One, the heavy burden of resource enterprises
Resource enterprises refers to the exploitation of mineral resources, forest resources and the processing of these resources enterprises, including coal enterprises, petroleum enterprises, metallurgical enterprises and forest industry enterprises. These enterprises are basically state-owned large and medium-sized enterprises, most of the operating period of more than 40 years, and now a considerable part of the enterprise has been burdened with a heavy burden, including more retirees, the enterprise to run the social expenditure, the heavy burden of taxes and fees and heavy debt burden.
(A) retirees more
Resource-based cities in the resource-based enterprises, some of which have been established before liberation, and some are in the "First Five", "Second Five" period to establish, less than 40 years, or nearly a hundred years, so far, the formation of a large number of retirees. A large number of retirees have been formed.
(2) Large Expenditures on Enterprise-run Social Services
Like other types of large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises in China, resource-based enterprises run their own social services such as schools, hospitals, and even police stations and fire departments. And since most of the resource-based enterprises did not have cities to rely on when they were first set up, the content of the enterprises' social affairs is more and more comprehensive than that of other types of large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises.
(3) Heavy tax burden
The taxes of China's resource-based enterprises generally account for about 10 percent of sales revenue. For example, the Pangang Group Company, in 2002, the various taxes paid for 1.48 billion yuan, accounting for 10.6% of sales revenue in that year; Tonghua Mining Bureau, the current comprehensive tax rate of 9%; Liaoning Province, non-ferrous mines currently taxes accounted for 10.1% of sales revenue, chemical mines taxes accounted for 11% of sales revenue. According to relevant information, the current taxes of Chinese mining enterprises are one times higher than those of other industrial enterprises and 6 percentage points higher than those of the same industry abroad.
We believe that the deep-seated reason for the heavy taxation of resource-based enterprises is that China has long included resource-based industries in the secondary industry and treated them equally with the manufacturing industry in the design of tax policies, and thus also levied VAT, despite the low column tax rate of 13%, the actual VAT is heavy due to the low input deduction of resource-based enterprises. At the same time, resource enterprises have to pay more resource tax and resource compensation fee than other enterprises. For example, the current resource tax of Datong Coal Group is RMB 2.4 per ton, and the compensation fee for mineral resources is about 1% of the sales revenue, and the total of resource tax and compensation fee for mineral resources is about RMB 3.5 per ton of coal.
(D) heavy debt burden
Because of the system, history, management, resources, the market and other reasons, there are a lot of resource-based enterprises production and operation efficiency is poor, resulting in a large debt burden. For example, Jixi Mining Group 1985 ~ 1994 10 years during the general contracting period for the planned economy to the market economy transition period. 1992, the company encountered unprecedented difficulties, becoming one of the most difficult enterprises in the industry. During the 10 years of general contracting, the loss target approved by the superior to the company was 1024.7 million yuan, while the actual loss of the company was 334.372 million yuan. In order to make up for the shortfall of the loss target, the company will be given by the state to the various revenue-raising policies 1,357.58 million yuan and 267.34 million yuan of the enterprise's own funds, plus the state subsidies given to the floods of 24.04 million yuan, a total of 1,658.96 million yuan to make up for the over-loss, even so, the company is still over the loss of 660.66 million yuan. 1995 and 1996, even if the loss target issued by the higher authorities was completed, but that was in the midst of a large number of arrears in payment of the loss target. In 1995 and 1996, even though the loss target issued by the higher level was accomplished, it was accomplished on the basis of a large number of salary arrears, reduction of inputs for production and operation, and increase of loan repayment. Since then, 1997 further aggravated the difficulties, especially in 1998, the company only completed 5.21 million tons of raw coal production in large wells, the loss of up to 1013.79 million yuan, the cumulative loss of about 1.8 billion yuan over the years. As of the end of 1998, the asset-liability ratio of 97.7%, working capital loans of more than 1.1 billion yuan, infrastructure loans of 1.95 billion yuan, people owed, owed people a deficit of 1.25 billion yuan, owed 376.71 million yuan in wages.
Another example is Huludao's Yangjiazhuangzi mine, formerly under the China Nonferrous Metals Industry Bureau, for large-scale molybdenum metal pro-exploitation enterprises, located in Yangjiazhuangzi town. Founded in 1899, "First Five" period of the country's 156 key projects, was once the country's largest, world-renowned molybdenum production base. Due to the gradual shrinkage of mineral resources, historical baggage and other reasons, the mine from the mid- to late-70s began to lose money, to the end of October 1999, the accumulated losses amounted to 260 million yuan, can only rely on the state financial subsidies to maintain operations. Total assets of 436 million yuan (excluding land), total liabilities of 612 million yuan, gearing ratio of 140%. 1998 autumn, Premier Zhu in Dalian to listen to state-owned large and medium-sized enterprises, the mine will be identified as one of the seven closed non-ferrous metal mining enterprises in Liaoning Province. 1999 November, the mine announced the closure of the February 2000, in accordance with the legal procedures formally declared bankruptcy.
Two, the slow economic growth of some cities
Petroleum, coal, metallurgy, forest industry and other resource enterprises, most of which are established under the planned economic system of the old state-owned enterprises, not only exists in the above mentioned heavy burden of the problem, but also has a mechanism is not active, aging equipment, redundancy, such as redundancy and other generally old and large-scale state-owned enterprises owned by the **** the same drawbacks. In addition, there are also some unique difficulties, mainly including: First, some areas are facing different degrees of resource depletion. Such as Beipiao City, Liaoning Province, coal mining has a history of 120 years, there is basically no extractable reserves, the Mining Bureau has been the overall bankruptcy. Although there are some reserves, but most of the buried deep, poor quality, complex geological conditions, mining difficulty, under the existing conditions, enterprises are difficult to achieve benefits. Such as Hegang City, Heilongjiang Province, although there are nearly 2 billion tons of coal reserves, but most of the deep coal, mining costs are high, year after year losses, unsustainable. Secondly, new resources, new materials and new energy to traditional energy, raw materials to accelerate the replacement of resource products market shrinkage. Third, for a long time, China has underpriced resource-based products, making resource-based enterprises accumulate less. Fourth, due to the low threshold for entering the production of resource-based products, in the past decade or so, some townships and individual private enterprises have joined the ranks of resource extraction, making the market supply of coal and other resource-based products exceed demand, and large resource-based enterprises are facing the pressure of competition from small enterprises. Fifth, out of the requirements of ecological protection, forest logging has been strictly limited. These various reasons are superimposed together, so that a considerable part of the resource-based enterprises are facing unprecedented difficulties, specifically manifested in: the production scale has shrunk, laid off and unemployed workers increased; long-term losses, low production and operating efficiencies; capital turnover difficulties, unsustainable production and operation.
Resource cities are relying on resource-based enterprises and the formation and development of resource-based enterprises in resource-based cities in the economic status of the pivotal, its industrial output value, tax revenue, employees and other indicators are basically more than 40%, and some by as high as 80% to 90%. Therefore, resource-based enterprises in production and operation difficulties will certainly have a direct impact on the city's economic growth and vitality. From the investment point of view, large-scale resource enterprises generally account for the city's investment in 30% to 50% of the total investment, and some even up to 70% or more. Resource-based enterprises in trouble, the enterprise's investment capacity certainly not go, the city's investment capacity is bound to go; from the consumption point of view, large-scale resource-based enterprises, employees and their families to account for the city's urban residents of the 1/5 to 1/3, resource-based enterprises in trouble, the level of consumption of employees and their families will decline, the city's level of consumption will decline, in the vast majority of resource-based cities, resource-based enterprises, income level is the city's consumption level of the city. Income level is the city's consumption level of the "barometer"; from the point of view of financial income, resource-based enterprises pay taxes generally account for the city's financial income of more than 1/3, such as Heilongjiang Province, Hegang Mining Group paid taxes accounted for 60% of the city's financial income, resource-based enterprises in trouble, the city's finances are bound to decline significantly. At the same time, the downturn of resource enterprises will also form a "domino effect". Resource-based cities, there are a considerable number of enterprises directly or indirectly for large-scale resource-based enterprises supporting resource-based enterprises in trouble, the relevant enterprises are not spared, thus forming a comprehensive impact on the city's development and stability.
It is also worth noting that the economic decline of resource cities has led to slow regional economic growth. For example, during the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period, accounting for a quarter of the country's total resource-based cities in the northeast, the economic growth rate is more than 1 percentage point lower than the national average, resource-based cities accounted for about one-eighth of the country's Shanxi Province, its economic growth rate is nearly 2 percentage points lower than the national average.
Three, laid-off unemployed people
Resource cities laid-off unemployed people mainly consists of three parts, one part is due to the depletion of resources or assets formed by the resource enterprises to reduce the number of employees; another part is due to the shrinking of the resource enterprises and the depression of associated enterprises and the lack of competitiveness of the unemployed generated by other enterprises; and a part of the lack of new growth points in the urban economy and the formation of new labor force; and a lack of new growth points in the urban economy. unemployment of the new labor force formed due to the lack of new growth points in the urban economy.
Four, serious damage to the ecological environment
Resource cities, in addition to the general city of the "three wastes" pollution, there are also some unique ecological problems (a) land subsidence
This is a **** problem faced by all coal cities. According to a survey in 1998, every tons of coal mining formed 3 acres of sunken ground. China's annual coal mining formed 1.5 million 20,000 hectares of collapsed land. As of 2001, Shuangyashan's coal mining area covered 116.6 square kilometers, and the collapsed area was 62 square kilometers, involving 21,000 households and 68,000 people. Datong City has produced 2 billion tons of coal in 50 years, and formed nearly 45,000 hectares of air-mining areas. Xiaoyi City in Shanxi Province also has an existing land subsidence area of 15,000 hectares, accounting for 16% of the city's total area. In Anhui Province, the land subsidence area in Huaibei City and Huainan City reached 1.47 and 0.65 million hectares respectively.
(2) Solid waste accumulation
Mainly including ore accumulation in metallurgical cities and coal gangue accumulation in coal cities and fly ash accumulation in power plants. According to the relevant information, the national accumulation of waste rock and tailings accumulated over the years covers an area of 67,000 hectares. According to the survey in 1998, every formation of tons of iron production capacity, need to occupy 3.5 hectares; every mining tons of ore occupied land 0.5 to 1 hectare. Such as Jixi City, Heilongjiang Province, coal mining gangue generated by more than 100 million tons of coal gangue, each year is about 6 million tons of speed increase, not only occupies a large area of land, and seriously pollute the environment; Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province, the existing coal gangue stacked up to 516,000 tons; Panzhihua, Sichuan Province, an annual production of 12 million tons of industrial waste residue, accounting for 1/2 of Sichuan Province, the current cumulative storage of 170 million tons, covering an area of 15.2 million square meters. It covers an area of 1.52 million square meters.
(C) water resource destruction
In China's resource cities, water resource destruction is more serious, many cities have been polluted many times, seriously affecting the water quality as a source of drinking water, to solve the problem of water pollution has been imminent. Shanxi eight mining bureau has 40% of the mining area serious water shortage, 60% of the mining area water quality is not good. Datong City, Shanxi Province, is one of the country's 100 most water-scarce cities, urban per capita possession of 220 cubic meters, equivalent to the national per capita amount of 2,400 cubic meters of one-tenth of the per capita amount of 570 cubic meters in Shanxi Province, 39%. The city's average annual over-exploitation of 0.8 billion cubic meters of groundwater, resulting in urban groundwater level to an average annual rate of l ~ 1.5 meters of decline, has formed a total area of 100 square kilometers of groundwater leakage area. According to incomplete statistics, the city has 13 townships, more than 110 villages, more than 110,000 people, more than 20,000 head of livestock, due to the decline in the water level, wells dry and have to dozens of miles away from the water. Xiaoyi City in Shanxi Province also suffered drinking water difficulties for 114,000 people due to coal mining.
V. Poor urban location and infrastructure debts
It is well known that in resource development, China has long adopted the "one mine, one city" model, that is, to develop where the mineral or forest resources, where to build a city, so that most of the resource cities are formed and developed on the basis of resource development. In this way, most resource cities are formed and developed on the basis of resource development, and the endowment and distribution of resources determine the macro-location of resource cities. According to the relevant information, about 80% of the resource cities are distributed in the resource-rich central and western regions, and quite a number of cities are established in the poor countryside or on the Gobi desert, many cities such as Daqing, Hegang, Yichun, Yumen, Karamay, Wuxu, Wuhai, etc. are located deep inland or in remote desert areas, while the center of gravity of China's economy is located in the east, especially in the eastern coastal areas. Therefore, this macro-location condition is unfavorable to the development of resource-oriented cities. Specific analysis, this unfavorable, on the one hand, they are far away from the main large and medium-sized cities and economically developed areas, or far away from the main market, increasing the cost of transportation of products exported; on the other hand, it is difficult to accept the radiation of the economic center, to accept the outflow of capital from the developed areas, talent and technology and other factors of production.
From the micro city building conditions, "a mine and a city" model of another layer of meaning is that most of the resource-based cities built on the edge of the mine, where the mine, the city is built to where. In this case, some mining areas are difficult to meet the conditions of a normal city on the terrain, transportation, water supply and other aspects of the requirements of the city, a number of cities are built in the low hills, such as Hegang City, Shuangyashan City, Qitaihe, Heilongjiang Province, Gansu Province, Gansu Province, Baiyin City, Panzhihua, Sichuan Province, etc.; some of the cities because of the edge of the mines and the construction of the city to form a very decentralized urban layout, a typical example of Heilongjiang Typical examples are Yichun City, Daqing City and Huainan City in Anhui Province. Whether the city was built on a hill or in a decentralized urban layout, it greatly increased the cost of urban construction, making the investment in urban infrastructure construction per unit length or area much higher than that of an average city. At the same time, due to the lack of attention or attention to urban planning at that time, resulting in some of the urban infrastructure construction is extremely unreasonable, and now it is no longer easy to transform.
During the long period of planned economy, China basically followed the guiding principle of "production first, life later" in all fields, and in the process of resource development, emphasized the construction of mines for direct production and neglected the construction of urban infrastructures for people's life. Therefore, when resource enterprises and local governments implemented the "government-enterprise unification", resource enterprises in their youth had the ability to invest in the construction of urban infrastructure, but due to the influence of the guiding ideology of "production first, life later", they didn't spend much money on the construction of urban infrastructure. Infrastructure construction. Since the reform and opening up, when people have realized the importance of urban construction, the system of "government-enterprise unification" has been replaced by "block division", and resource enterprises have no obligation to spend money on urban construction, while local governments that should be responsible for urban construction are "unable to spend more than they can afford" because of their limited financial resources. "The local government, which should be responsible for urban construction, has limited financial resources and is unable to do so. In this way, the infrastructure of resource-based cities lagging behind is inevitable, far behind the basic requirements of urban development.
Sixth, the problem of fragmentation is still very prominent
Long, as the resource-based city's main economic body of large resource-based enterprises, such as the Petroleum Administration, Mining Group, iron and steel or copper companies, etc., has been by the "strip" management. In recent years, except for oil enterprises, basically decentralized by the relevant provincial departments. Whether under the central government, or under the provincial management, for resource enterprises in the city, the problem of compartmentalization is still very prominent. On the one hand, it is manifested in the conflict between the short-termization of the production and operation behavior of enterprises and the requirement of cities to achieve the goal of sustainable development. In recent years, most of the resource enterprises, although the name of the restructuring, such as the original "Mining Bureau" to "Mining Group", but the actual situation is far from reaching the requirements of the modern enterprise system, "clear property rights, rights and responsibilities Clear, clear rights and responsibilities, separation of government and enterprises, scientific management" and other conditions, the enterprise as a government appendage of the situation has not changed much, but in the past is a central department of the appendage, and now become a provincial government department of the appendage, business leaders are still with the competent authorities to assess the baton rotation. For example, at present, the relevant departments of a province of a term of office of coal mining enterprise leaders of the assessment of the main two indicators: one is the profit target; the second is the safety target. This kind of management approach forces enterprise managers to make quick profits and empty the enterprise, will inevitably make the enterprise lose the ability to sustain development. As for the city, although the current cadre system also has a "secretary", "mayor" for quick results and take short-term behavior factors, but in terms of urban development itself, it is required to achieve long-term prosperity, to achieve sustainable development.
On the other hand, it is manifested in the fact that the public facilities such as water supply and gas supply, as well as the educational and medical facilities such as schools and hospitals, belong to the resource-based enterprises and the city government, resulting in duplication of construction and waste of resources. Because the vast majority of resource cities are evolved from the "government-enterprise" system, so the resource enterprises are run by the water supply, gas supply and other urban utilities and various levels of schools and hospitals. In the present situation, the water supply and gas supply units belonging to the resource enterprises will be transferred to the local government, and the government will have the enthusiasm but the enterprises will not have high enthusiasm. Because the city's water supply and gas supply units have good benefits now, if they are transferred to the local government, resource enterprises are worried that their interests will be jeopardized, and even if they take the form of joint-stock system to merge the resource enterprises with the water supply and gas supply units belonging to the city, the resource enterprises will not be active. The transfer of schools from resource-based enterprises to the local government is positive for the enterprises but not for the government, because the government has to increase its expenditure on education. There are two options for the transfer of schools: one is that the resource enterprises will no longer pay for education after the transfer; the other is that the resource enterprises will continue to pay the same amount of money for education for a number of years after the transfer. In the former case, it is clear that the local government will have to increase its expenditure on schools owned by the former enterprise. If it is the latter, although the resource enterprises continue to pay the same amount of education funding, but because at present the vast majority of resource enterprises, especially coal enterprises belonging to the school staff treatment is lower than that of the local government-owned schools, the government to take over, then the original resource enterprises belonging to the school staff are bound to improve their treatment, the original education funding is not enough resource enterprises, the need for the government to increase the additional funding, which is also difficult to the limited financial resources of the local government, the local government will not be able to increase the funding. This is also difficult for the limited financial resources of the local government to bear. The transfer of hospitals to the local government has gone smoothly because both the resource companies and the local government have been more proactive. This is because most of the hospitals owned by the resource companies are basically in a break-even situation, and whoever manages them will be the same.
City utilities and schools, "block division" makes the local government can not be integrated planning, rational layout, resulting in a waste of resources. Such as a metallurgical city in the northwest, the water supply has been mainly by the resource enterprises, but because of the time is too long, the equipment has aged, and intends to import equipment from foreign loans to carry out the transformation. At the same time, the local government in the 1990s built a water plant because there is no user equipment has been idle. Another example is a coal mining city in the northeast, on the one hand, the mining group's school because of the last few years, less investment, poorer quality and students have to turn to the local government schools, there are idle school buildings; on the other hand, the local government organized schools because of the rapid increase in the number of students and had to find ways to raise funds to build new school buildings. Waiting for a future day, mining group-owned schools and local government schools merged, it is likely that the total amount of school building surplus situation.