D 1 Itinerary: Kunming City Cost: Tickets for Kunming World Expo Park 100 Yuan.
In downtown Kunming, where 1999 Kunming World Horticultural Exposition was held, Kunming Expo Park is still the first choice for foreign tourists after coming to Kunming. Yunnan is located in the southwest frontier of China, and Changchun and Kunming are called "Spring Cities" all the year round. Throughout the year, the green plants here are constantly blooming, and all kinds of flowers are overwhelmed.
D2 itinerary: Kunming-Dali overnight train hard sleeper fee 90 yuan.
Timetable of specific railway trains:
1, N982 Kunming-Kunming, Dali travel time: 22: 36, and finally arrive in Dali time: 06: 10 the next day.
2.N986 Kunming-Dali Kunming Driving Time: 2 1: 30, Final Time: 05: 30 the next day.
3.N992 Kunming-Dali Kunming Driving Time: 23: 17 Arriving in Dali Time: 07: 30 the next day.
4.N996 Kunming-Dali Kunming Driving Time: 09: 02; Arrival time in Dali: the same day 15: 40.
The ancient city of Xiaguan in Dali was once the capital of Dali. Main attractions: Cangshan Erhai Lake (ticket: 30 yuan) butterfly spring (5 yuan) Three Pagodas of Dali Chongsheng Temple (30 yuan).
Cangshan Erhai Lake in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province is a place that ancient and modern tourists yearn for. Yang Sheng 'an, a famous scholar in the Ming Dynasty, described it as "the mountains and Qinghai are blue and half moon" and "looking up at the sky without feeling refreshed, flying over the eaves and climbing over the walls".
Cangshan Mountain, also known as Diancang Mountain, has 19 peaks, with the highest elevation of more than 4,000 meters.
Cangshan Mountain has always been famous for its snow, clouds and springs. Cangshan snow, which is not needed after summer, is the most famous of the four scenic spots in Dali. In the spring of March, the top of Diancang Mountain looks crystal-clear and quiet, and it is worthy of being a crystal world.
The clouds in Diancang Mountain have different shapes, sometimes as light as smoke, and sometimes as thick as splashing ink. At the turn of summer and autumn, jade-like white clouds appear from time to time on the green mountainside, stretching for hundreds of miles and charming.
On the top of Cangshan Mountain, there are many alpine moraine lakes, surrounded by virgin forests that cover the sky. There are also 18 streams flowing between 19 peaks, nourishing the land on the foothills and dams, and dotted with the scenery of Cangshan Mountain. Cangshan is still the world of flowers. There are not only dozens of rhododendrons here, but also rare hibiscus flowers and hydrangeas-Malik Huaying.
Erhai Lake is a beautiful plateau lake with a long and narrow shape, 40 kilometers long from north to south and an area of about 240 square kilometers. On a calm day, boating in Erhai Lake, the clean and transparent sea surface is like a clear blue sky, giving people a sense of tranquility and distance.
In Tuanshan, the southernmost part of Erhai Lake, there is an Erhai Park, which is a good place to enjoy the scenery of Cangshan Erhai Lake.
belleville spring
At the foot of Cangshan Mountain and the shore of Erhai Lake, there is also a famous tourist attraction-butterfly spring.
Butterfly spring's fame is related to Xu Xiake's description in his travel notes. He wrote: "There are big trees on the spring. In early April, flowers will be like butterflies, and their wings will be like butterflies. There are also tens of millions of real butterflies, all hooked on their feet, hanging upside down from trees and reaching out to the spring, which are colorful. " It is true that there are countless butterflies coming to this party, and their colors are gorgeous, such as summer.
The number of butterflies decreased a few years ago. According to the investigation of relevant parties, the main reason is that the local climate turned to dryness, which led to butterfly migration, and a large number of pesticides were used in rural areas, which accidentally injured many butterfly larvae. However, in recent two or three years, with the gradual restoration of ecological balance and people's conscious protection measures for butterflies, the number of butterflies gathering every year is increasing day by day.
D3 itinerary: Dali-Lijiang, Old Town of Lijiang Tickets: 120 yuan. Accommodation can choose to live in Sifang street, and the cost can be 80 yuan for a standard room. At the same time, at ten o'clock in the evening, I went to Dayan Naxi Ancient Music Club to listen to the mysterious Dongba ancient music. 50 yuan.
Old Town of Lijiang Sifang Street and Lijiang Shogunate are famous tourist attractions in Lijiang. 1997 12.4 At the 265438th plenary meeting of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee held in Naples, Italy, it was included in the World Heritage List according to the cultural heritage selection criteria C(II)(IV).
Evaluation by World Heritage Committee: Lijiang, an ancient city, skillfully blends economic and strategic locations with rugged terrain, and truly and perfectly preserves and reproduces its quaint features. The architecture of the ancient city has experienced the baptism and vicissitudes of countless dynasties, and is famous for integrating the cultural characteristics of various ethnic groups. Lijiang also has an ancient water supply system, criss-crossing, exquisite and unique, which still plays an effective role today.
"Old Town of Lijiang" is the world's first "living space for residents" that has become a world heritage.
Old Town of Lijiang, located in Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County, Yunnan Province, was founded in the late Song Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty (/kloc-the late 3rd century). The ancient city is located in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, with an altitude of more than 2,400 meters and an area of 3.8 square kilometers. Since ancient times, it has been a famous market and an important town on the ancient tea-horse road. The ancient city has more than 25,000 residents. Among them, Naxi people account for the vast majority of the total population, and 30% of the residents are still engaged in traditional handicrafts and commercial activities, mainly producing bronzes and silverware, fur and leather, textiles and wine making.
The streets of Old Town of Lijiang are built by mountains and rivers, and paved with red breccia, which will not be muddy in rainy season or flying dust in dry season. Stone patterns are natural and elegant, which complement the whole urban environment. Sifang street, located in the center of the ancient city, is the representative of Lijiang ancient street. There are 354 bridges on the Yu He River system in Old Town of Lijiang, with an average density of 93 bridges per square kilometer. Bridges have various shapes, among which the famous ones are Suocui Bridge, Dashiqiao Bridge, Wanqian Bridge, Nanmen Bridge, Ma 'an Bridge and Renshou Bridge, all of which were built in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (14-19th century). Among them, Dashiqiao, located at 100 meters east of Sifang Street, is the most distinctive.
Old Town of Lijiang is also known as Dayan Town. Naxi dialect calls Dayan ancient city "the ancient capital of England", which means the land of Jiangwan. Founded in the late Song Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty, it has a history of more than 800 years. The ancient city is located on the Jinsha River at the foot of Yulong Snow Mountain, with dozens of acres of fertile fields and vast fields in the southeast. Shaped like a jade inkstone, it was named Dayan Town.
Old Town of Lijiang is the only historical and cultural city in China without walls. It is said that because the hereditary ruler of ancient Lijiang is surnamed Mu, it is unlucky to build a city wall, just like the word "sleepy" framed in wooden characters. The ancient city combines the essence of Naxi, Bai, Tibetan and Han architectural arts. Exploring its past, people find that this once forgotten "Ancient Naxi Kingdom" has been inhabited and multiplied by human beings since ancient times. Today's Naxi people are descendants of the Qiang people who moved south in ancient times. In the long years of thousands of years, they worked hard and built their own beautiful homes. Nowadays, there are a large number of houses in the Ming and Qing dynasties in the city, all of which are tile houses with civil structures, mostly with three squares and one wall. The layout of residential buildings is flexible, with emphasis on decoration and meticulous carving. Flowers, trees and bonsai are planted in the courtyard. There are many canals in the city, and buildings across water and adjacent canals are very common. (see attached figure)
Located in Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet traffic arteries. In ancient times, frequent commercial activities promoted the prosperity of local people and soon became famous markets and towns. It is generally believed that Lijiang was built in the late Song Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty. In 1253, Kublai Khan (Yuan Shizu) was stationed here when he conquered Dali. From then on, until the early Qing Dynasty, Lijiang was ruled by the Mu ancestor of Naxi nationality and the Mu Tusi (founded in 1382) under the jurisdiction of the central dynasty for nearly 500 years. In the meantime, Xu Xiake (1587- 164 1), a geographer of Amin Dynasty who had traveled all over Yunnan, described in the Diary of a Journey to Yunnan that Lijiang City was a "residential community with rows of tiled houses", with more than 1,000 residents in the ancient city in the late Ming Dynasty, which shows that the urban construction has been quite huge.
The shogunate in the ancient city was originally the hereditary chieftain shogunate in Lijiang. Founded in the Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 127 1 ~ 1368), it was rebuilt in 1998 and changed into an ancient city museum. The wooden house covers an area of 46 mu, with 162 rooms. (See attached figure) There is a plaque inscribed by emperors of past dynasties, 1 1, which reflects the rise and fall of the Mu family.
Sifang street is the center of the ancient city, extending in all directions and surrounded by quiet alleys. It is said that the toast of the Mu family was built at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty. This is the market center of past dynasties, and it is very lively every day. Four streets extend from the four corners of Sifang Street, leading directly to four suburbs in the southeast and northwest, and many streets and lanes branched off from the streets are like cobwebs, with smooth exchanges. Streets are paved with colored stones, smooth and clean, with no dust in sunny days and no water in rainy days. Almost every street has one side accompanied by running water. The spring comes from the Yu He River, and the river reaches the town to form a double stone bridge. It flows into the ancient city in three streams: east, west and middle, and goes around the street, through walls and houses. Willow hangs by the water, and the small bridge stands in Liu Xia, forming a unique style of "every family is flowing, and every family is weeping willow". When I came here, I suddenly felt the charm of "Venice of the East". In the early years of the city, Baima Longtan and several Jing Quan, which were built according to underground springs, still exist today. People have created the method of "one pond, one well and three ponds", that is, drinking water in the first pond, washing vegetables in the second pond, washing clothes in the third pond, and the clear water is decreasing in turn, which is both scientific and hygienic. Residents also use water to clean streets. As long as the sluice is put to stop the river and the water overflows the stone pavement, the pollution can be washed away and the market can be kept clean.
Lijiang Dayan Town, which is surrounded by mountains and waters, has neither a tall besieged city nor a spacious avenue, but it is simple and picturesque, showing natural harmony everywhere. Because of the terrain and flowing water, the houses in the town are scattered and undulating. People use wood, stone and mud to build beautiful and applicable houses, which are integrated into the traditions of Han, Bai and Tibetan dwellings and form a unique style. The common local houses are "three squares and one wall", that is, a courtyard surrounded by a main room, a wing room and a wall. Each room has three rooms and two floors. The main room facing south is occupied by the elders, and the east and west rooms are generally the next substitute. Most houses are decorated with a fish-shaped or leaf-shaped wood chip under the eaves of two gables, which is called "hanging fish" to pray for "more happiness and more celebration". Many courtyard gates are beautifully carved and the ground is covered with pebbles, tiles and tiles. There are generally six doors and windows in the front hall, and the carvings in the center of the window are mostly four seasons flowers or auspicious birds and animals. Most of the eaves in front of the hall are wide, which is a warm and comfortable activity space.
Baisha residential complex is located 8 kilometers north of Old Town of Lijiang. It was once the political, economic and cultural center of Lijiang during the Song and Yuan Dynasties (10 ~14th century). Baisha dwellings are distributed on a north-south axis, with a trapezoidal square in the middle. A spring water is introduced into the square from the north, and four alleys lead from the square to four directions, which is very distinctive. The formation and development of Baisha folk houses laid the foundation for the layout of Old Town of Lijiang.
It is said that there are 100 college students in the quiet courtyard of Naxi people, with small bridges and flowing water and birds and flowers. This shows the result of respecting literature-this is the land where one side gathers wisdom and elves.
Many Naxi people, especially Naxi men, are good at poetry, piano and calligraphy. In the colorful festivals of the ancient city, apart from the all-night national songs and dances and local operas, the most famous is the amateur "Naxi Ancient Music". (See attached chart) Among them, "White Sands and Fine Music" is a large-scale classical music suite integrating song, dance and pleasure, and is known as the "living fossil of music"; Another Lijiang "Dong Jing Qu" is derived from ancient Taoist music, and retains the rhyme of many long-lost lyrics of the Central Plains.
According to historical records, the murals in Lijiang, represented by Dabaoji Palace, were painted in succession during the 300 years from the early Ming Dynasty to Puli period. At that time, local officials hired a group of Han painters headed by Ma, as well as Tibetan and Bai painters, the eldest son of Dongba religion and Taoist disciples.
These Ming and Qing frescoes distributed in the ancient city and its surrounding 15 temples are characterized by the coexistence of various religions and sects. The large-scale mural "The Tathagata Endless" existing in Dabaoji Palace in Baisha Village, Lijiang, brings together hundreds of Buddha statues of Han Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism and Taoism, which embodies the characteristics of Naxi Nationality Religion culture.
Baisha murals attract domestic and foreign tourists with their unique painting style and precious historical and cultural connotation. Baisha is located at 16 km north of Lijiang city. It is an ancient and beautiful town, the original settlement of Naxi people in Lijiang Dam, the birthplace of Lijiang wooden toast and the earliest political center of Naxi people.
During the Ming Dynasty, Lijiang's wooden chieftain was at its peak, with stable political situation and prosperous economy. In order to show his wealth, he built a lot of palaces and buildings. The existing white sand glazed hall, Dabaoji Palace, Dadingge and other temples were all built during this period. Among them, the murals of the Ming Dynasty are extremely precious cultural relics and belong to the national key cultural relics protection units. There are 558 murals in Dabaoji Palace, which is the largest mural collection in Lijiang. The murals preserved in Dabaoji Palace and Liuli Hall are particularly essence. These two palaces were declared as national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council in 1996 and 12 respectively.
Baisha murals are eclectic, unique in various religious cultures and artistic schools, and blend Tibetan Buddhism, Han Buddhism, Taoism and Dongba religion. It is a unique artistic treasure. In terms of artistic style, it embodies the mutual integration of traditional painting techniques and styles of Han, Tibetan and Naxi nationalities. The contents of murals show the life stories of Tibetan Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism. The painting has rigorous layout, rigorous brushwork, rich colors, accurate modeling and lifelike characters, which obviously absorbs the characteristics of Dongba painting, such as rough, strong color contrast, even lines and refined brushwork. Lijiang murals have a wide range of themes, depicting natural scenery such as flying horses, blooming lotus flowers, Shan Ye, flowers, birds, insects and fish. These paintings clearly show the painter's keen observation ability and his thoughts and feelings of actively entering the WTO. The religious figures depicted in the murals are reflected by religion, integrated into the painter's aesthetic thoughts, or implicitly or explicitly expressed the social life at that time. (see attached figure)
Up to now, there is a hieroglyphic "Dongba" circulating in Lijiang area. This unique script used by Naxi ancestors to record Dongba scriptures is the only living hieroglyph in the world. Today, libraries and museums in China and some European and American countries have collected more than 20,000 Dongba classic ancient books, which have recorded the splendid history and culture of Naxi people for thousands of years. Among them, the Dongba dance score named Cuomo, including dozens of ancient dance arts, is an extremely rare and precious document. Dongba Sutra, known as the "encyclopedia" of ancient Naxi people, is of great value to the study of Naxi history and culture. (see attached figure)
Appendix 1: Residential Buildings in Old Town of Lijiang (reprinted in "Lijiang Naxi Net")
The residential buildings in Old Town of Lijiang are the concentrated expression of the architectural art and style of Naxi nationality. It is formed on the basis of the original form of the Naxi nationality's dead wood and dull room, absorbs and integrates some advantages of Han, Bai, Tibetan and other national buildings, and has distinctive local characteristics and national styles in layout and architectural art.
A. Layout and architectural features:
Residential buildings are generally two-story wooden buildings, about 7.5 meters high, and there are a few three-story buildings, which are bucket structures with masonry walls and verandahs (that is, scales) on the roof of tiles. According to the different frame forms and verandahs, it can be divided into seven categories: bungalow, open building, rain mansion, arcade, savage building, stuffy building and rain mansion. There are three types of layout: three squares and one zhaobi, four entrances and five patios, front and rear courtyards, one entrance and two courtyards, two square corners, quadrangles, multiple courtyards and multi-courtyard combinations, among which three squares and one zhaobi and four entrances and five patios are typical. Three squares and one zhaobi, that is, one square in the main room, two squares in the left and right wing rooms, and the zhaobi opposite the main room, form a three-in-one courtyard. Four-in-five-patio refers to a closed four-in-one house composed of four houses: the main room, the lower room and the left and right wing rooms. In addition to a large patio in the middle, there are four small patios or leaky houses in the four corners. Three squares, one wall, four in one and five patios are the most basic and common forms in Lijiang dwellings, and other layout forms are their variation, evolution, development and combination. The framework of Lijiang folk houses is very flexible. There are hanging mountains, and the main stress parts of the wooden frame are provided with members with binding functions such as "Ma Le hanging", "anchor", "crossing the square" and "Qian Jin". According to the inclination of 1%, the whole frame inclines the stigma inward and the column root outward, which enhances the stability of the frame. At the connection part of the frame, flexible connections such as "two tenons", "big tenon" and "flat tenon" are adopted respectively according to the stress situation, and the hidden tip of the well is set to facilitate earthquake resistance. Heavy (garbage) and light (wood) retaining walls are solid and practical. Lijiang folk houses are criss-crossed in shape combination and wheel corridor modeling. Beautiful corridors; The facade is mostly stone, plastered on the wall, bricked in the corner, covered with blue tiles, with harmonious colors and simple appearance.
B. Local characteristics of residential courtyards:
Lijiang folk houses attach great importance to the decoration of houses, focusing on the gatehouse, zhaobi, veranda, door-window partition, patio, beam imitation and so on.
There are three types of gatehouses: brick arch, wooden beam arch and wooden frame. Brick arch buildings are mostly in the form of three drops of water with high middle and low sides. Wooden lintel archway is a three-story archway supported by wooden lintel and covered with thin bricks. Wooden gatehouses are mostly double-slope roofs, and the eaves are decorated with multi-layer flower boards and flower covers. There are three drops of water on the zhaobi of ordinary houses, and the small zhaobi of the inner corridor is decorated with marble. The doors and windows of the house are decorated with woodcarving patterns such as blackbirds, flowers, chess, calligraphy and painting, stone utensils, etc., which are the product of combining function and art. In addition, beams, beams, railings, column bases, footstools, cornices, roofs and other wood, stone and tile parts are also decorated. For example, the beam head of a larger beam is carved into an animal head, commonly known as the "lion head", and some are carved into drums and bottles.
C. Residential courtyard design:
The courtyards of ancient residential buildings are all paved with pebbles and five-flowered stones, and the pattern depends on the size of the courtyards or the preferences of the owners. The content involves flowers, snakehead, insects, folklore, fairy tales and so on. Simple technique and rigorous layout. A house with a large area and many courtyards generally consists of two squares, a zhaobi, a flowerbed and a pool.
Appendix II: Shuhe Ancient Town
When Xu Xiake traveled here, he wrote in his account, "After crossing a dry stone bridge, he looked at the sea in the west and the willow waves lingered. There was a big settlement on it, which was ten courtyards." "Ten Harmony" is the ancient name of Shuhe today. It can be seen that as early as the Ming Dynasty, this was an important market town in Lijiang.
Shuhe River, located 4 kilometers northwest of Old Town of Lijiang, is known as the hometown of clear springs. The residential buildings in Shuhe Residential District are patchwork, and the layout is similar to Sifang Street in Old Town of Lijiang. There is a pool of water on Shuhe Street, called Jiuding Longtan, also known as Longquan. Green willows hang down by the pool, cypresses point to the sky, springs are clear, and fish can be counted. The running water overflowing from the pool meanders along the village Nakakoji, gurgling far and near. There is a small square street with a length of 33 meters and a width of 27 meters in the center of the village, which can divert water to flush the toilet like the square street in the ancient city. Those flagstones trampled by chariots and horses on the street seem to see the prosperity of the past. Qinglong river passes through the center of the building complex, and the Qinglong Bridge built in Ming Dynasty (1368 ~ 1644) crosses it. Qinglong Bridge is also the largest stone arch bridge in Lijiang.
Shuhe was once famous for its developed handicrafts such as culture, education, leather processing and bamboo weaving. As early as the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, Shuhe opened a free school library and three private schools aided by the government. Recently, primary schools and middle schools have been established, making Shuhe a famous hometown of talents. In the past, there were more than 300 households engaged in leather industry in Shuhe Village, with a daily output of 500 pairs of leather shoes. All kinds of leather goods are exported to Tibet, Xichang, Qinghai and other places, and some businessmen even reach India, Nepal and other countries. Therefore, there is a saying that a cobbler is a cobbler and an awl walks the world. In Ninglang Zhongdian and Deqin, there is also a cobbler village in Shuhe, where the cobblers live. 1942 Shuhe cobbler village cooperated with international organizations and established a "leather cooperative" through loans and joint ventures.
Nowadays, if you wander around Longquan and stroll through Shuhe Ancient Street, you can always feel a strong cultural atmosphere. As a residential building around Dayan ancient city, Shuhe residential building has become a part of "world cultural heritage" and attracted many tourists of all colors.
Annex III: Information of Lijiang World Heritage Park Construction Project
Lijiang TV reported on June 28th, 2003 that the "Lijiang World Heritage Park" project under construction is progressing smoothly and has entered the countdown stage.
The planned "Lijiang World Heritage Park" is located in the north of the extension line of Xueshan Middle Road. It is invested by Lijiang Sanduo Garden Tourism Development Company and designed and constructed by Kunming bloom Garden Development Company. Covering an area of 500 mu, it is one of the key construction projects in Lijiang recently.
"Lijiang World Heritage Park" is planned and constructed to cooperate with the "second venture" of Lijiang tourism industry and the successful declaration of three world heritages. The park is planned to include miniature landscapes and celebrity sculptures of more than ten major scenic spots with three parallel rivers, such as Lugu Lake, the First Bay of the Yangtze River, Yulong Snow Mountain, Laojun Mountain, Jinsha River, Nujiang River and Lancang River, as well as major facilities such as Dongba Memory Literature Exhibition Hall. After the completion of the construction, tourists will be able to intuitively understand the main scenic spots, folk customs and folk customs of Lijiang City and the park where the three rivers flow side by side, which will play a role in promoting and guiding tourists to the scenic spots and also have certain commemorative significance.
The project started construction on June 5, 2003 +065438+ and is scheduled to be completed on April 30, 2004. At present, the project construction has entered a tense countdown stage.
Appendix IV: Cultural Heritage
According to the provisions of the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, one of the following categories can be classified as cultural heritage:
(1) Cultural relics: buildings, sculptures and paintings with outstanding and universal value, components or structures with archaeological significance, inscriptions, caves, settlements and various cultural relics from the perspective of history, art or science;
(2) Building: a single or interrelated building with outstanding and universal value from a historical, artistic or scientific point of view because of its architectural form, identity and position in the landscape;
(3) Sites: man-made projects or masterpieces of man and nature with outstanding and universal values and archaeological sites from the perspective of history, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology.
Any cultural heritage project nominated for inclusion in the World Heritage List must meet one or more of the following criteria before it can be approved.
(1) represents a unique artistic achievement and a creative masterpiece of genius;
② It can have a great influence on the development of architectural art, memorial art, town planning or landscape design in a certain period or a certain cultural region in the world;
③ It can provide a unique or at least special witness for a disappearing civilization or cultural tradition;
④ It can be used as an outstanding example of a building, a group of buildings or a landscape, showing an important stage (or stages) in the visit history;
⑤ It can be regarded as an outstanding example of a traditional place where human beings live or use, representing one (or several) cultures, especially under the influence of irreversible changes.
⑥ It has direct or substantial connection with events with special universal significance or current traditions or ideas or beliefs or literary and artistic works. (Only under some special circumstances or when this standard works with other standards, this paragraph can be the reason for listing in the World Heritage List. )