symbolizes the arrival of spring, and the temperature rises gradually. However, there is a folk saying in Laoshan that there are still 30 days of cold air in beginning of spring. On the day when spring begins, farmers like to walk in the fields, which is called "Spring Festival" and "Spring Festival". I also like to eat raw radish, which is called "biting spring". It is said that eating a raw radish can eliminate spring sleep, sterilize and prevent diseases, and ensure good health for one year.
Spring cattle map at the beginning of the Spring Festival
On the day of spring, the married daughter can't stay in her family, even if she is in her family, she must go out to hide from the spring. It is also forbidden to get married in spring twice a year. It is said that "in two spring of a year, my dead husband broke his roots". These proverbs still bind people today.
Three. the Lantern Festival
the Lantern Festival
Lantern Festival was called Shangyuan Festival in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty (the first full moon of the first month), and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty designated the fifteenth day of the first month as Lantern Festival. Since the Tang Dynasty, people have the custom of hanging lanterns and watching lanterns that night, so it is also called "Lantern Festival" and has been popular ever since. Commonly known as the "Tenth Five-Year Plan", it is the most lively folk festival except the Spring Festival. People in Laoshan celebrate the 15th National Day, mainly to worship ancestors, send lanterns and shine.
In the early morning, people hang up genealogy, put out offerings, burn incense, paper, toast and kowtow, and go to Guandi Temple in the Earth Temple to burn incense, paper and kowtow.
When the sun goes down, people send lanterns to the ancestral graves and worship their ancestors with sacrifices and noodles (or small wax) made of bean flour. Put the lighted surface lamp (wax) in front of the grave or in a sheltered place, and take another photo on the evening of 16.
Bean powder lights are divided into bucket lights and zodiac lights. Pinch a lamp bowl on it, put it in a pot, brush the cooking oil into the lamp bowl and light it. Every lamp should be placed in a specific position. The bucket lamp is placed on the top of the ancestral grave, the dog lamp is placed at the gate, the pig lamp is placed on the wall of the pigsty, and the chicken lamp is held by people to illuminate the corner and corner to avoid being hurt by poisonous insects and scorpions.
Other bean flour lanterns are moon lanterns, which are folded on a monthly basis, one in the first month, two in February, three in March and twelve in the twelfth month. On the fifteenth day of the first month, the "Moon Lantern" is steamed with bean flour.
When the oil of the moon lantern is dry, look at the shape of the wick, and you can predict what grain, vegetables and fruits Na Yue will harvest. Before the 1960s, many people dried the used surface lamps and cut them into pieces as "oil and water" when cooking (because the lamps were burned with soybean oil, leaving a fragrance). After the 1970s, fewer people made surface lamps, and their living standards improved. No one regards surface lamps as "oil and water" anymore.
After lighting the lamp back, use the lighted surface lamp and radish lamp to illuminate the corner, behind the door, grinding the corner and other places, and sing while lighting: radish lamp, Qinglingling, the scorpion photographed will never see, the grasshopper photographed will never see, and the mouse will not make holes. 16 lights up again. There are still people lighting lamps, but candles are used more.
After dark, children happily set off "Didi Jin" at home in the street, while adults set off "Hanako" firecrackers, which was a lively scene.
15 to 16 nights, it is forbidden to carry water, sweep the floor and pour dirty water, so as to avoid picking insects, sweeping the god of wealth and scattering money shells; On the sixteenth day of the first month, there is a saying that there is no needle and thread.
4.2 February
The second day of the second lunar month is commonly known as "the dragon looks up", which is circulated among the people. On this day, the dragon king will ascend to heaven, and people will hold sacrificial activities, hoping that the dragon king can make clouds and rain and make crops harvest. After the Song Dynasty, this traditional festival was associated with fright and evolved into a custom of expelling pests and praying for a bumper harvest among the people. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, folk activities such as hoarding grain, pancakes, smoking insects and frying beans were held.
On the first night of offering sacrifices to God, families set tables, burn incense, paper, toast and kowtow, and then go to the Earth Temple to burn incense, paper and kowtow before sunset to congratulate the Earth God on his birthday. Go to the earth temple to worship three times a day on February 2. This custom has disappeared now.
After the incense worship in the early morning of February 2, Duan Xiang smoked every corner of the house, called "smoked insects", which means that the pests were smoked to death and no one in the family was sick. There is still the custom of fumigation.
Before sunrise, every household should go to the patio, gate and yard, spread a circle with a diameter of 2-3 meters with plant ash, put a "ten" in it, put grains as "ash hoard" and spread a ladder in the shape of "hoarding ladder". If the weather is clear and there are no clouds in Wan Li, it indicates a bumper harvest; if the "ash hoard" is blown away by the wind, it symbolizes a poor harvest. The agricultural proverb "On February 2nd, the dragon looks up, the big hoard is full, and the small hoard flows" maintains the farmers' desire for a bumper harvest. Some people also spread plant ash around the house, calling it a "fence", saying that it can prevent poisonous insects from entering the house. Nowadays, dusting is still very popular among the people.
Dust on February 2
In the old society of working days, long-term workers (commonly known as "looking for Korea") went to work at their employers on February 2, so it was called "working days". When the long-term workers come home, the host will hold a banquet, eat pancakes and drink sweet potato wine. During the dinner, the long-term workers will say some auspicious words, such as "the master is rich" and "the master helps more" After this ceremony, farm work such as carrying water, sweeping the yard and feeding animals at night are all long-term jobs. The proverb "Wind and rain go all the way, but stones are in the wind" is a portrayal of the hard work of long-term workers. Now "looking for Han to go to Japan" can only be used as a memory.
Fried beans, pancakes and dregs are made by soaking soybeans in sugar water, sticking a layer of flour (or not), drying and baking. Others use flour, sweet potato noodles, saccharin and so on. Make lozenge or lump noodles. Many farmers even cut sweet potatoes into beans, dried them, fried them and added sugar to make "sweet potato beans". Pancakes: Gu Mi, sorghum and dried sweet potatoes are ground into flour and then mixed into batter. First, put cooking oil in the pot, pour the batter into the pot and wipe it evenly. After cooking, you can eat it for many days. Slag is made by grinding soaked soybeans into foam and adding radish tassels, carrot tassels or taro leaves. , called slag.
On this day, there are folk songs such as "Stir-fried beans on February 2nd, adults and children can get a kang", "Dumping pancakes on February 2nd, adults and children can get a patio" and "jiaozi pancakes make you happy to death". It's February 2 nd, and few people are drenched with pancake dregs.
Taboo "If you don't pull weeds on February 2nd, it's called a worm bite" (as the saying goes, on February 2nd, the dragon looks up and the worm bites). People who belong to dragons (snakes) can't move knives or cut needles on this day, saying, "February 2nd, you hurt the waist of the dragon, February 2nd, you cut the longan, and February 2nd, the dragon and snake broke their roots".
Five, cold food, Tomb-Sweeping Day
The 60th day of the Cold Food Festival from spring, that is, 60 days after Da Chun, is called the Cold Food Festival, also known as the Cold Food Festival and the No-smoking Festival. According to legend, it was a festival set up in Jin Wengong during the Spring and Autumn Period to commemorate the rescuer's release. This day is not allowed to set off fireworks and eat any food, so it is called the Cold Food Festival. From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Cold Food Festival was extended to three days. However, since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Cold Food Festival has gradually merged with Tomb-Sweeping Day, and rituals such as ancestor worship and grave sweeping have been added. Now in Laoshan Mountain, people have regarded cold food and Qingming as festivals. Few people know that the day or two before Qingming is the "Cold Food Festival".
In the days when people used to eat cold food, people didn't make a fire to eat cold food at the Cold Food Festival. Later, it was changed to "work at sunrise and rest at sunset". They cook breakfast before sunrise and dinner after sunset. People don't pay much attention to it now.
Before dawn, the unmarried eldest daughter came to the field to cook with pots, rice, eggs and vegetables, and put needles, fingers, chopped green onion and coins into the rice to cook together. Eating needles and finger buttons symbolize dexterity; Eating onions symbolizes cleverness; Eating coins symbolizes wealth. After dawn, go home separately. This custom is now extinct.
There are all kinds of swings in Qingming. There are big swings (one in each village), rotating swings and simple swings for people to play with. Each family ties a rope to the door frame and puts a futon under it for children to play with.
On this day, women are particularly happy and can play and swing as much as they want, so they have the common name of "the girl's Qingming, a page (boy's) year". Since the 1960s, there has been no vertical swing in the village.
Grave-sweeping folks call it "going to the grave", which is a major activity in Tomb-Sweeping Day. On this day, people will go to the ancestral graves to add soil and pay homage. Pay attention to adding soil. Only when parents are dead can the top of the tomb rise. If one party is still there, the top of the tomb should grow flat and round. Whose grave is filled with soil means that there are descendants. Sacrifices should be placed in front of the grave, burning incense, burning paper, shochu and kowtowing. For those whose parents are dead, the daughter will go to the grave to burn incense, paper and sacrifice on the second day of Qingming (tomorrow). Now prostitutes can also go to the grave before the festival or in Tomb-Sweeping Day. Up to now, women are not allowed to go to the grave in Wanggezhuang Street.