Three cultures

The dispute between the Three Kingdoms reminds people of Jingzhou. Speaking of Jingzhou, it reminds people of the Three Kingdoms. During the Three Kingdoms period, Jingzhou was the focus of the struggle among the Three Kingdoms and the key to determine the fate of the country's separation. From the early days of the formation of the Three Kingdoms to the reunification of the country, the struggle for the ownership of Jingzhou has never stopped, and the struggle for Jingzhou is largely related to the rise and fall of the three forces and the historical process of the Three Kingdoms. Some stories about the three kingdoms of moxibustion population, such as Liu Bei borrowing Jingzhou, Guan Yu guarding Jingzhou and Monroe attacking Jingzhou, all happened in Jingzhou; During the Three Kingdoms period, some important events involving the formation, development and change of the three-point situation, such as the battle of Battle of Red Cliffs and Yiling, Guan Yu's attack on Xiangfan and his loss of Jingzhou, also took Jingzhou as the central stage. Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a great literary work in the history of the Three Kingdoms, which vividly depicts the dispute between Jingzhou and the Three Kingdoms in a large number of pages, with a total of 120 chapters, two thirds of which directly or indirectly write about Jingzhou. The Three Kingdoms and Jingzhou are so closely linked. The special relationship between the Three Kingdoms and Jingzhou was formed by specific social and historical conditions, and it was also inseparable from Jingzhou's important position at that time. The fierce struggle between Wei, Shu and Wu over the ownership of Jingzhou is the basic factor that constitutes this special relationship. Jingzhou in the Han Dynasty covered the whole territory of Hubei and Hunan provinces, Nanyang Basin in Henan, and the marginal areas of Guangdong, Guangxi and Guizhou, which was roughly equivalent to Jingzhou in ancient times. The next seven counties: Nanjun, Jiangxia, Nanyang, Wuling, Changsha, Lingling and Guiyang. Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty set up Zhang Ling County from Wanxian County and increased it to eight counties. History says that Jingzhou has "100 cities and 8 counties". Jingzhou in the Han Dynasty has a vast territory, spanning the north and south of the great river. There is a natural barrier in front of the Yangtze River, a barrier between Jingxiang Gateway and Hanshui River, the danger of the Three Gorges in the west, and the dangerous terrain of connecting Wu and crossing yi river in the east. In addition, it has a high level of economic and social development, rich military materials and reliable combat materials. It is a pivotal strategic position, which is especially valued by politicians and strategists in the three countries.

Zhuge Liang's feelings in Jingzhou

The root of growth

Zhuge Liang was originally from Yang Du, Yelang County, Xuzhou. His parents died when he was young. /kloc-when he was 0/4 years old, his uncle Zhuge Xuan went to Zhang Yu to be a satrap and was soon demoted. He went to Jingzhou to take refuge in Liu Biao, Zhuge Liang, his younger brother Zhuge Jun and his two sisters, and also went to Jingzhou together. In 197, Zhuge Xuan died, and Zhuge Liang, who was 17 years old, moved to Longzhong, Dengxian County, Nanyang. From then on, he lived a career of farming and studying, until he was 27 years old, and Liu Bei visited the mountains and invited him out. In ten years, he made many friends, not only learned from each other, but also expanded his influence, which laid the foundation for Si Mahui and Xu Shu to recommend themselves to Liu Bei successively. Through marriage, I further took root in Jingzhou Shilin. It is Jingzhou, a fertile land with a long history and rich humanities, that gave birth to this brilliant star of wisdom in China's history and brought up this outstanding politician and strategist in the Three Kingdoms period. Jingzhou, it should be said, is Zhuge Liang's second hometown and the root of growth. In addition to the politician's vision, his respect and praise for Jingzhou probably has a local feeling. This is the difference between him and other celebrities in the Three Kingdoms and Jingzhou.

Flash land

Zhuge Liang devoted himself to farming and was ambitious. He compared himself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi. He was confident that he had the talent to make the country prosperous and the people safe, and expected to realize his ambition one day. In the winter of 207 AD, Liu Bei visited the cottage and finally met Zhuge Liang. As soon as they met, Zhuge Liang analyzed the world situation for Liu Bei and put forward the famous countermeasures of Longzhong. He knows the situation like the back of his hand, analyzes and discusses the situation from a strategic perspective, and makes strategic planning. As soon as Zhuge Liang came out of the mountain, he showed his extraordinary talent in the contest of Jingzhou in the Three Kingdoms. In the autumn of 208 AD, Cao Cao attacked Jingzhou on a large scale, Liu Beinan withdrew, and finally reached Xiakou, which was at a very critical juncture. At this time, Zhuge Liang begged Liu Bei to send him to Wu Dong to persuade Sun Quan and Liu Bei to resist Cao Cao together. At that time, if Zhuge Liang had not persuaded Sun Quan, there would probably be no Battle of Red Cliffs, and there would be no tripartite confrontation without Battle of Red Cliffs. After Battle of Red Cliffs, Zhuge Liang fully assisted Liu Bei in establishing his own base in Jingzhou. First, he helped Liu Bei capture four counties in the south of Jingzhou, and then conspired with Liu Bei to borrow Jingzhou to deal with Zhou Yu's calculations, all of which showed his extraordinary wisdom. It can be said that Liu Bei can turn the corner at a critical juncture and gain a foothold in Jingzhou, all of which can not be separated from Zhuge Liang's credit.

Reasons for success or failure

Jingzhou plays a very important role in Zhuge Liang's overall strategy. In 2 1 1 year, Liu Bei and Pang Tong made a westward expedition to Yizhou, leaving Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun to guard Jingzhou. The attention paid by Liu Bei Group to Jingzhou shows that Jingzhou is a vital place for Liu Bei Group, and Zhuge Liang's painstaking efforts are hidden in it. In 2 14 AD, Liu Bei captured Yizhou. At the critical moment of success or failure, Zhuge Liang and others were urgently transferred to Sichuan, leaving only Guan Yu to guard Jingzhou. For Zhuge Liang, leaving Jingzhou is really a last resort. Guan Yu clung to Jingzhou, and Liu Bei Group finally lost Jingzhou for various reasons, which led to Zhuge Liang's strategy of sending troops to the Central Plains from Jing to Yi. Although Zhuge Liang tried his best to govern the country and conquered Wei for five times, he did not realize the northward entry into the Central Plains and the revival of the Han Dynasty. Losing Jingzhou, his career failed, and Zhuge Liang's feelings for Jingzhou eventually failed. This is the biggest regret in his life, but it can't hide the dazzling brilliance in his life.

Guan Yu culture

As a traditional ethical concept in China, the significance between Liu, Guan and Zhang is mainly embodied in Guan Yu, which has become the core content of Guan Yu's culture. The phenomenon of Guan Yu culture, which originated from the culture of the Three Kingdoms, is a major cultural feature of the culture of the Three Kingdoms and the traditional culture of China, and it is also a major feature of the culture of the Three Kingdoms contained in Jingzhou. Guan Yu has been guarding Jingzhou for ten years, which is the highlight of his career and the place where he grieves for his death.

Defending Jingzhou's historical achievements and showing Guan Yu's true colors as a hero. During Guan Yu's guarding Jingzhou, Cao, Liu and three people had frequent disputes at that time, which formally formed a situation of three-thirds of the world. This struggle is extremely fierce and complicated. In 208 AD, Battle of Red Cliffs only laid a three-point world situation, and the real trend of three-point world was after Liu Bei borrowed Jingzhou. Liu Bei borrowed Jingzhou, which marked the basic formation of the three-point situation; The fall of Jingzhou marks the finalization of the three-point pattern. Therefore, Guan Yu's staying in Jingzhou was a crucial period at the beginning of the formation of the Three Kingdoms. At that time, Cao, Liu and Sun were divided into Jingzhou, bordering on each other with constant friction, and the defensive situation was very severe. It was precisely because of the fierce struggle at that time that Guan Yu held Jingzhou for a long time and consolidated the vital foundation of Liu Bei Group. It was possible for Liu Bei Group to take Yizhou from the west and capture Hanzhong, becoming a powerful party that rose rapidly at the beginning of the third world. Without Guan Yu guarding Jingzhou, there would be no success of Liu Bei Group's westward advance, and there would be no later establishment of the Shu-Han regime. Guan Yu has always used power for personal gain in Jingzhou, constantly striving for self-improvement, and taking tough confrontation with Wei and Wu, which fully shows his heroic nature as a famous star of the Three Kingdoms, and his achievements should be affirmed. It is precisely because Guan Yu himself is a hero in history that he was further displayed during his stay in Jingzhou and admired by future generations.

The tragic ending of losing Jingzhou made Guan Yu's reputation ruined, and Jingzhou was beheaded, which was an important factor for Guan Yu to be respected and deified behind him. Without Jingzhou, there can be no Guan Yu who shines brilliantly behind him; Without Jingzhou, there can be no Guan Yu culture. As the embodiment of China's traditional culture "loyalty", Guan Yu not only sat side by side with Confucius in Wen Sheng for a long time in feudal society, but also has certain influence today. In overseas Chinese society, Guan Yu culture is regarded as a symbol of promoting Chinese culture and a bridge and link connecting Chinese people at home and abroad. With the development of commodity economy, Guan Yu catered to some people's desire for wealth and security and became the god of wealth and protection that people prayed for. As far as the loyalty connotation contained in Guan Yu's culture is concerned, it still has realistic social value today, except for the negative factors of feudalism. Jingzhou, as the birthplace of Guan Yu culture, is the real hometown of Guan Yu culture, which is irreplaceable by other places.

The artistic deduction of Jingzhou dispute enriches the Jingzhou dispute in Wei Shuwu under the spirit of Guan Yu's loyalty and righteousness, and it is a magnificent historical picture. The literary masterpiece Romance of the Three Kingdoms, after artistic processing and creation, has become the most wonderful chapter in the book, many of which focus on shaping the image of Guan Yu, making Guan Yu's loyalty, righteousness and courage more plump and perfect. After his death, Guan Yu was promoted to Guan Di and Wu Sheng, which has profound social and cultural reasons and is also inseparable from the special relationship between Guan Yu and Jingzhou. Without the special relationship between Guan Yu and Jingzhou, to look at Guan Yu's cultural phenomenon and to look at Guan Yu's respect and respect, we lose a basic premise. Judging from the formation of Guan Yu culture, Jingzhou is the origin of Guan Yu belief, and the earliest Guandi Temple was also built in Jingzhou.

Jingzhou folk culture

Folk customs are folk customs. It is a long historical and cultural accumulation and a regional cultural tradition. Folklore, as a social and cultural phenomenon, comes into being with the emergence of human society and develops with the development of human society. On the land of Jingchu, as early as the pre-Qin period, our ancestors had already created Chu culture comparable to that of ancient Greece. Here, a multi-directional, multi-level and multi-faceted folk culture has been formed, including fashion customs, local customs, belief worship, life etiquette, residential buildings, and even slang, songs, entertainment, fairy tales, music art, eating, drinking, and object modeling.

The festival custom in Jingzhou is formed and gradually developed with the appearance of human society. However, due to different living areas, production methods and lifestyles, people in a certain area often follow different customs.

Holiday customs in spring

In Jingzhou, the Spring Festival customs mainly include: New Year greetings, Lantern Festival, dragon heads up? Social day, cold food? Qingming, beginning of spring? Huachao? Go for an outing, etc. People in Jingzhou value Chinese New Year most and have many customs. There is a folk saying "Happy Chinese New Year", "There are thirty Chinese New Years, not thirty Chinese New Years" and "Beggars have three years". From New Year's Eve to New Year's Day, men, women and children all over the country are wearing new clothes and smiling, participating in colorful New Year activities, and various customs and habits with the theme of welcoming the New Year and accepting blessings emerge one after another. As the saying goes: "A hundred miles of different winds, a thousand miles of different customs." Compared with other parts of the country, there are similarities and differences in the folk customs of Jingzhou New Year, and the differences have different forms of Chu culture connotation. For example, the contents of "opening the door" include opening the door, traveling, paying New Year greetings, drinking New Year greetings, posting Spring Festival couplets, and posting New Year pictures. For example, the activities of "playing spring scenery" include playing dragon lanterns, dancing lions and picking lotus boats. People in Jingzhou have a long history of decorating and watching lanterns on the Lantern Festival. As early as the Han Dynasty, there were lantern activities. From the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties to the Han Dynasty, various elaborate and original lanterns appeared constantly, among which the "fish-shaped lantern" carved with gold foil was the most striking.

Summer festivals and customs

Dragon Boat Festival is one of the three traditional folk festivals in China, and Jingzhou people call it "Duanyang". Although the Dragon Boat Festival has many names and different meanings, it is well known that Chu people used boats to save and commemorate Qu Yuan. It can be said that the culture and folk customs of Chu people in the pre-Qin period played a vital role in the formation of the traditional festival Dragon Boat Festival in Jingchu area. For thousands of years, the rituals and customs of offering sacrifices to Qu Yuan mainly include rowing dragon boats, eating zongzi, hanging Aipu, drinking realgar wine and tying sachets.

Holiday customs in autumn

Traditional festivals such as Qixi, July 30th, Mid-Autumn Festival in August and Double Ninth Festival also have unique customs in Jingzhou. In the Mid-Autumn Festival in August, a strange custom was once popular in Jingzhou, that is, "going to the Mid-Autumn Festival and competing for autumn". Touching autumn, that is, stealing fruits and vegetables from other people's fields on the night of Mid-Autumn Festival, is not stealing, nor is the owner who lost fruits and vegetables stealing. It is generally believed that married women who have no children can have children in advance if they can't find them in autumn. There is a saying in Jingzhou: "Mid-Autumn Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, send a child to touch autumn." Women who touch autumn usually go hand in hand. The melons and fruits they touched were put in the bed and slept with them. They are cooked and can be eaten the next day. It is said that they can conceive a son. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the custom of touching autumn has disappeared. Jingzhou's unique folk custom is to eat Jiuhuang cake on the Double Ninth Festival. According to legend, during the Eastern Han Dynasty, during the Double Ninth Festival, dignitaries helped the old and brought the young to travel to Longshan, Jingzhou. It was a time when the sky was crisp and the wind and frost were clean. Hot meals and hot dishes are not easy to bring, but easy to cool. In order to facilitate tourists to climb mountains and eat, Jingzhou folk pastry chefs made Jiuhuang cakes. Its name is Jiuhuang Cake, which means "Double Ninth Festival in September" and "Climbing the Mountain to Enjoy Huang Ju". This kind of cake, as crisp as Huang Ju's, is made of wax gourd strips, sweet-scented osmanthus, rock sugar and white sugar. Taste sweet and delicious, praised by tourists, become seasonal food. Up to now, Jingzhou folks still prefer to eat Jiuhuang cake on the Double Ninth Festival.

Holiday customs in winter

In this season, most people in Jingzhou have traditional festivals and customs, such as winter solstice, Laba, off-year and New Year's Eve. Take the solstice in winter as an example. Different from the rural areas in the north, Jingchu people often start to wash glutinous rice on this day, grind and drain it to make "heavy (loud) pulp", and then make stuffing with sugar or meat to make meatballs. Sacrifice ancestors first, and then the whole family will be reunited and shared with relatives and friends. Another example is the 24th of the twelfth lunar month, commonly known as "off-year", also called "off-year" and "off-year". It is a festival that Jingzhou people attach great importance to. There is a folk saying, "On the 24th of the twelfth lunar month, every household is in little reunion". Another day, "I can't eat well and eat well, and there are many people;" There is food to eat and a reunion. " The family must have a reunion dinner together.

Wedding and funeral customs in Jingzhou

Wedding Custom The etiquette procedures of Jingzhou folk wedding custom include: proposing marriage, inviting eight characters, betrothal, engagement, setting a date, preparing for marriage and getting married. Take wedding preparation as an example. A wedding is a wedding ceremony, and it can't be completed in one day. There are also some preparation procedures. According to the folk wedding custom in Jingzhou, the date of the man's wedding is usually three or four months ago, or even the first year, so that the woman's family can prepare for the wedding at this time. As the saying goes, "marry a daughter-in-law to marry a daughter." When a daughter gets married, she should be considerate of her parents' dowry and try to be rich and decent. Men's families, like women's families, should also make preparations for marriage, such as building a house and buying new furniture, including beds, wardrobes, tables and chairs. As the wedding day approaches, men and women will also send invitations to inform relatives, friends and children of their marriage. In the past, invitations were usually double-Cambodia stickers, that is, a piece of red paper was folded in half and then made into a rectangle. The above writing is generally written in classical Chinese sentences, which is concise and generous. Invitations not only show respect for the guests, but also show that the inviter is careful about this matter, so the guests are close at hand and must send invitations.

Worship Jingzhou is the hometown of Jingchu. In ancient times, "Chu people believed in ghosts and witches, and paid attention to obscenity and worship." Its witchcraft and witchcraft customs also penetrated into funeral etiquette, which was followed and developed by later generations, and gradually formed a funeral custom compatible with witchcraft and religion, making its funeral more solemn and mysterious. Jingzhou people deal with funerals before burial, mainly including sitting around, wearing corpse clothes, mourning relatives and friends, mourning drums and accompanying spirits, setting up an altar to fast and mourning. Funeral activities will not end with the burial of the dead. After the dead are buried, some sacrificial activities are held regularly. The focus of folk sacrifice activities in Jingzhou is mourning, sweeping and family sacrifice.

Jingzhou's food customs Jingzhou's food culture has a long history and distinctive regional characteristics. The dietary customs in Jingzhou are compatible with some characteristics of the northern and southern diets, while the dietary customs in the south are the mainstream, reflecting the unique dietary civilization in China. Jingzhou is located in Jianghan Plain, bounded by rivers and lakes. The climate here is mild, rich in products and rich in food varieties. Known as the "land of fish and rice", known as the "rice soup fish" tradition. Rice and freshwater fish are the most important raw materials in people's daily diet in plain rivers and lakes, and the diet structure is "mainly rice, supplemented by waterfowl and supplemented by vegetables". The staple food in Jingzhou is rice, supplemented by wheat and miscellaneous grains (barley, buckwheat, sorghum, corn, millet, peas, Mi Dou, mung beans, red beans, sweet potatoes, etc. ). Non-staple food includes dishes, cakes, etc. Among them, dried pickles are essential dishes for people in Jingzhou area. Jingzhou has the habit of drinking since ancient times. In addition to making wine in the street, folk home brewing is also very common. Rice wine is regarded as a "soft drink" and does not belong to the category of "wine". Jingzhou Shashi has the best wine culture, and there was a famous wine "burning spring" in the Tang Dynasty. In Lu You's poems about Yinsha City in the Song Dynasty, there is a saying that "the daughter who leans against the building smiles to welcome guests, and the song is not finished". People in Shashi have the habit of "borrowing wine to entertain guests", and there are not many binge drinkers. Although there are two meals and three meals a day, not many people are drunk. Shashi's tea culture has a long history. In the old days, there was a saying of drinking dogwood tea. From the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, it was very popular for Shashi people to entertain guests with tea. Jingzhou's folk seasonal diet is also quite particular. Spring rolls, jiaozi on Lantern Festival, Zongzi on Dragon Boat Festival, steamed vegetables in July and half, moon cakes on Mid-Autumn Festival and so on.

Living Customs in Jingzhou Since ancient times, people in Jingzhou have regarded building a house as the most important activity in their lives. In rural areas, as long as someone builds a house, relatives, friends and neighbors bring their own food for free. On the day when the house is put on the beam or completed, the villagers will also congratulate it to add a festive atmosphere. In the past, foundations were the first choice for building houses. In addition to the convenience of life, people pay more attention to the quality of Feng Shui, fearing that it will lead to the decline of the family, childless. Secondly, there are many rivers and lakes in Jingzhou, and people often consider land near mountains and rivers when building houses. Thirdly, people in urban and rural areas of Jingzhou are used to sitting facing south. Finally, pay attention to the geographical environment and aesthetic feeling. At the same time, Jingzhou folk still have some taboos on garden planting. For example, there is a saying "Don't plant mulberry before, willow after, and don't plant' ghost clapping' in front of the door". This is because Sanche is afraid of bad luck and "mourned". There are different opinions about not planting willows in the future. It is said that Liu Xie is "distorted" and afraid that his family is unlucky; On the other hand, it is said that willows do not bear seeds, fearing that there will be no offspring. "Ghost clapping" refers to poplar trees, and the sound of wind blowing on trees is like "ghost clapping", which may attract ghosts. Judging from the history of residential houses recorded in county and city chronicles, building construction embodies the crystallization of wisdom and sweat from generation to generation. It can not only reflect the technology and art displayed in a specific social and historical period, a certain style and architecture, but also reflect people's traditional characteristics such as faith, psychological structure, aesthetic taste and living habits as a cultural form.

Jingzhou Entertainment Custom Jingzhou has been a well-known town of singing and dancing since ancient times. The opening work of The Book of Songs, the first collection of folk songs in China, is the ancient Jingchu folk song Guanju: "Guanju dove is in Hezhou. My fair lady, a gentleman is good. " This well-known song has been regarded as the representative of folk love songs for thousands of years and is a classic that students must read. For thousands of years, in this magical land, which is praised by the world as the land of plenty, the endless Li people have created countless folk songs in their work and life, leaving us with a treasure house of folk songs. The types of Jingzhou folk songs can be roughly divided into: labor songs, life songs and wedding and funeral ceremony songs. In the overall pattern of Jingzhou folk culture, folk songs are often an important part that directly reflects the direct voice of the lower class. Labor creates art, and art comes from labor. The connection between art and labor is the most obvious in labor ballads. Therefore, since ancient times, people in Jingzhou have said that "there is no song, no grain cutting", "there is no song" and "there is a song when the water is ringing", which means that transplanting rice should be sung, repairing dikes and tamping soil should be sung, and fighting drought should be sung. If Jingzhou's labor songs are divided according to different working occasions, they can be roughly divided into two categories: Tian Ge and Matsuko. Jingzhou folk songs have a variety of sentence patterns, usually up and down or four sentences, but also one, three, five and many sentences. "Catch five sentences" is a distinctive special sentence pattern in Jingzhou folk songs, especially popular in Jiangling, Songzi, Gongan and Shishou. "Catch five sentences" is a variant of four folk songs, that is, one or more lyrics are added between three and four sentences of four folk songs. The added lyrics are commonly known as "catch-up sentences", and each catch-up sentence must rhyme with the ending sentence. The function of grasping sentences is to strengthen emotional color and highlight the theme, which can make songs more vivid and touching. Catch a Sentence is often sung at a fast speed, and some even read it sentence by sentence, and sing it sentence by sentence at the end. One side of the soil and water, one side of the people, one side of the dialect produces a folk song. Jingzhou folk songs naturally have to be sung in Jingzhou dialect to appear pure in taste.

Folk Dance Jingzhou folk dance has a long history, which can be fully confirmed from a large number of classic documents and newly discovered archaeological relics. Jingzhou is the world-famous birthplace of Chu culture. As an important part of Chu culture, Chu dance is not only unique in the pre-Qin period, but also has a far-reaching impact on the development of dance art in later generations. Chu people have the custom of believing in ghosts and worshipping ghosts. "Their worship will make witches have fun and dance to entertain the gods." Because Chu people worship witchcraft, witchcraft prevails in Chu. Witches are related to "dance" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" is interpreted as: "A witch wishes, and a woman can dance with God, just as a man dances with two sleeves." Song and dance are the most important contents in witchcraft ceremonies. The basic forms of Chu dance can be seen from a large number of Chu cultural relics unearthed since the founding of New China. After the demise of Chu, Chu dance was still the main theme of the Western Han Dynasty, and most of the court dances in the Han Dynasty belonged to the Chu dance system. Today, some folk dances in Jingzhou, which spread in the two lakes plain, especially in Jingzhou, can clearly see the traces of Chu dance style. Nowadays, Jingzhou folk dance can be divided into three categories: self-entertainment, blessing and welcoming auspicious. There are five shrimps for catfish, lotus fragrance, old north roast and so on. Escaping from the desert is called transformation, and busking for survival. Such as "Three bangs and drums". Wake up with the dead, greet the gods and worship the temple. There are "jumping drums and mourning" and "bench incense".