Xiao Feng
Southwest University11111111//.
Using Chinese herbal medicine to prevent and treat fish diseases has the advantages of low price, environmental protection and no residue, which meets the requirements of pollution-free farming. Effective components of Chinese herbal medicines and their mechanism of action. Problems and development prospect of aquaculture of aquatic Chinese herbal medicine.
Keywords: Chinese herbal medicine, pollution-free culture, development prospect
With the deterioration of global fresh water resources and marine water environment, the quantity and quality of fishery resources are declining. In addition, aquaculture still has water pollution and the abuse of various fishery drugs and additives, so environmental protection and the safety of fish products have become problems that bind human beings and need to be solved urgently. As the judge of the International Court of Justice said: "Throughout history, human beings have been constantly interfering with nature for economic or other reasons. Because of our scientific knowledge and increasing awareness of the dangers caused by this rash and slow interference to mankind, the concept of sustainable development fully demonstrates the necessity of coordination between economic development and environmental protection. "
China is a big fishing country, with the total amount of aquatic products accounting for13 of the world, and the amount of aquaculture ranking first in the world, accounting for 2/3 of the world. In 2002, the total amount of aquatic products in China reached 45.7 million tons, and the amount of aquaculture reached more than 26 million tons, and the farming methods tended to be intensive and modern. However, with the rapid development of economy, various disadvantages have followed, such as the Duobao fish incident in 2006. The appearance of excessive malachite green residue in mandarin fish makes people pay more attention to food safety and their own health. Moreover, a series of side effects caused by antibiotics and other drugs have seriously affected the export of aquatic products in China. For example, 1998 and 1999, some eels exported from China to Japan were returned due to excessive drug residues, and crayfish exported from China to the EU in 2002 were returned due to chloramphenicol detection. The rejection of aquatic products not only brought economic losses to the country, but also damaged the international image of aquatic products in China.
1, the development of Chinese herbal medicine
With the popularization of green and pollution-free aquaculture technology, the healthy and sustainable development of aquaculture has become the focus of current aquatic drug research. The use of Chinese herbal medicine in aquaculture and feed has many incomparable advantages, which can not only improve the water environment, improve the efficacy, control pathogenic microorganisms, and thus reduce the occurrence of diseases. In recent years, Chinese herbal medicine has been widely used, which is expected to become a new direction of pest control in aquaculture in the future.
2. Effective components of Chinese herbal medicines and their mechanism of action.
2. 1 active ingredients of whole grass
Chinese herbal medicine is the general name of Chinese medicine and herbal medicine, and it is an important medicine commonly used in Chinese medicine. Herbal medicine refers to drugs used by people. It is an ideal natural environment-friendly green drug with wide sources, low price, slow curative effect and long action time.
The chemical composition of Chinese herbal medicine is extremely complicated. A Chinese herbal medicine often contains many chemical components. Generally speaking, in addition to immune substances, it also contains some unknown growth-promoting active substances and a certain amount of protein, amino acids, sugars, minerals, vitamins, fats, plant pigments and so on. These ingredients can enhance appetite, promote metabolism and secretion of digestive enzymes, and improve the utilization rate of nutrients, thus accelerating the growth and development of aquatic animals, enhancing their physique, further improving their immunity and emergency response ability, reducing feed coefficient and improving the quality of aquatic products.
Through the experiment of feeding Pelteobagrus fulvidraco with Chinese herbal medicine additives, it was found that after eating Chinese herbal medicine additives, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco not only had obvious weight gain effect, but also had high economic benefits, especially when recalling Chinese herbal medicine components such as Codonopsis pilosula and Glycyrrhiza uralensis, not only the weight gain rate increased by 44.62%, the feed coefficient decreased by 0.37%, but also the protein efficiency increased by 0.4%.
Weight gain rate = (final weight-initial weight)/initial weight * 100%
Feed coefficient = feed intake/net increase weight
Protein efficiency = (final weight-initial weight)/(total feeding amount * protein content in feed) * 100%.
It also has the functions of invigorating qi and blood, protecting liver and gallbladder, and clearing away heat and toxic materials.
2.2 Mechanism of Chinese Herbal Medicine
Chinese herbal medicine is a natural substance extracted from nature, which retains its natural structure and biological activity. It has a variety of nutrients and bioactive substances, low residue, little toxic and side effects, diverse functions, comprehensive regulation of the body's physiological functions, and dual functions of nutrients and drugs. Immunoactive substances contained in it are polysaccharides, organic acids, malnutrition, alkaloids and some volatile substances, but each effective component has different ways to regulate the immune system. Polysaccharide can stimulate reticular system and system, induce the regeneration of lymphocytes and spleen cells, increase the function of macrophages, improve the killing activity of cells, induce the production of interferon and improve the immune response ability of the body. Organic acids can enhance the phagocytosis of macrophages and enhance physical fitness. Undaria pinnatifida can induce cells to produce interferon, interleukin-ⅱ and lymphotoxin, increase the number of somatic cells and improve the phagocytic function of macrophages. Alkaloids, flavonoids and coumarins contained in most Chinese herbal medicines for clearing away heat and toxic materials inhibit or kill pathogenic microorganisms. Berberine can form a complex with DNA to inhibit DNA synthesis, and flavonoids can affect the respiration of bacteria and inhibit RNA synthesis. Honeysuckle can act on the cell wall of bacteria and inhibit the synthesis of cell wall. Astragalus can stimulate cells to produce interferon, which directly inhibits or destroys the reproductive ability of bacteria.
Chinese herbal medicine, as an immune enhancer, also has the function of two-way regulation when aquatic animals are in pathological state. Two-way regulation refers to the balanced regulation of different functional states (promotion and inhibition) of the same organ and tissue until it becomes normal, that is, it is in an overactive state, and at the same time it is inhibited until it is reduced to the lowest level, which can not only reduce the abnormally high over-synthesis state of DNA to an ecological state, but also adjust the inhibition state of DNA synthesis to an excited state. Until it is in a normal state, this is one of the unique manifestations of the versatility of Chinese herbal medicine. Each Chinese herbal medicine contains a variety of ingredients, some of which have an exciting effect on an organ or tissue, while others have an inhibitory effect on this organ. Although some Chinese herbal medicines contain two components with opposite effects, some components regulate different systems of an organ and tissue and play a reverse regulation role.
Prevention and treatment of aquaculture diseases with several commonly used Chinese herbal medicines
3. 1 rhubarb.
Also known as brocade, Huang Liang, alias General, Sheng Jun, horseshoe yellow, etc. They are perennial herbs and are used as medicine through roots and rhizomes. This product has strong antibacterial effect and broad antibacterial spectrum. The effective components are anthraquinone derivatives, among which rhein, emodin and aloe-emodin have the best antibacterial effects, and have the functions of astringing, stopping diarrhea, raising platelets and promoting blood coagulation. Can be used for gill rot, hemorrhagic diseases, baldness and white mouth disease, etc. Usage: Spray the whole pool, usually with the dosage of 2.5~3.75ppm. Before use, use 0.3% ammonia water according to the ratio of 1: 20, soak at room temperature for 12 ~ 24 hours, and evenly sprinkle the liquid medicine into the water, which can effectively prevent and control myxobacterial diseases of fish.
The combination of this product and copper sulfate, that is, rhubarb 1 ~ 1.5ppm and copper sulfate with a concentration of 0.5ppm can improve the curative effect. Oral administration, 5 ~ 10g/kg fish and rhubarb are ground into fine powder and mixed into feed, once a day, for 3 days, which can prevent myxobacterial diseases; Spraying with copper sulfate (0.7ppm) for 7 days is effective in treating grass carp hemorrhagic disease. Alternatively, 2.5g of rhubarb, 5g of phellodendron amurense 1 .5g, 5g of scutellaria baicalensis Georgi 1 g and 5g of salt can be mixed with bait to make medicinal bait for feeding once a day for 3 days. In addition, enteritis, bacterial gill rot and bald mouth disease can also be treated with rhubarb, which has certain curative effect.
3.2 garlic.
It is a plant of Allium in Liliaceae. Its bulb is used as medicine, which has a specific spicy taste and garlic flavor. The effective component is garlic. Allicin has broad-spectrum antibacterial, dysentery-relieving, anthelmintic and stomach-invigorating effects, and is often used to prevent and treat fish intestinal diseases. Usage: fish garlic 0.5 ~ 65,438+0 kg, fed with feed for 6 days. If the same amount of salt is added, its function can be improved and it can be used to prevent gill rot and enteritis. Garlic is dried in the sun and boiled in water, and the fish body is soaked in the concentration of 10 ~ 30 ppm/hour, which can kill anchovies and prevent carp scaling.
3.3. Euphorbia humifusa.
Red-stemmed grass, panicum miliaceum of Euphorbiaceae, has milky white liquid flowing out after the stem is broken. Euphorbia humifusa contains flavonoids and gallic acid, which has strong antibacterial effect and broad antibacterial spectrum, and can stop bleeding and neutralize toxins. Indications: fish enteritis and gill rot. Usage: For every 100 kg of fish, 500 grams of dried Euphorbia humifusa (or 2000-2500 grams of fresh Euphorbia humifusa) is boiled, and the residue is stopped in the bait and fed, twice a day, and three days is a course of treatment. 20ppm lime milk should be sprinkled on the pool before administration, and the effect is better.
3.4. calamus.
The famous water plants, calamus, centipede and calamus are perennial herbs. This product contains 1.5 ~ 3.0% aromatic volatile oil, which mainly contains octanol, octanoic acid, methyl eugenol, wind-proof terpenoids and so on. , and contains amorphous bitterness. Can be used for preventing and treating enteritis, erythroderma, gill rot, water mold, etc. Usage: Every mu of water depth 1m, wrap 4 ~ 5kg chopped calamus and 4 ~ 5kg castor leaves around 10kg pine leaves, tie them into 2 ~ 3 bundles, put them in the feeding field and the water inlet of the upper air inlet, immerse them in water, and turn them once a day to promote their decay. Each acre of water with water depth 1.3 ~ 2.5 kg of calamus and 0.5 ~ 1 kg of salt can be sprayed all over the pond to cure water mold.
3.5. Melia azedarach.
The famous neem tree, a deciduous tree of Meliaceae, is 15 ~ 20m high. Like in the wild, forest edge and other places. This product contains toosendanin, alkaloids, fucose, naphthol, etc. Has insecticidal and bactericidal effects. Used for preventing and treating parasitic gill diseases, anchovies, bream, capillary nematodes, rotifers, cryptoflagellates, etc. Usage: Use 10 ~ 12.5 kg of leaves, skins or fruits of Pinus massoniana and Melia azedarach with water depth per mu 1m, chop and boil the juice into 12 ~ 25 kg, and spread it all over the pool once a day for 2 ~ 3 days. Taking 30 ~ 40 kilograms of neem branches and leaves, composting them directly in the pool, and taking out the residue after 5 ~ 7 days can effectively prevent and control the above diseases.
3.6. Galla chinensis.
Also known as shellfish, Baiyao soup, white worm warehouse and so on. It is a dry gall on the leaves of Rhus verniciflua, which is parasitic by gallnut aphids. It contains a lot of tannic acid, can coagulate protein, has strong bactericidal ability, and has inhibitory effect on both Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria. Can be used for preventing and treating baldheaded mouth disease, myxobacteria disease, Aeromonas disease, pseudomonas disease, white dermatosis and erythroderma. Usage: Mash gallnut first, dissolve it in boiling water, then dilute it with pool water and sprinkle it all over the pool. The usual amount is 2 ~ 4ppm.
3.7. butter
The famous oilseed trees, white sapium sebiferum and sub-tree are deciduous trees. Its fruits and leaves have the effects of detoxification, detumescence and sterilization, and are often used to prevent and treat bacterial gill rot and white-headed foot-and-mouth disease. Usage: for every 50 kilograms of fish, 250 grams of Chinese tallow leaf dry powder is mixed into bait to make medicinal bait, which can be continuously fed for 3 ~ 6 days to prevent fish gill rot; You can also calculate the dosage of dry leaf powder according to 4ppm, mix it with 20 times saturated lime water solution, soak it for 6 ~ 12 hours, and then sprinkle it with pool water.
3.8. Scutellaria baicalensis.
It is the root of scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, a labiatae plant. It contains Radix Scutellariae, Radix Scutellariae Yunnanensis, Radix Scutellariae Chuanensis, Radix Scutellariae Lijiang, Radix Scutellariae Gansu, etc. Contains baicalein, baicalein, wogonin and baicalein. In addition, it also contains β-sitosterol, benzoic acid, baicalein and so on. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi has anti-inflammatory, sedative and antiviral effects. It is mainly used to prevent and treat gill rot, furuncle, printing disease, hemorrhagic septicemia, enteritis, tail stalk disease and so on. Usage: Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is crushed into fine powder, which is added to the bait according to the proportion of 5% and fed freely, and 5 days is a course of treatment; Or chop Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, soak in water for 24 hours, decoct for three times until the concentration of aqueous solution is 65,438 0%, and spray in the whole pool once a day for three days.
3.9. Coptis chinensis. Also known as chicken feet lotus, Sichuan lotus, William and Coptis chinensis, they are perennial herbs. Taking rhizome as medicine, it has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and detoxification effects, and is mainly used to prevent and treat bacterial enteritis.
3. 10, Cortex Phellodendri. Also known as wood, bark, cypress and deciduous trees. Taking bark as medicine has the functions of bacteriostasis, detoxification, detumescence and pain relief, and can prevent and treat grass carp hemorrhagic disease and bacterial fish disease. Usage: Cortex Phellodendri, Scutellariae Radix, Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix Isatidis and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei are dried in the sun (used together or alone), 5g of fish per kilogram is ground into powder, mixed with 5g of salt once a day, or made into medicinal bait for 7 days.
3. 1 1 ginger. Zingiberaceae, a perennial herb, is 40 to 100cm high, and contains volatile oils such as gingerol and gingene. It is mild in nature and pungent in taste, and has the functions of sterilization, detoxification, insecticidal and anti-inflammatory. Apply ginger juice to the fish wound.
3. 1 1 reed. Tall perennial herbs have the effects of clearing away heat, diuresis and diminishing inflammation, and can prevent and treat grass carp enteritis. According to every 10,000 kinds of fish, 5 kg of reed rhizome, 0.25 kg of garlic and 0.25 kg of salt are used. Beat it to a paste. Mix or make medicinal bait twice a day for 4-6 days.
4. Problems in Chinese herbal medicine cultivation.
4. 1 Chinese herbal medicine itself contains a variety of effective components, and its immune enhancement effect on aquatic animals is the result of the comprehensive action of various components, and the effective components of Chinese herbal medicine collected in different regions, seasons and periods are very different, so it is difficult to accurately evaluate and control the quality of its products. At present, there is no strict quality control standard. It is difficult to ensure the production of molded products with stable quality,
4.2 Low scientific and technological content At present, most Chinese herbal medicines, whether single or compound, are still in the original powder and decoction, and there are few refined products, so the low scientific and technological content of products restricts his development to a higher level.
4.3 The research on the mechanism of Chinese herbal medicine is mostly based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, which is far from explaining the real mechanism. Therefore, some studies are generally limited to evaluating the effect of Chinese herbal medicine feed and discussing its influence on the weight gain and disease resistance of aquatic animals, but not on the quality of aquatic products, which needs further study.
5. The application prospect of Chinese herbal medicine in aquaculture
With the rapid development of aquaculture, especially the increasing number of famous, special and excellent aquatic products, Chinese herbal medicine also meets people's safety and environmental protection requirements, so Chinese herbal medicine is used more and more. In the future, the use of Chinese herbal medicine should adapt to the characteristics of aquatic animals, and study the ion channels, mechanism of action, law of action, transformation process, drug structure and drug effect relationship of drugs. Find out the absorption, distribution, transformation and excretion of fish medicine and Chinese herbal medicine in aquatic animals as soon as possible, and the influence of the medicine on the environment, put forward the shelf life and residue in important cultured aquatic products, formulate the shelf life of aquatic products before listing, and study and formulate the use method. With the popularization of green pollution-free aquatic products, there will be more and more researches on effective green Chinese herbal medicines. Chinese herbal medicines will become the traditional soul treasure of China and the main drugs for preventing and treating fish diseases, and will inevitably go to the world.
refer to
1. Li Denglai Aquatic Animal Diseases China Agricultural Press 2004(5)3 1-44
2. Wei Qinghe Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed Science China Agricultural Press 2004(5)
3. The application of Quan Wang Xie's Chinese herbal medicine in the prevention and treatment of aquaculture diseases. Aquatic Science and Technology Information 2006(4) 163- 168.
4. Application of Hu Antibiotics in Aquaculture Aquatic Science and Technology Information 2006(5) 2 17-22 1
5. Application of Liu Yongkui Attractant in Aquatic Feed Freshwater Fish 2006(7)62-63
6. Chu Xiaolin's fishery eco-label system and its enlightenment: Water Conservancy and Fisheries 2006(5)60-62
7. General situation of Tian Haijun's research on the curative effect of Zheng Yang fishery Chinese herbal medicine compound. Water Conservancy and Fisheries 2006(6)78- 100
8. Sun Kenian's Forest-produced Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Fish Phobia Breeding and Feed 2006(9)22-24
9. Experiment of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco culture in Yulin, Ma Hanqing and feeding of different Chinese herbal medicine additives 2006( 12)54-56.
10. Cao Keju is famous for his excellent aquaculture. China Agricultural Press 2003( 12).