Research report on recycling and utilization of waste batteries

It is precisely because of the great harm that waste batteries have caused to human beings that we realize the seriousness of the shortage of recycling of waste batteries and begin to analyze the feasibility of recycling waste batteries in China.

first, on the basis of the Law on the Prevention and Control of Solid Waste, the industrial policies, laws and regulations on waste recycling are promulgated, and the actual management measures and specific operational management implementation rules in China are formulated, and a perfect waste battery transportation management system is established.

second, according to the principle of "whoever pollutes will be treated", battery manufacturers are responsible for recycling used batteries. When selling batteries, a mortgage system is implemented, and the state collects certain treatment fees from battery manufacturers and returns a certain proportion to the recycling treatment enterprises. In China, manual sorting can be used to reduce costs, which benefits from China's rich human resources.

third: realize the low mercury and mercury-free production of batteries, and strengthen the production of rechargeable batteries. Realize the large-scale industrialization road of battery recycling. Enterprises that do not meet the requirements are ordered to transform or shut down, and those that do not transform or shut down are fined.

fourth: the state gives certain policy support to waste battery recycling enterprises, and rewards enterprises with technological breakthroughs and advanced technologies to become bigger and stronger; In view of China's huge team of garbage collectors, we can maximize the use of economic means to improve the recovery rate of batteries, such as recycling old batteries per kilogram at a certain amount.

Fifth, publicize and educate the people in newspapers, television and other media to cultivate the public's awareness of recycling.

4. Economic feasibility analysis of recycling waste batteries in China

The cost of recycling waste batteries can be summarized as follows:

The cost of collecting waste batteries from many consumers to waste battery disposal sites.

the productive expenditure required for the disposal of waste batteries at the disposal site.

the sales cost and financial management cost of the products obtained by recycling waste batteries.

environmental protection expenses in the process of recycling waste batteries.

Through policy support, large-scale and industrialized transformation, low-mercury and mercury-free battery production, and rechargeable battery production, the cost of recycling is effectively reduced, the difficulty of treatment is reduced, and it is easy to realize large-scale and industrialized benefits.

The benefits of recycling waste batteries are as follows:

The sales income of materials obtained from recycling process. Based on China's annual production of 11 billion batteries, 156,111 tons of zinc, 226,111 tons of manganese dioxide, 2,181 tons of copper, 2.17 million tons of zinc chloride, 79,111 tons of ammonium chloride and 41,311 tons of carbon rods can be recovered throughout the year, and the recovery value of various non-ferrous precious metals is higher. Some people calculate that even if we only recycle half of it, we can achieve a profit of 21 thousand/day, and the annual profit of battery recycling in China can reach more than 711 million yuan. Due to administrative fines, the production cost of ordinary batteries has increased, so the sales price of ordinary batteries has to be increased. Moreover, people will choose new batteries with high cost performance, which is conducive to the upgrading of batteries and thus promotes the upgrading of the battery industry. On the other hand, it also improves the profit margin of new batteries.

5. Analysis of the disposal capacity of waste batteries in China

The continuous strengthening of China's economic strength not only attracts the presence of foreign-funded enterprises, but also promotes the vigorous development of local enterprises in China. China's economic activities are active and vibrant. Faced with China's huge market demand, waste battery recycling enterprises have strong vitality. For example, a battery recycling enterprise in Guangzhou can recycle old batteries for 21T/ day. However, only 1.5t/year is recovered, and most of the batteries are paid by the customs. For example, a foreign-funded battery recycling enterprise in Beijing can reach the processing capacity of 1.51t/day, and the products it develops have market prospects, but it has to import old batteries from abroad because there are not enough used batteries. On the other hand, millions of tons of old batteries are buried in landfills. With the huge annual production and sales of more than 15 billion batteries in China, the current enterprises can't fully digest them. Fortunately, more and more processing enterprises are now building. I believe that with the continuous improvement of technology and the continuous improvement of processing capacity, the waste battery processing enterprises in China have sufficient processing capacity.

5. Comparative analysis of recycling technology with foreign countries

At present, recycling technology in developed countries abroad is generally more advanced than that in China, which is determined by specific historical conditions. China has developed rapidly in a short period of time, and many technologies and equipment have reached or approached the advanced level abroad. For example, the recycling process of waste batteries in Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province is physical-chemical harmless treatment at room temperature, which is advanced and reliable, basically meeting the requirements of industrialization and providing technical support for the harmless treatment and comprehensive utilization of waste batteries in China. China has its own unique advantages: first, the total amount of waste batteries in China is huge, which provides a foundation for the market; second, China is rich in human resources, and the huge human market provides low production costs for China; Third, China has a profound scientific research strength, and scientific research talents are constantly emerging, providing a reserve army for China's scientific research; Fourth, China is a centralized socialist country, and the principles and policies of the country have been better implemented and managed, which has greatly mobilized the enthusiasm for production.

6. Conclusion

After detailed analysis and demonstration, we can draw the conclusion that China can vigorously recycle and utilize waste batteries. The recycling and utilization of waste materials not only has great economic benefits, but also has great environmental benefits. The specific performance is as follows: the recovery of waste batteries intuitively shows that the impact and pressure on the environment caused by solid waste such as waste batteries are reduced; At the same time, it beautifies the environment, reduces the pollution of atmosphere, water and soil, and well protects people's physical and mental health.

7. Treatment of waste water and waste gas generated in the process of recycling waste batteries

The comprehensive utilization of waste batteries can adopt clean production management mode, adjust product structure and carry out comprehensive recycling. In the battery manufacturing industry, we will vigorously carry out green projects that are conducive to environmental protection and resource recycling, and establish green signs and green products. However, waste batteries will inevitably produce waste water and waste gas in the recycling process, which is a problem that must be faced in the production process. While improving the technical level, we should also actively do a good job in the treatment of waste water and waste gas to avoid secondary pollution.

recycling technology of used batteries?

hazards of waste batteries: (1) to the environment, a small button battery can pollute 611 cubic meters of water, which is equivalent to a person's lifetime drinking water; One dry battery can pollute 12 cubic meters of water and 1 cubic meter of soil, and cause permanent public hazards ... (2) For human beings, the common dry batteries we use in daily life mainly include acidic zinc-manganese batteries and alkaline zinc-manganese batteries, both of which contain heavy metals such as mercury, manganese, cadmium, lead and zinc. After the waste battery is abandoned, the shell of the battery will slowly corrode, and the heavy metal substances in it will gradually penetrate into the water and soil, causing pollution. The biggest feature of heavy metal pollution is that it cannot be degraded in nature and can only migrate. In other words, bad? What's wrong with you? What's the difference? What's the difference? Media? What's the matter with the money? Hey? Rui? Servant? Are you tired of running? Barrel? Jiehuan? Fear? Lulu? What's the matter? Scandium lamp Jarud? What's wrong with you? : Φ Φ Φ Φ? Cheng chuangchuang? ⑾ s ⑾ ⑾ ⑾ ⑾ ⑾? Brother, why are you upset? Hey? What's the matter with you? Rui? Hey, Guangdong and Suzhou? Scratch but ⑾ Han? What's wrong with you? Rui? Mace reveals joy? Fear? Hey? Suddenly, I said, what's the matter? Now? In addition to the Minamata disease caused by mercury pollution, others are: < P > Excessive manganese accumulation in the body can cause neurological dysfunction, with comprehensive dysfunction in the early stage, monotonous speech, dull expression, apathy and mental symptoms.

Long-term consumption of water and food contaminated by cadmium can lead to osteodynia. After cadmium enters the human body, it will cause osteomalacia and bone deformation, and in severe cases, it will form natural fractures, resulting in death.

Zinc salts can precipitate proteins and stimulate skin and mucous membranes. When the concentration in water exceeds 11-51mg/L, it may cause cancer and chemical pneumonia.

Lead mainly acts on nervous system, hematopoietic system, digestive system, liver, kidney and other organs, which can inhibit the anabolism of hemoglobin, and can also directly act on mature red blood cells, which is very harmful to infants and young children, and will lead to physical retardation of children and mental retardation of children with chronic lead poisoning. Nickel powder dissolves in blood, participates in internal circulation, has strong toxicity, can damage the central nervous system, cause vascular variation, and even lead to cancer in severe cases.

Status quo of waste battery recycling: Although 8-year-old primary school students in Beijing have begun to know that waste batteries should not be littered. They will throw old batteries into special recycling bins with their small hands. The behavior of sorting and recycling used batteries is being promoted in shopping malls and offices in Beijing. A new battery recycling box will be added next to the trash can. The collected waste batteries are increasing rapidly. In the first half of this year, Beijing has collected nearly 111 tons of waste batteries. However, these used batteries are in an embarrassing situation, piling up and not being properly disposed of. At present, the used batteries in Beijing are finally transported to the "Beijing Useful Garbage Recycling Center". The center is a subordinate institution of Beijing Municipal Administration Committee, which is responsible for recycling and transferring garbage. The recycling center is now worried about the whereabouts of used batteries. Lu Jianguo, chief of the business department, said that the recycling center began to recycle the waste batteries in Beijing in April, 1998, with a recycling volume of 7 tons in that year and nearly 41 tons last year. So far, it has collected more than 111 tons. Most of these used batteries are still piled in containers in the recycling center, and the used batteries collected in the future can only be stored here for treatment, because there is no special battery treatment plant to recycle them scientifically and harmlessly.

Beijing is not the only one worried about the waste batteries, and the areas where waste batteries are collected all over the country have encountered difficulties. Recently, relevant departments in Shanghai jointly held a special conference on the prevention and control of waste battery pollution, and experts actively offered suggestions. But in the end, the feasible scheme is still to store the recovered waste batteries properly and wait for the safe landfill after the completion of the municipal hazardous waste landfill. Nanning, Guangxi, has carried out a series of activities of "environmental protection action into the family", and has collected a large number of used batteries. In order to recycle, Nanning Environmental Protection Bureau collected the disposal technology of used batteries through the Internet. Two months have passed and I haven't heard exciting news. A self-employed person in Xinxiang City, Henan Province learned about the harm of dry batteries to the environment and collected more than 21 tons of waste batteries at his own expense. A few days ago, she spit out bitter water in an open letter published in China Environmental News, and she couldn't find a final destination for these 21 tons of waste batteries that wouldn't pollute the environment. People who calm down from the enthusiasm for environmental protection suddenly find that it is even more difficult to deal with used batteries than to recycle them!

recovery method: laboratory recovery method: ordinary dry batteries are cylindrical, and the outer cylinder is made of zinc, which is the negative electrode of the battery; The carbon rod in that cent of the cylinder is a positive electrode; The cylinder is filled with manganese dioxide, ammonium chloride and zinc chloride. Here are two methods for recycling the substances in waste dry batteries:

(1) Extracting ammonium chloride: mixing and filtering the black substances in the batteries in water, evaporating part of the filtrate in an evaporating dish to obtain a white solid, heating, and collecting pure ammonium chloride by sublimation.

(2) Preparation of zinc particles: cut the zinc sheet on the zinc tube into pieces, put it in a crucible for strong heat (the melting point of zinc is 419 degrees), and carefully pour the zinc sheet into cold water after melting to obtain zinc particles.

industrial recycling methods: there are generally three ways to treat used batteries internationally: curing and burying, storing in waste mines and recycling.

1. Solidification is deeply buried and stored in an abandoned mine

For example, a French factory extracts nickel and cadmium from it, and then uses nickel for steelmaking, and cadmium for battery production. The rest of all kinds of waste batteries are generally transported to special toxic and harmful waste landfills, but this practice not only costs too much but also causes waste, because there are still many useful substances that can be used as raw materials.

2. Recycling

(1) Heat treatment

There are two factories in Switzerland that specialize in processing and utilizing old batteries. The method adopted by Batleck Company is to grind the old batteries and then send them to a furnace for heating, at which time the volatilized mercury can be extracted, and zinc will evaporate at higher temperatures, which is also a precious metal. Iron and manganese are fused to form ferromanganese alloy for steelmaking. The factory can process 2111 tons of waste batteries a year, and can obtain 781 tons of ferromanganese alloy, 411 tons of zinc alloy and 3 tons of mercury. Another factory directly extracts iron from batteries and sells metal mixtures such as manganese oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide and nickel oxide as metal scrap. However, the method of heat treatment is expensive, and Switzerland also stipulates that each battery buyer should be charged a small amount of special fees for waste battery processing.

(2) "Wet treatment"

A "wet treatment" device is being built in the suburbs of magdeburg, where all kinds of batteries except lead storage batteries are dissolved in sulfuric acid, and then various metals are extracted from the solution with the help of ionic resin. The raw materials obtained in this way are purer than those obtained by heat treatment, so the price is higher in the market, and 95% of the substances contained in the batteries can be extracted. Wet treatment can save the sorting process (because sorting is manual operation, which will increase the cost). The annual processing capacity of this device in magdeburg can reach 7,511 tons, although its cost is slightly higher than that of landfill method, but precious raw materials will not be discarded and will not pollute the environment.

(3) Vacuum heat treatment method

The vacuum heat treatment method developed by Alte Company in Germany is even cheaper, but it needs to sort out the nickel-cadmium batteries from the waste batteries, heat the waste batteries in vacuum, and recover the mercury quickly, then grind the remaining raw materials, extract metallic iron with magnets, and then extract nickel and manganese from the remaining powder. The cost of processing a ton of waste batteries is less than 1,511 marks.

Prospect: IV. Prospect

Nowadays, people's awareness of environmental protection has been greatly improved. For example, cities such as Beijing and Shanghai have set up special buckets for throwing waste batteries. I believe that in the near future, the problem of recycling waste batteries will be well solved.

Nomura Seiko Corporation in Hokkaido, Japan buys 3,111 tons of used batteries from all over the country every year, accounting for 21% of the used batteries in the country. 93% of them are collected by non-governmental environmental protection organizations and 7% by various manufacturers. In the past, mercury was mainly recovered, but at present, domestic batteries in Japan no longer contain mercury, so we mainly recover the iron case of batteries and the "black" raw materials in them, and develop and manufacture secondary products, for example, one of them can be used to produce TV picture tubes.

in Germany, consumers are required to send all kinds of used batteries, such as dry batteries and button batteries, to stores or waste recycling stations for recycling. Stores and waste recycling stations must unconditionally accept waste batteries and transfer them to manufacturers for recycling. Waste recycling stations and manufacturers generally only recycle batteries containing toxic chemical components such as cadmium and mercury, while 91% of Pugan zinc-carbon batteries and aluminum-magnesium batteries are buried or incinerated as domestic garbage.

the United States is a country with the most detailed legislation on environmental management of waste batteries, which has not only established a perfect recycling system for waste batteries, but also established