China's rural straw production, especially corn straw, is very huge. Simple processing and deep processing of agricultural waste corn stalks can improve the comprehensive utilization technology level of corn stalks. Now there are many new technologies and methods. Firstly, I briefly summarized two simple processing methods of corn stalk, namely, the new technology of feeding livestock and poultry and the new technology of making soilless seedling substrate in greenhouse. Then, four new technologies for deep processing of corn stalks are introduced:

1. New technologies for straw gasification and gasification power generation.

2. New technology for making fully degradable tableware and fully degradable packaging bags.

3. New processing technology of biological straw pellet feed for livestock and poultry.

4. new technologies for papermaking, wood-based panels, feed and xylose production by separating skins and skins. Through these new technologies, the minimum input and maximum output can be achieved, the resource benefit can be maximized, farmers can increase their income and become rich, and agriculture can be intensified, industrialized and industrialized as soon as possible.

At present, the total output of straw in China is nearly 611 million tons. The utilization rate is only about 33%, and the utilization rate after simple processing and deep processing accounts for less than 1% of the original total. Especially when wheat is planted in wheat-corn rotation areas in central China, such as Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, etc., the black smoke from burning corn stalks on the spot covers the sun, causing serious environmental pollution and waste of resources, affecting the normal operation of aviation and highway traffic and causing serious social problems. There is a huge amount of corn stalk resources, and there is a very broad space for production and processing. Corn stalk is an important by-product of crops and an important raw material for industrial and agricultural production. In the future, with the government's great attention and the continuous improvement of agricultural science and technology, the processing and utilization of corn straw will develop rapidly.

1. New technology of simple processing of corn stalk

Here we analyze two new technologies of simple processing of corn stalk: one is the new technology of kneading corn stalk by feeding forage livestock such as cattle and sheep, and the other is the new technology of processing corn stalk matrix by soilless culture in greenhouse. These two technologies are characterized by simple operation, easy production, good practical effect and remarkable economic benefits, which are very popular among farmers.

1.1 New processing technology for feeding corn stalks to herbivorous livestock such as cattle and sheep

At present, corn stalks are kneaded by machines to feed herbivorous livestock and poultry in vast agricultural areas of China, especially in corn producing areas. This simple kneading processing technology is a new method that has appeared and spread rapidly in recent years. This method has very obvious advantages and is very suitable for practicality. It can not only feed the straw with different moisture content directly after processing, but also make the kneaded straw soft and fluffy, which can change the palatability, be beneficial to livestock digestion and other production and processing. According to the actual needs of users, manufacturers have developed a large number of various kneading processing equipment. In particular, there is a small three-purpose machine for kneading, crushing and cutting, which is the most representative. This minicomputer takes single lighting electricity as power electricity, which is a multifunctional device integrating kneading, crushing and cutting grass, and it is very convenient to use. Because of its low cost, multi-function, good applicability and strong practicability, it is welcomed by farmers in agricultural areas and has become a good helper they can't do without.

1.2 new processing technology of soilless culture of corn stalk in greenhouse

In the past, the machinery of soilless culture of greenhouse seedling needed to be purchased, which was a costly and laborious work. With the efforts of agricultural engineers and technicians, corn stalks were used to process soilless culture substrates for greenhouse seedling raising. This new processing technology, the main ingredient is corn stalks taken from the side without spending money. Its processing technology is to rub the corn stalk into small pieces with a three-purpose machine, and then carry out conventional disinfection and sterilization, and then add a certain amount of feed according to the characteristics of the corn stalk and the actual production needs, and then carry out fermentation according to the fermentation requirements. This technology is economical, convenient and easy to master.

2. New technology of straw deep processing

Deep denaturation processing and repeated multi-level processing of corn straw can achieve efficient utilization of waste, obtain high added value, and obtain high output and return rate with relatively low input. We will discuss the following four new deep processing technologies.

2.1 engineering technology of straw gasification and new technology of gasification power generation

2.1.1 Significance of corn straw gasification and gasification power generation

Using corn straw gasification and gasification power generation can solve the problems of waste of a large number of agricultural wastes and environmental pollution. Straw gasification project turns ordinary waste corn stalks into clean gas, which solves the problems of daily burning and heating in winter, energy saving, waste utilization and environmental protection, improves farmers' living standards and promotes rural economic development. Straw gasification power generation takes corn straw as raw material, which is low in investment and easy to realize, especially in places far from the power grid, where the investment in network access is large and the power supply is difficult. Using the local surplus abandoned corn straw as raw material for gasification power generation will solve this problem and play a decisive role in changing the backward face of remote rural areas.

2.1.2 gasification of corn stalks and gasification power generation process

the gasification power generation process includes three steps: first, gasification, that is, changing biomass raw materials into gas fuel; The second is gas purification, in which the gasified gas contains certain harmful components such as particles and tar, and these impurities are removed by the purification system (the first two processes are the gasification process); The third is power generation, which uses internal combustion engine or gas turbine to convert high-grade energy in combustible gas into electric energy, and the rest low-grade heat energy is recovered by waste heat boiler and then generated by steam turbine. It is the key of gasification power generation technology to solve these three technologies and make them run in harmony.

2.1.3 Equipment system for corn straw gasification engineering and gasification power generation engineering

At present, there are many straw gasification engineering systems, which are in the development stage, so the discussion is omitted and only gasification power generation is introduced. Gasification power generation adopts fluidized bed gasification system. In order to understand the structure and performance characteristics of straw gasification power generation engineering equipment system. Take the straw gasification power generation system of 1MW circulating fluidized bed as an example to discuss.

system description: this system uses corn stalks as fuel. The main technical indicators are: the power generation capacity is 1111KW.

technical route:

biomass-gasification-gas purification-gas power generation-exhaust

The wastewater generated by gas purification can be recycled or discharged after electrocoagulation treatment.

the gasifier adopts a circulating fluidized bed gasifier. The purification system project will remove dust and coke, including inertial dust collector, cyclone dust collector, venturi tube and water washing tower, etc. The inertial dust collector also has the function of heat recovery. The generator modified from diesel engine is connected in parallel. The whole system consists of feeding mechanism, gas generator, gas purification device, gas generator, control device, waste water treatment equipment and so on.

2.2 New technology of making degradable tableware and fully degradable packaging bag with corn stalk

The technology and production equipment for making fully degradable foamed tableware with corn stalk as raw material are green technologies and industries, which find a good way out for a large number of discarded corn stalks. Its significance is not only that. With the development of economy and the rise of tourism, there is an increasing demand for disposable fast tableware. At present, almost all EPS foam fast tableware is used in China. This kind of tableware is thrown away in large quantities and is everywhere, forming a well-known "white pollution". Its treatment is the most troublesome, and it will not rot after being buried underground for a hundred years, which deteriorates the soil; Incineration will produce toxic gases and pollute the air. However, the raw materials of straw fully degradable foamed tableware are widely available, with low cost, good waterproof and oil-repellent performance, high strength, good heat insulation performance, complete biodegradation and no pollution in the production process. It can replace EPS foaming technology and JYK brand equipment and be introduced into the production field of green tableware to produce green products that are environmentally friendly, energy-saving and waste-friendly.

The complete set of JYK straw-degradable tableware is made of corn straw as raw material and auxiliary materials synthesized from various substances, which are crosslinked and foamed, and then dried and disinfected to make disposable degradable foamed tableware. By changing the mold of the main machine, various kinds of disposable bowls, plates, cups, plates, fast food boxes, cake boxes, instant noodle boxes and other green tableware can be produced.

production supporting equipment:

main equipment: there are molding machines, which are divided into two-mode pneumatic molding machines and two-mode mechanical automatic control molding machines. Supporting equipment: there are shredders and vortex types, and mixers are divided into horizontal and vertical types. There are three types of flow coating machines: Ⅲ and Ⅳ. There are dryers divided into airflow type and drum type.

the new technology of fully degradable packaging bag has the same mechanism as the former, and it is easy to omit discussion because of simple mechanical production.

2.3 new technology of making complete feed with biological straw granules

The new technology of making complete feed with biological straw granules is to transform straw into biological feed with high nutrition and high efficiency by virtue of the dual functions of biology and chemistry. Can replace part of grain feed to feed livestock, and generally can reduce the feeding cost by 31%. Crop straw has high crude fiber content, is difficult to be digested and absorbed by animals, has few available nutrients and poor palatability, and is classified as coarse feed in feed taxonomy. The technical principle of biochemical engineering straw feed is engineering bacteria cultivated by using the latest achievements of bioengineering technology. This kind of engineering bacteria is a kind of biological bacteria that can multiply rapidly and secrete cellulolytic enzyme efficiently under natural conditions. These molds, basidiomycetes and bacteria undergo a series of complex biochemical treatments under the neutralization of related chemicals, which change the physical and chemical properties of straw. The crude fiber contained in it is degraded into small molecular substances such as monosaccharide, disaccharide and amino acid which are easily consumed and absorbed by animals, thus improving the digestion and absorption rate of feed and playing a role in deep biochemical processing that feed machinery can not play. At the same time, a large number of nutrient-rich microbial cell proteins and other useful metabolites are produced and accumulated in the process of straw biological treatment. Such as organic acids, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, vitamins, antibiotics, trace elements, etc., make the feed soft, fragrant and nutritious. It also contains a variety of digestive enzymes and growth promoting factors, which can enhance the disease resistance of animals and promote growth and development. Some metabolites also have antiseptic effect on feed.

The straw bio-materials produced by this method are mixed and mixed according to the formula software, and then the pellet feed is processed by the latest pellet production equipment. In the process of granulation, automatic heating gelatinization and ripening can keep various nutrients in raw materials from being lost, and effectively kill various harmful bacteria such as Salmonella, and the proportion of straw is large. The equipment can complete granulation and molding at one time, and produce a variety of high-quality complete straw pellet feed. At present, there are many manufacturers of feed pellet molding machines, including flat model, ring model and molding model according to the different granulating mechanism, and their own series have been formed according to the different production efficiency. Users can choose different pellet feed processing equipment according to their own breeding quantity, production scale and processing type. Feed granulation is the development direction of feed industry in the world. The characteristics of straw bio-pellet feed are as follows: < P > (1) Good quality, rich nutrition, good palatability and large animal intake.

⑵, granulation, heating, gelatinization and ripening are beneficial to animal digestion and have sterilization function.

(3), the feed density increases, and the volume is obviously reduced, which is convenient for storage and transportation.

(4), prevent picky eaters, reduce waste, avoid dust loss and put an end to feed hardening.

The production process of biological straw pellet complete feed is: raw material crushing, biological fermentation, preparation of complete feed according to formula, granulation and molding (curing, gelatinization, drying and molding), weighing and packaging, and product delivery.

The equipment configuration corresponding to the above technological process is: straw pulverizer, fermentation tank, blender, feed pellet machine, weighing and bagging machine.

We believe that with the continuous emergence of new technologies, new equipment, new processes and new products, fewer and fewer crop straws will be discarded, and the popularity of straw feed will be better and better.

2.4 deep processing technology by separating the skins and skins of corn stalks

The skins and skins of corn stalks are separated by processing, and then the separated skins and skins are used as raw materials for industrial intensive processing to make various products. Corn straw skin mainly contains wood fiber, and its fiber strength is high and toughness is good, and its performance index is higher than that of rice and wheat straw. There are many nutrients such as sugar, crude protein and starch in corn straw, and its performance index and quality are also higher than those of rice straw and wheat straw. Therefore, processing different products after separating corn stalk skins can broaden the application field, improve the application performance and increase the utilization value. The existing corn stalk peel separator can separate the corn stalk peel at one time. The principle is that the machine wheel set clamps the straw and feeds it straight forward, and the upper abdomen of the straw is cut by a wedge-shaped spreading knife hanging above the axis of the straw, and then the straw is separated from the abdomen by a rotary drilling tool.

technological process:

material selection-feeding-splitting-drilling-bundling (bagging)

2.4.1, application of corn straw skin in papermaking industry

Due to the shortage of papermaking raw materials and the development of new raw material development and processing technology, straw has been gradually developed and utilized. Corn straw is better than other straws in fiber strength, toughness and low price, so it is favored by the paper industry, but there are also some problems: first, the viscosity of the slurry is high, which increases the technical difficulty; Second, the pulp yield is low, generally only about 25%. Third, the amount of auxiliary materials invested in production increased, the cost increased and the benefit decreased. Using corn straw skin as raw material can greatly improve its application performance. Because the fiber component mainly exists in the skin of corn straw, the straw skin has high strength and good toughness, which is similar to reed. It is a better raw material for making paper, and its technology and raw material formula should be the same as reed. At present, the quality indexes of 35g and 51g glossy paper produced from corn stalk bark are basically the same as reed pulp paper, and the pulp yield reaches 41%.

2.4.2 Application of corn stalk bark in wood-based panel industry

Wood-based panel made of crushed corn stalk appearing in the market at present, due to the existence of corn stalk, the finished board has strong water absorption, is easy to deform when wet, and the product quality is difficult to improve. Now, the quality of raw materials has been fundamentally improved because of the removal of straw and leaves with less fiber. The quality of finished board has been greatly improved. Compared with particleboard, corn straw-based wood-based panel has the advantages of good surface finish, elegant appearance, high static bending strength and plane tensile strength, and can be widely used in many fields. Can be used as floor, ceiling, partition board and furniture.

2.4.3 Application of corn stalk in feed production

The content of protein, starch and sugar in corn stalk is higher than that in straw and wheat stalk, so the separation of corn stalk skin is a main measure to improve its quality in feed production. When whole or chopped corn stalks are fed to cattle, the cattle only eat some tip leaves, and all the thick stalks are left, so the weight gain of cattle is low and the feeding cycle is long, which belongs to the state of low efficiency maintenance. Feeding cattle with corn stalk feed has high nutritional value. Good palatability, fast weight gain of cattle, low feed cost, less waste and significantly improved economic benefits.

2.4.4 Production of xylose from corn stalk

Xylose exists in hemicellulose and glycoside, and it can be used as diabetes.