Since the reform and opening up, with the rapid development of the national economy, the port production of Tianjin Port has achieved leap-forward development. In the middle and late 1990s, Tianjin Port entered a period of rapid development, with an annual growth rate of100000 tons. In 2006.5438+0, the throughput of Tianjin Port exceeded 1 100 million tons for the first time, making it the first 100 million-ton port in northern China. Since then, it has developed rapidly at an annual growth rate of 30 million tons. In 2004, it exceeded 200 million tons, and the container throughput exceeded 3.8 million TEUs, ranking among the top ten ports in the world. In 2005, the port throughput reached 240 million tons and the container throughput was 4.8 million TEUs. In 2006, the throughput reached 258 million tons, and the container throughput reached 5.95 million TEUs. Tianjin Port has formed a supply pattern with containers, crude oil and products, ores and coal as "four pillars" and steel and grain as "a group of key points".
At present, the throughput of Tianjin Port ranks sixth in the world, fourth in China and first in the north. Container throughput ranks 16 in the world and 6 in China. In the 2006 China Top 500 Enterprises Selection, Tianjin Port ranked 409th and the second in the port industry.
June 2008 +0- 1 1, Tianjin Port completed a total cargo throughput of 329.95 million tons, ranking third in the country.
[Ningbo-Zhoushan Port 48 1.58 million tons (Ningbo Port 333.985 million tons, Zhoushan Port 6.5438+0.48654 million tons) Shanghai Port 474.065438+0.000 million tons]
The cumulative container throughput is 7,760,600 TEUs, ranking sixth in China.
[Shanghai 25,787,900 TEUs, Shenzhen/KOOC-0/.97325 TEUs, Ningbo-Zhoushan/KOOC-0/.0/KOOC-0/.662 million TEUs (Ningbo/KOOC-0/.0084 million TEUs, Zhoushan 80,000 TEUs), Guangzhou/KOOC)
Historically, Tianjin was a city built and prospered because of the port. Due to Tianjin's special natural geographical environment and political and economic historical changes, Tianjin Port Center has experienced three historical changes, each of which triggered the historical process of prospering the city because of the port in Tianjin history. Tianjin Port not only gave birth to Tianjin City, but the change of port area also promoted the shift of Tianjin's development focus.
Tong Dian Hui in Tang Dynasty is located at the confluence of Yongji Canal, Hutuo River and Luhe River, which is called Sanhui Haikou, which is now the area of Junliangcheng. Due to the military needs of guarding the frontier, Sanhui Haikou became the only way for the transportation of military grain in the northern frontier of Tang Dynasty, and became the earliest seaport in Tianjin with the functions of berthing, loading and unloading, transit and storage. Due to the prosperity of Sanhui Haikou Port, the military grain city at that time became a prosperous port town. This is the earliest historical process in Tianjin history.
During the 700 years from Jin Dynasty to Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the unification of north and south prevailed in China. These dynasties all took Beijing as their capital. As a result, Beijing has become the largest consumption center in China, and all necessary materials are transported from all over the country to Kyoto. Zhi gu (now Sanchakou to Dazhigu) goes down the river and faces the sea. It is located at the mouth of Sanchakou where the North-South Canal meets the Haihe River. It is convenient for river ships and sea ships to transfer goods to Beijing, and because of its high terrain, it is suitable for building various land buildings, so it has become a water transportation hub. Since the Yuan Dynasty, zhi gu Port has flourished. 13 16, the Yuan Dynasty set up "Haijin Town", and Tianjin entered the primary stage of building a city adjacent to the port and prospering the city from the port city. 1404 (the second year of Yongle), because zhi gu was the hub of shipping, river transportation and merchant ships, Ming Chengzu ordered the construction of a city and garrison on the southwest side of the fork in the road, and dispatched coastal soldiers to guard it, named "Tianjinwei". By the early Qing Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty inherited it, with fewer wars and strong national strength, and water transportation further developed. At that time, from the northwest corner of Tianjin to Tianhou Palace through Beidaguan, merchants gathered, people were buzzing, there were many roof tiles and shops, forming a bustling business district and urban economic activity center centered on the port. The prosperity of zhi gu Port has made Tianjin a large gateway city near Kyoto.
1860, Tianjin was opened as a trading port. 186 1 year 65438+1October 20th officially opened to the public. Since then, Britain, France and the United States began to build ports along the river in Tianjin Zizhulin Concession, and Zizhulin Port Area began to prosper. Due to the invasion of foreign shipping industry, the scale and function of Tianjin Port have changed greatly, mainly as follows: traditional waterway transportation has been gradually replaced by large ships; River transportation is gradually replaced by sea transportation; Single grain is the main category, which is gradually replaced by various foreign trade groceries (foreign goods); The sovereign port became a colonial port. At this time, due to the narrow and shallow siltation in the channel of zhi gu Port, large ships could not go upstream, and the zhi gu Port Area, which had been prosperous for more than 700 years, gradually lost its transshipment function and began to decline, and the port center began to move eastward to Zizhulin area. With the development of Zizhulin port area and foreign trade and shipping, it promoted the prosperity of Tianjin's industry, shifted the city's center of gravity to the concession area, and finally contributed to the basic scene of modern Tianjin, that is, the center of the concession area was mainly in the business office areas on both sides of Jiefang Road; Luxury residential area dominated by five avenues; A business circle dominated by Xiaobailou and Quanyechang. Tianjin has become the second largest city in China since its opening more than 80 years ago, and the core driving force of its development is the port channel function connecting all continents and connecting the four seas.
In order to adapt to the development of large-scale shipping industry, it is an inevitable trend for the port area to move eastward to the lower reaches of Haihe River to reach the estuary. The direct reasons leading to the gradual eastward movement of Tianjin Port Area are: (1) 1900 imperialism invaded China, and after the occupation of Tanggu, countries began to build wharves in Tanggu area for berthing warships and transporting materials and troops. (2) Since 1886, the Haihe River has been seriously silted for many times, prompting Chinese and foreign shipping companies to build docks at Tanggu, the estuary of Haihe River. When the Haihe River is shallow, ships can load and unload in Tanggu. (3) 1880, the Qing government opened the Beiyang Navy Dagu Wharf in Tanggu; 1888 Jingshan Railway was built in Tanggu and extended to Tianjin, which provided favorable conditions for the development of modern industry in Tanggu area. 19 14 years, patriotic industrialist Fan Xudong and others founded the first refined salt factory in China-Jiuda refined salt factory, and then the first alkali factory in Asia-Li Yong alkali factory (now Tianjin alkali factory). The development of modern industry in Tanggu objectively requires port development. (4) During the Japanese invasion of China, Tanggu New Port was built on the sedimentary coast on the north bank of Haihekou in order to plunder the resources in North China. The Japanese originally planned to build a port with an annual throughput of 27.5 million tons. Due to the successive failures of the war of aggression, the plan was repeatedly compressed. By the time Japan surrendered, the revised plan was only 30% completed. 1945 was taken over by the Kuomintang government, but it could only maintain the mess. Later, because of the damage caused by the retreat of the Kuomintang army, Xingang became a dead port full of holes.
2. The evolution of port management system after the founding of New China and the role of ports in Tianjin's urban development.
2. 1. 1.984 Tianjin New Port Development and Port Management System
After liberation, the people's government took over Xingang. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council attached great importance to the construction of Xingang. Xingang 195 1 to 1952 and 1958 to1respectively carried out two phases of construction projects, which not only restored the use of Xingang, but also expanded the dock berth and yard, and improved other supporting facilities, which made the port smooth. In particular, in order to realize Premier Zhou Enlai's instruction of "changing the appearance of the port within three years", the third phase of large-scale port construction started in March 1973, which made Xingang enter a period of rapid development and laid a prerequisite for Xingang to become the largest port in the north. Since then, the center of Tianjin Port has been located in Tanggukou. Zizhulin Port Area is declining. 1977 65438+On February 30th, Tianjin Haihe River "Four New Bridges" (now known as Guanghua Bridge) was completed, Haihe River was suspended, Zizhulin Port was abandoned, and the bustling port area was transformed into Haihe Belt Park.
After the founding of New China, Tianjin Port, like other coastal ports, implemented a central management system. According to the State Council 1954+0' s Provisional Regulations on the Management of People's Republic of China (PRC) Seaport, the Port Authority is under the unified leadership of the Maritime Comprehensive Management Department of the Ministry of Communications, and the port implements a management system integrating government with enterprise. Port production is included in the national plan, and the Ministry of Communications is responsible for the production, operation and construction of the port, as well as the appointment and removal of key personnel. From June of 1958 to May of 196 1 2008, Tianjin Port was once devolved to the government of Hebei Province (Tianjin made Hebei a provincial city). 1961may, in order to strengthen economic regulation, the central government placed the port under the direct leadership of the Ministry of communications.
In the period of planned economy system, especially restricted by the special management system of port industry, Tianjin's ports and cities are in a state of separation in system. Although the construction and development of Xingang has made great achievements, the port has not been integrated with the economic development of the city. During this period, the interactive development between ports and cities, especially the effect of ports driving urban development, has not been fully exerted. This situation generally lasts until 1984.
2.2 the deepening of the reform of port management system and the focus of the port's pulling effect on urban development
1June, 984, according to the spirit of the Reply of the Central Committee and the State Council on the pilot reform of Tianjin Port system, Tianjin Port was devolved to the Tianjin Municipal Government, and the port leadership system directly managed by the central government was changed to the management system of "dual leadership and local priority" by the central and local governments; Implement the financial management system of "supporting Hong Kong with income". From the development process and practice, compared with the central management system, this management system has the following advantages: (1) Closely combine the comprehensive economic system reform of the port and Tianjin, establish a comprehensive transportation system and develop a market economy, promote the port to be fully open to the society, provide comprehensive services for passengers, shippers and shipping companies, and promote the port to change from closed production to open management and from single service to all-round service. (2) The port can not only get the direct support of the Ministry of Communications in capital construction, but also get the support of the Tianjin Municipal Government in many relations between the port and the local government, which is conducive to the development of the port itself, the integration of the port and the regional economy, and the development of the regional economy.
Since Tianjin Port implemented the management system reform 10, the port modernization has made great progress in hardware and software such as berth number and throughput. The relationship between the port and the city has been well coordinated. The port's driving role in urban development began to play, which once again set off the magnificent process of prospering the city by port in the history of Tianjin's development. (1) After extensive investigation and demonstration, the Tianjin Municipal Government decided to build Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Zone on the site boundary of the former Tanggu Yantian 3 on the west side of the port, which was formally established with the approval of the State Council on February 6th. 1984. The prelude of the strategy of the port to promote the eastward movement of Tianjin's economic development center has been opened. (2)1991May 12, Tianjin Port Bonded Zone was established in the port area with the approval of the State Council. (3)1In February, 1994, the Second Session of the 12th Tianjin Municipal People's Congress passed a resolution, and decided to "basically build Tianjin Binhai New Area in about 10 years" and determined to build Binhai New Area into an international trade zone with the port as the core. This grand goal has been basically achieved.
The vigorous development of the interaction between port and city has realized the strategic eastward shift of the focus of Tianjin's economic development and laid the foundation for the goal orientation of Tianjin's urban development. 1997 12.20 to 2 1, the former prime minister of the State Council, Li Peng, visited Tianjin and officially announced the central government's positioning of Tianjin as an urban function, that is, "Tianjin is the economic center around the Bohai Sea, and efforts should be made to build it into a modern port city and an important economic center in northern China."
After 10 years of practice, especially in the process of establishing a modern enterprise system, there are also some drawbacks in the management system and operation mechanism of "dual leadership and local priority". Under this management system, the coordinated development relationship between ports and cities is still unclear. (1) It is not clear whether the port belongs to the central government or the local government. Nominally, it is mainly local, but actually it belongs to the central government. Because of the division of power and unclear responsibilities, no one can exercise the owner's function on behalf of the country, which actually leads to the "absence" of the owner's subject; (2) The port management function is not in place. Tianjin municipal government only has certain administrative influence on the port, that is, Tianjin municipal government only exercises management power over the personnel, public security and finance of the port, while major investment and business decision-making power is still decided by the central government. The incomplete decentralization of port management rights makes it difficult for cities to fully perform the administrative management and supervision of ports, so that the production and operation of ports can not fully meet the needs of the development of socialist market economy and the needs of urban modernization and regional economic development. Therefore, the port management system needs further reform.
2.3 With the full implementation of the modern enterprise system reform, the status of ports as the core strategic resources of urban development is prominent.
200 1, 1 1, the State Council decided to carry out a new round of reform on the "dual leadership" port management system. Its core is to change the "dual leadership" port into direct management by local government, separate government from enterprise, strengthen port management, promote the establishment of modern enterprise system in port, and further liberate and develop port productivity. On June 28th, 2003, the Third Session of the 10th the NPC Standing Committee passed the People's Republic of China (PRC) Port Law, which came into effect on June 28th, 2004. Based on the basic role of ports in the national economy and focusing on the long-term development of China's ports, the Port Law has established a port management system with central macro-control and specific management by local governments, and implemented "one city, one port and one government". Determine the port management mode in legal form. According to the provisions of the Port Law, the basic framework of the port management system is as follows: the Ministry of Communications, as the administrative department of the central government, implements unified macro management of ports throughout the country; Tianjin port management department implements unified management of ports in accordance with the principle of "one port, one government"; As an independent market entity, port enterprises engage in business according to law. In the new round of reform, the reform of establishing a modern enterprise system in Tianjin Port has been continuously implemented. On June 3, 2004, Tianjin Port was formally established as Tianjin Port Group Co., Ltd., becoming a port enterprise group that meets the requirements of modern enterprise system. This marks the transformation of Tianjin Port from a government-enterprise integration unit in the planned economy period to a state-owned super-large enterprise that meets the requirements of modern enterprise system under the conditions of market economy.
In the new round of reform, the relationship between Tianjin port and city has undergone gratifying changes, which provides legal guarantee for the effect of "the port serves the city and the city prospers because of the port". From the strategic height of urban development, Tianjin Municipal Government clearly points out that the port is the core strategic resource of the city, and the function and taste of Tianjin Port even determine the urban positioning of Tianjin, so it must be placed in a prominent position to accelerate development. Tianjin held two port construction conferences on May 27th, 2003 and August 6th, 2004, and adopted a series of important measures to strengthen the port and its supporting facilities, which opened a new chapter in the development history of the relationship between Tianjin Port and the city and provided a prerequisite for Tianjin Port to realize its grand goal of building a world-class port.