How are architectural elements applied in the design of Cantonese teahouse? What are the characteristics? Please read the article edited by Zhongda Consulting.

this paper selects Guangzhou Teahouse as the research object, and based on Guangfu cultural documents, makes a series of induction and combing on Guangfu architectural elements and the present situation of the teahouse. By exploring the design and application of Guangfu elements in Cantonese Teahouse, it forms a unique regional symbol that distinguishes Cantonese Teahouse from other teahouses, and brings enlightenment to the design practice of future teahouses.

First, talk about Cantonese morning tea in ancient and modern times

Guangzhou is the center of Lingnan culture, and it has become the transition zone between Chinese culture and foreign culture. People communicated with foreigners earlier, opening up the earliest maritime Silk Road and the starting point of the tea road. The habit of drinking tea in Guangzhou has a long history, and people say "eat in Guangzhou", which is why there are five steps and one tea house and ten steps and one restaurant. Drinking tea in Guangzhou has become an indispensable part of life. Cantonese morning tea, also known as "sigh tea", as a dining custom different from other tea rooms, has become a business card of Guangfu culture. There are morning tea, afternoon tea and evening tea, and you can sit there for a whole day without spending much money. The business scope of the teahouse has developed from a simple tea market to a combination of tea, food and midnight snack, with the implementation of "three teas and two meals" and "one cup for two", which vividly shows the emotional appeal of Guangzhou people to eat tea, and the teahouse has become a social communication place of "making friends with tea". Cantonese-style teahouse has become a catering building with Lingnan characteristics, which integrates culture, architecture and aesthetic taste, making its design innovation practice more meaningful to be continuously excavated and refined.

second, on the cultural elements of Guangfu

(I) Overview of Guangfu architecture

Guangfu architecture is a branch of Lingnan architecture, which absorbs the essence of Chinese and western architectural culture, interprets the culture of the times in a unique form, shows the architectural style of inclusiveness and combination of Chinese and western, and embodies the spirit of Guangfu culture of openness, compatibility and innovation. The most typical ones are xiguan big house in Guangzhou, four famous gardens in Qing Dynasty in Guangdong, Kaiping Diaolou, etc. The architectural structure pays attention to ventilation, moistureproof and sun protection. Architectural decoration has the characteristics of pluralism, inclusiveness, mercantilism and practicality. The main forms of residential buildings in Guangfu area are "three rooms and two corridors" house, "bamboo tube" house, "Ming" house, arcade, garden house and xiguan big house. The typical features of Guangfu folk architecture are light walls, tiles and white ground, which are divided into brick carving, gray sculpture, pottery sculpture, stone carving and wood carving. For example, the gray plastic decoration of the ear wall is a white grass dragon bas-relief pattern with a black background, which is called "Sweeping the tail of Cigarette Cards grass".

(2) arcade-style form

arcade is a major feature of modern Lingnan architecture and a form of commercial buildings facing the street in Guangzhou. It is a combination of western architecture and Guangzhou characteristics, combining with the climate characteristics, commercial functions and living needs of the south. The arcade is a multi-storey building, with shops on the first floor, residential and office rooms on the second floor and independent stairs next to the building. Its characteristic is that no room is built at the place 3-5 meters near the road on the first floor, which is a winding corridor, a sidewalk, a shop in the second half, and a building above the second floor across the winding corridor, so it is called "arcade". It not only expands the living area for the second floor and above, but also provides shelter from the sun and rain for the people shopping on the first floor, and serves as a buffer space for shops, which is connected with the commercial street. Teahouse architecture is a compromise between Chinese and western styles on the basis of arcade appearance. The facade is high and wide, and the whole is higher than the surrounding area, which is another major feature of Xiguan style.

(3) Building components

1. The wok-eared wall wok is a kind of cauldron in ancient times, and its gable shape is like a wok-eared house, which is the architectural feature of Lingnan residential buildings. Hakka in northern Guangdong and other places are called' Cloud Wall' or' Teapot Ring'. Also like an official hat, it is a symbol of rich family; It also contains wealth, good fortune and plenty of food and clothing. The bell house is used for fire prevention and ventilation in the functional sense. Towering gables can stop the fire; The wind can be blocked into the roadway and flow into the house. Walking among the blue bricks and slates, savoring every old house, the most striking thing is the bell-shaped house, the lintel of which is decorated with gray carvings, wood carvings, story themes and poetry calligraphy. As a representative of traditional houses in Lingnan, the bell-shaped house quietly radiates its unique light (as shown in Figure 1). 2. Manchuria Window Manzhou Window is a window composed of wooden frames inlaid with colored glass, which is represented by five colors: white, yellow, green, blue and purple. The window frames are diverse, simple and beautiful. Guangzhou Manchu window can be traced back to the Qing Dynasty, when Guangzhou was a free trading port and stained glass was introduced here. Deeply favored by local people, they use these stained glass in their own window decoration, which can not only get good lighting but also achieve beautiful and generous results. The Cantonese-style Manchu window inherits the most prominent characteristics of the traditional Manchu window, namely, "sparse beams and large lighting area", and meets the needs of the hot climate in Lingnan (as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3). 3. The climate in Lingnan area is hot. In order to facilitate ventilation and ensure privacy and theft prevention in the house, the door structure with Lingnan characteristics has been formed. The door is an ancient "security door", with a dozen logs in the middle of a large wooden frame, and the logs are singular. The gangway door consists of three doors. The first door is a screen door, which is semi-high and light, and easy to open and close. In order to block the sight of passers-by, the second door is a gangway door, and the third door is a high door (as shown in Figure 4).

III. Design and Application of Cantonese Teahouses

(I) Types of Traditional Teahouses

There are four types of Cantonese traditional teahouses: garden-style teahouses, which are mostly converted from private courtyards or built in scenic spots. They combine indoor and outdoor gardens, enjoy tea, pursue the realm of harmony between man and nature, and are of high grade, and are mainly enjoyed by dignitaries, such as Gwangju "Four". Folk-style tea houses are mostly built in commercial dense areas of streets and lanes. Due to the shortage of land in commercial areas, the tea houses are mostly multi-storey arcade-style, with open entrances and upward development of indoor space. As a public space, the folk teahouse is full of open and inclusive folk flavor and humanistic feelings, conveying original folk tastes, such as Lianxianglou and Taotaoju. Opera teahouse, the meaning of drunkenness is not "tea", but "Qu", which is a leisure cultural place mainly for enjoying Cantonese opera, and tea tasting is only an incidental function. As a space carrier of Cantonese opera art, people have higher requirements for the performance environment.

(II) Spatial characteristics of tea houses

The typical layout of traditional tea houses in Guangzhou lies in the spatial division of "small studio with large depth". First, it reflects the public values at that time. The price of tea in different floors of the teahouse is different. The higher the floor, the more expensive the tea is. There is a folk saying in Guangzhou that "money goes upstairs, but no money goes upstairs". The public has the psychology of "going to high buildings" to drink tea, which is regarded as a symbol of the status of distinguished guests. In modern times, this difference gradually disappears. Secondly, it is the result of the adaptation of the teahouse building to the environment. The traditional commercial district is short of land and densely populated with high-rise buildings, and there is no condition to create a large facade. In order to expand the storefront, it can only develop space upwards. Often, the entrance space is not large, and the teahouse is located above the second floor. The higher the space, the more spacious the space, and the better the natural lighting and ventilation. The layout of the first floor of the arcade-style teahouse is mostly open, and the entrance of the building transits from the gray space of the corridor, and the entrance faces the sidewalk directly, with smooth streamline and interesting scenery. In terms of functional layout, most of the space on the first floor is used as a cake workshop, storage, cake bait sales and other functions, including a cake kitchen, meal preparation and storage internally, facing the street externally for attracting customers and evacuating people. The space on the second floor and above is a dining public space, and the kitchen and auxiliary space above the first floor are separated from the dining space. The kitchen is equipped with stairs that can go up and down by itself to form an independent transportation system. This kind of "upstairs public space" is a typical layout of arcade style.

(III) Facade features of the teahouse

1. Facade modeling features In order to attract customers conspicuously, the entrance hall of the teahouse is higher than the ordinary arcade next to it, and it is often two stories high, and the colonnade of the entrance hall is correspondingly high, some of which are covered with signs and some are hung with luxurious lighting. There is a general rule of "three-section" in the facade composition of Cantonese-style arcade-style buildings, which is also an important aesthetic principle in western classical architecture. The facade modeling of arcade-style tea houses also pursues this rule. For example, Lianxianglou is "three-section horizontally" and Taotaoju is "three-section vertically", all of which show vigorous and upward movement. The elevation of Lianxiang Building is horizontally divided into three parts: upper, middle and lower, with a ratio of nearly 1: 1: 1. The lower part is a high-rise hall with thick European columns symmetrically on both sides. The middle part is shaped by grille windows, partition walls, railings, short columns and carved balustrades, and the upper part is shaped by European mountain flower parapet and dome hexagonal pavilion. The facade of Taotaoju is vertically divided into three parts: left, middle and right. The middle is wide and the two sides are narrow, with a ratio of 1:2:1. The two sides are symmetrical. The roofs on both sides adopt a small slope with a single eaves, and the middle is a mountain flower and a double-decker pavilion. The two sides are weakened and highlight the middle, making the building quite large.

(4) Design of the interior environment of the teahouse

Guangzhou Teahouse has an interior environment close to nature. Whether in a arcade-style teahouse or a garden-style restaurant, setting up a small garden landscape combined with plant landscape has become a major symbol of its design. The landscape contents mainly include: water stone landscape, bamboo stone landscape, stone mountain, patio and indoor pavilion, etc. Some of them are located at the end of the wall of the main dining space, and some have patio courtyards on the first floor and the second floor for customers to enjoy. The space of the courtyards is afforested, which not only solves the problems of lighting and ventilation, but also brings a unique atmosphere to the indoor environment of the teahouse. In the garden restaurant, the Lingnan courtyard is combined with the dining building, and the gardening technique of private courtyard is used for reference, and the layout of buildings around the courtyard is used to create a rich courtyard order. The first is the combination with plant planting. Even in the arcade-style teahouse, such as Taotaoju, the back courtyard on the third floor is a two-story high space. As an indoor courtyard, plants absorb sunlight through the glass wall, and the dining space has an extra leisure place, and the vitality of plants is introduced indoors. Secondly, it is combined with mountains and rivers, and the garden restaurant sees the water by the mountain, and the arcade style creates a small landscape; Thirdly, it is combined with Lingnan cultural elements, such as setting up a folk story deduction experience area and a custom display experience area, and adopting interesting links that are appropriate to folk customs, with interactive scenes and unique charm.

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