brief introduction
1978 The Athens meeting of the International Olympic Committee decided that 1984 the 23rd Olympic Games will be hosted by the only bidding city, Los Angeles.
new method
The cost of the Olympic Games is enormous, especially in recent years. For example, in 1972, Munich spent 1 100 million dollars. 1976, Montreal spent more than 2 billion; 1980, Moscow actually spent more than 9 billion dollars. After Uber Ross became the chairman, the first problem he faced was the source of funds. Los Angeles Olympic Games is the first folk sports meeting since the founding of 1896 Olympic Games. Without government subsidies, it will not increase the burden on taxpayers. In addition, American law prohibits the issuance of lottery tickets, so all funds have to be raised by themselves. Ueberroth led the Committee to start from scratch and broaden its financial resources, and adopted the following main measures: (1) Conclude a funding agreement with enterprise groups; Selling TV broadcasting rights and competition tickets; Reduce all expenses, make full use of existing facilities and try not to build stadiums; Instead of building a new Olympic village, rent two university dormitories in California for athletes and officials to live in; Recruit volunteers to work for the conference. Ueberroth used his intelligence to make the work of the organizing committee orderly and everything got what he wanted.
This Olympic Games was originally planned to cost about 500 million US dollars, but later there was not only a deficit, but also a surplus.
However, his practice has also met with some criticisms, criticizing that this Olympic Games has a strong commercial color, especially in the torch relay in the United States, participants need 3,000 US dollars to run 1 mile, which has aroused the dissatisfaction of people in sports circles and considered it a serious violation of Olympic principles. However, on the whole, Ueberroth's attempt was successful.
emergency
Two months before the preparatory work was basically ready and the conference was about to be held, the Soviet Union, the Democratic Republic of Germany and other 16 countries and regions announced that they would not participate in this Olympic Games under various pretexts. Although Samaranch and other countries lobbied and talked with government leaders, they failed to change the decisions of the Soviet Union and other countries. On the grounds of security, the actual reason of the Soviet Union is nothing more than retaliation against 1980, when the United States boycotted the Moscow Olympic Games. The Soviet Olympic Committee explained that the reason was that anti-Soviet protests condoned by the United States were foreseen in Los Angeles. The Soviet Olympic Committee said: "Some people in the United States are inciting chauvinism and anti-Soviet hysteria." It is expected that other Soviet bloc countries, including Cuba and Vietnam, will also participate in the boycott. The United States and 59 other countries boycotted the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Needless to say, the absence of the Soviet Union, the GDR and Bulgaria had an impact on some events, such as track and field, swimming and weightlifting. The impact of complex international political struggle makes the Olympic movement face a severe test.
The conference was held in the golden season of Los Angeles from July 28th to August 12. At that time, the IOC had 159 members, and 140 countries and regions participated in the competition, far exceeding the scale of previous countries. The countries and regions that boycotted or refused to participate for some reason were 19: Afghanistan, Albania, Bulgaria, North Korea, Cuba, Ethiopia, Hungary, Iran, Laos, Mongolia, Poland, the Democratic Republic of Germany, Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, Vietnam, Democratic Yemen, Libya, Angola and Upper Walter. Athletes ***76 16, including women 17 19, which is also the largest number in previous years. The host country has the most players, * * * 622; Canada followed closely, with 483 people; The Federal Republic of Germany ranked third with 444 people. The Chinese Olympic Committee sent a huge sports delegation to participate in this grand event. Fifty-two years ago, old China participated in the 10th Olympic Games for the first time, and the place was also in LA. Liu Changchun was the only athlete at that time. A total of 225 athletes participated in the rest 16 events except football, hockey, boxing, equestrian and modern pentathlon. The China Taipei Olympic Committee also sent 67 athletes to participate in track and field, swimming, weightlifting and other events, which was the first time that Chinese sons and daughters on both sides of the Taiwan Strait got together at the Summer Olympic Games.
1984 los Angeles Olympic torch
On July 28th, at 4pm local time, the conference officially opened at the Memorial Stadium in Los Angeles. The stands were crowded with 65,438+10,000 people wearing colorful clothes. The song and dance with American national characteristics hosted by the famous Hollywood director Dai Walpa is fascinating, making the opening ceremony an exciting art event. /kloc-at 7 o'clock in 0/5, President Reagan declared the conference open. Since 1904, although the United States has hosted four Olympic Games in winter (1932, 1980) and summer (1904, 1932), it is the first time that the President personally attended the opening ceremony.
After Reagan announced the end of the opening ceremony, Gina Humphrey, granddaughter of the late American famous track and field athlete jesse owens, held the torch high and entered the venue. Subsequently, 1960 Olympic Games American decathlon champion La Johnson took the torch and lit the Olympic flame. Then, American 1976 Olympic hurdles champion E Moses took the oath on behalf of the athletes. The whole opening ceremony lasted several hours. When the sunset ended, colorful fireworks rose in the gloomy sky of the stadium. More than 2,000 Los Angeles citizens from all over the world dressed in national costumes sang and danced wildly with Beethoven's Ode to Joy, which pushed the festive atmosphere of the opening ceremony to a climax again.
enter
The number of events in this Olympic Games is still 2 1, but the number of individual events has increased from 203 in the last session to 22 1. Six new events were added for men and 12 for women. With the development of science and technology, people have a better understanding of women's physical function, and women's sports have been widely carried out in many countries, and women's events have made a historic breakthrough in the Olympic Games. The newly added women's events include the marathon, which has long been considered unsuitable for women, shooting and cycling, which have been only attended by men since 1896, and synchronized swimming and rhythmic gymnastics, which are all women's events for the first time. Judging from the development trend, women's events will be further expanded.
On July 28th, at 4: 00pm local time, the press conference was officially opened at the Memorial Stadium in Los Angeles. The stands were packed with 654.38+million people, dressed in colorful costumes by famous Hollywood directors. The song and dance scenes with American national characteristics hosted by Volpa are fascinating, making the opening ceremony an exciting art event.
On July 29th, the gunfire from Prado brought the first gold medal for this Olympic Games. Xu Haifeng, a shooter from China, is the lucky winner of this award. He is also the first Olympic gold medal winner in China since 1932. At this Olympic Games, 27-year-old Xu Haifeng of China won the men's pistol 60-shot slow-fire championship with a score of 566 rings, becoming the first gold medal winner in this Olympic Games and the first in China. Therefore, the competition for the gold medal has become very fierce.
In this track and field event, the women's 400-meter hurdles, 3000-meter hurdles and marathon were added for the first time. The total number of men and women reached 4 1. In addition, the women's pentathlon was changed to seven. On August 3, the track and field competition kicked off at the Memorial Stadium and ended on the closing day of the conference. A total of 1 15 countries and regions, 1377 male and female athletes participated in the competition. Dudu only broke the world record of 1, which is extremely rare in the history of the Olympic Games. But it's still a high-level game. The United States has made outstanding achievements, and the number one news figure is carl lewis. Lewis, a 23-year-old African-American athlete, was Pang Er of the Temple of Heaven. 1983 At the first world track and field championship, he was famous for three gold medals:100m (10s07), long jump (8.55m) and 4x100m relay (37.86 seconds, a world record). On the eve of the Los Angeles Olympic Games, he won four gold medals at the press conference. People in sports believe in this hot player. As expected, Lewis fulfilled his promise. Owens won the gold medal before, and Lewis also ranked first. 100 meter ran for 9 seconds 99; 200m 19.80 seconds, an Olympic record; The first attempt of the long jump was a shoo-in with 8.54 meters, and the second attempt was fouled. The next four attempts were all abandoned, and people were deeply sorry that he failed to hit the world record of 8.90 meters in Bimeng. He ran the last leg of the relay race and made outstanding contributions to the world record of 37.83 seconds. Another magical figure in men's track and field competition is American black hurdler Edwin? Moses. 1976 won the Olympic gold medal in the 400-meter hurdles and was defeated by schmid of the Federal Republic of Germany in an international competition of 1977. So far, he has won all the championships in more than 10/00 competitions, and is known as "the ever-victorious general" and "the king of hurdles". He has set the world record four times (1976, 47.64 seconds; 1977, 47 seconds 45; 1980, 47 seconds13; 1983, 47.02 seconds), won the world cup three times, 1 time won the world championship. His 13 step hurdle method has become a model for many athletes to imitate. This time, he easily defeated all his opponents and won the Olympic gold medal for the second time in 47.75 seconds. British decathlon athlete Daley? Thompson has also made remarkable achievements. This is his third time to participate in the Olympic Games, and 1976 ranks 18. However, he won the gold medal at the Moscow Olympic Games four years later and won it again this year, becoming the second athlete to achieve this result after Matthias 1948 and 1952 of the United States won the Olympic gold medal. The other two last British champions, 27-year-old Sebastian? 28-year-old Coe and Steve? Ovit, they both took part in the competition. Keke's long-term poor performance before the game qualified him for the competition. However, he played his own level and won the 1500m championship in succession, thus qualifying for the competition. But he played his own level and won the1500m champion and the 800m silver medal. However, Ovett was in poor competitive condition due to illness, and only won the eighth place in the last 800-meter event. The gold medal is Ruo of Brazil? Cruise took it away, which is the only victory Brazil has won in this Olympic Games.
In the men's high jump, there are three athletes in China, besides the then world record holder Zhu Jianhua, the other two are Liu Yunpeng and Cai Shu, who rank seventh and eighth respectively. Zhu Jianhua won the bronze medal, which is the only medal won by Asia in this track and field competition. It shows that there is a clear gap between Asian track and field and other continents.
The outstanding woman in women's track and field competition is 24-year-old Vabrisco hooks of the United States. At that time, she was the mother of a child. The performance before the competition was not outstanding, ranking outside the top ten in the world, but it was a blockbuster in this Olympic Games, winning three gold medals (200 m, 400 m and 4×400 m relay) and becoming a figure second only to Lewis. However, her dizzy achievements are related to the absence of the GDR and the Soviet Union. 27-year-old American woman 100 meter world record holder Evelyn? Ashford also achieved excellent results, winning two gold medals in the100m relay race and the 4×100m relay race. The other two news figures in the women's track and field competition are Wu? Meyfarth in Morocco? Mr. Moutawaa Kiel, etc. Meyfarth has always been famous in this field. At the 1972 Munich Olympic Games, he tied the world record for high jump (1.92m) and won the gold medal. 12 years later, the youngest female track and field champion in the Olympic Games won the high jump champion of 2.02 meters and became a legendary star again. Moutawaa Kiel, 22, unexpectedly won the 400-meter hurdles. Living in the feudal kingdom, she can break through the cage of sports discrimination against women, get rid of secular prejudice, win the first Olympic gold medal for African women and become the first Olympic 400-meter hurdles female champion, which is commendable. After the game, she told reporters excitedly: This gold medal will make more Arab women interested in sports. It is worth mentioning that Morocco, with a small population, won the championship in Moutawaa Kiel, and her teammate Saeed Oita won the 1 gold medal in the men's 5000m race.
Before the women's 3000-meter race, it was predicted that the gold medal competition would be held in the United States by 26-year-old Mary? Dyke and Zola, a 0/8-year-old South African athlete from Britain? Between Bud. However, during the competition, two people collided. Duck was seriously injured and was carried off the court on a stretcher, while Bud was only seventh because of his emotional impact. The champion is Romanian 34-year-old veteran Ma? Puika bought it. The women's marathon is also included for the first time. Joan, 27 years old in the United States? Benoit won the championship in 2 hours, 24 minutes and 52 seconds, surpassing 1956 men's Olympic champion (2 hours and 25 minutes). If you recall the scene of 1928 women's 800-meter race, what kind of encouragement is it?
Starting from 1960, the swimming competition will be held indoors. In order to make use of the existing facilities, this host broke the previous precedent and arranged the venue in McDonald's outdoor swimming pool on the campus of the University of California. The competition was held from July 29th to August 4th. A total of 494 athletes from 64 countries and regions participated in the competition. At the Moscow Olympic Games, the ratio of men and women breaking the world record was 1 7. This time, the situation is just the opposite. 10 The world records are all men's events. This clearly reflects the impact of the boycott. The United States performed well in this competition, winning 2 1 gold medals in 20 events (1 tie). The Federal Republic of Germany, Canada, the Netherlands and Australia won other gold medals. In the men's competition, the American manager? Cary, Ann? Gaines won three gold medals each. At the age of 2 1, Kaili won the backstroke championship and the third gold medal in the 4× 100 meter medley. Gaines, 25, is the oldest athlete to participate in the final. 1980 was the first to break the 50-second mark of 100 meter freestyle in 49.36 seconds, becoming the fastest swimmer in the world. This time, I won 100 m freestyle (49.80 seconds), 4× 100 m freestyle and 4× 100 m medley. Rice from the Federal Republic of Germany? Gross and Asia in Canada? Bowman is also a news figure in this men's competition. 20-year-old Gross is called "Albatross". He is 2.0 1 m tall and has long arms and legs. Excellent physical condition enabled him to set a new world record for many times in a few years and win the world competition. This year, he won two gold medals in the 200m freestyle and100m butterfly, with the scores of 1: 47.44 and 53.08 respectively, both of which set new world records. People predicted that he was the main winner of the 200-meter butterfly, but he unexpectedly lost to Australia 17-year-old Joe. Ximu is second. Gross also won 1 silver medal in the 4× 200m relay, winning 2 gold medals and 2 silver medals respectively, becoming the swimmer who won the most medals this year and the first swimming gold medal winner after the Federal Republic of Germany participated in the Olympic Games alone. Bowman, 20, is the "dark horse" in this swimming competition. Although he has been swimming for many years, he has achieved nothing. However, this time, in the 200m and 400m individual medley competitions, they broke the world record with 2 minutes 0 1.42 and 4 minutes 17.4 1 respectively, and became Canada's swimmer to win the Olympic gold medal again after 72 years. All the women who have won more than three gold medals in swimming are Americans. Are they Janet? Caulkins, mom? Mal and Nan? Pig head 1978 At the Third World Swimming Championships, Caulkins, who was only 15, took part in six events, broke three world records and won five gold medals and 1 silver medals, which caused a sensation in the whole swimming world. Six years later, she showed her talents in this Olympic Games, winning three gold medals in two individual medleys and 1 mixed relay. 19-year-old Mal, from 1977 Pan-American Games, has always been a butterfly heroine, setting new world records for many times and being invincible in major international competitions. This year, she won two butterfly events and 1 mixed relay gold medals. Relatively speaking, Pig easily won the gold medal, two from the relay race, and 1 shared it with others. In the100m freestyle, she and her teammate 16-year-old card? Stan Seifer reached the finish line at the same time, with a time of 55.92 seconds. This is the first time in the history of the Olympic Games that he tied for the champion in the swimming competition. Holland also won the championship twice, probably? Dai Roveri and Pei? Stavren won the 200m backstroke and100m breaststroke respectively, which is a rare swimming achievement in the Netherlands in recent decades. In this Olympic Games, 27-year-old China's Xu Haifeng won the men's pistol 60-shot slow-fire championship with a score of 566, becoming the first gold medal winner in this Olympic Games and the first gold medal winner in China, thus opening a new chapter in China's Olympic history.
In this Olympic Games, 27-year-old China's Xu Haifeng won the men's pistol 60-shot slow-fire championship with a score of 566, becoming the first gold medal winner in this Olympic Games and the first gold medal winner in China, thus opening a new chapter in China's Olympic history.
The battle of men's diving is mainly a contest between China and the United States. 24-year-old American Greg? Eight years ago, louganis won the Olympic silver medal in Montreal. Louganis's diving skill has reached an unprecedented level. His diving action is like a jet knife, with only one ripple on the water. McFarlane, chairman of the American Diving Committee and former louganis coach, thinks that louganis's diving skills are second to none. In recent years, he has won successive championships in important competitions such as the World Cup and Pan-American Games, and has become the "prince" in diving. This competition, the skill is superior, and the board and table are both champions. China Tan Liangde and Li Kongzheng won bronze medal, Taiwan Province silver medal and Taiwan Province silver medal respectively. In the women's platform competition, China's famous Chen lost to, and the champion was won by another player from China, Zhou, 19 years old; China's Coconut Flower, who ranked first in the women's springboard preliminaries, didn't perform well in the final and only finished fourth. The gold medal winners are Canadian rookies Lucy and bernier.
July 3 1, Albert? The 60kg weightlifting competition in Gersten Gymnasium has just ended, and there was warm applause all around. On the rostrum stood two descendants of the dragon: one from Chen Weiqiang and the other from Taipei, China. They won the gold medal and bronze medal at this level respectively. Chinese sons and daughters on both sides of the Taiwan Strait met for the first time at the Sarajevo Winter Olympics, but it was the first time to receive the prize on the same stage. Since the start of weightlifting on July 29th, China athletes have won the 60kg class for the third time. Previously, Ceng Guoqiang won 1 gold medal in the 52kg category and Wu Shude won 1 gold medal in the 56kg category. On August 1, Yao Jingyuan was reborn in the 67.5kg class. China won four gold medals and two silver medals in this weightlifting competition, making it the best team in this weightlifting competition. The other six gold medals in weightlifting were won by the Federal Republic of Germany and Romania, while Italy and Australia won 65,438+0. Ni from Romania? Vlad set (172.5), (220) and (392.5) Olympic records in the 90kg category, which are the only three Olympic records set this year. Due to the absence of the Soviet Union, Bulgaria and other countries, weightlifting is the most affected event in this year's performance.
The gymnastics competition kicked off in Poly Hall on July 30th. A total of 156 male and female athletes from 19 countries and regions participated in the competition. In the men's team competition, the United States unexpectedly won the team championship, and China won the second place. Yukio edano, a 27-year-old veteran of Japan, won the all-around gold medal and realized his wish to fight for it in 16. He also won 1 gold, silver and bronze medals in rings, vault and horizontal bar. China, a strong team, didn't lose heart after team and all-around defeats, and played well in individual events. Li Ning won three gold medals in floor exercise, pommel horse and rings. In addition, he also won two silver medals and 1 bronze medal, which is the athlete who won the most medals this year. He is called "tower of strength" and "shocking little giant". Lou Yun also won the platform championship in Marseille. In the women's competition, Egypt? The Romanian teenager headed by Saab defeated the United States and China and won the team championship. However, in the individual all-around competition, 17-year-old Saab, who enjoys the title of "comaneci's successor", lost to American rookie Ma, who is one year younger than her. Leighton, ranked second. However, Saab is still the best athlete this year. She always won four gold medals (team, vault, balance beam and floor exercise) and 65,438+0 silver medals (individual all-around), surpassing comaneci's achievements in the Montreal Olympics and 65,438+0 more silver medals than Lewis, the top news figure this year. China's 2 1 year-old horse competes with Zhu of the United States? McNamara tied for the championship. In this gymnastics competition, China * * * won 1 1 medals, which is the event that her country won the most medals in this Olympic Games.
480 athletes from 68 countries and regions participated in the shooting competition held in Prado. Although women were allowed to participate in shooting in the past, it is still a male event. This time, standard rifles, air rifles and pistols are specially set up for women. After China's Xu Haifeng won the pistol slow-fire championship, Li and Wu won 65,438+0 gold medals in the "Running Pig" and the women's standard rifle competition respectively. The host country won the most medals, including 3 gold medals,/kloc-0 silver medals and 3 bronze medals. This is also the best result achieved by the United States since the 1924 Paris Olympic Games. Italian multi-directional butterfly star, 36-year-old Lu? Giovanni won the championship for the second time. The last pistol rapid fire gold medal winner Romania's branch? Yang's poor performance was lost to 48-year-old Japanese veteran Wu Teng Park Chi, who is also the oldest athlete to win the championship.
Europe has always enjoyed a high reputation in fencing. In this fencing competition with 275 players from 37 bands, European countries have obvious advantages. Eight gold medals, and Europe won seven. Among them, there were three Italians, two French and two Federal Republic of Germany. Luan Jujie, 25, of China, defeated Keke, 32, a world-famous player in the Federal Republic of Germany, after fierce competition. Hanisch won the women's foil championship. This is also the first time that Asia has won a fencing gold medal at the Olympic Games.
There are nine sports for men and women in ball games. Yugoslavia won the men's and women's handball championships. American men's and women's basketball teams are better than other teams, and it is easier to win these two championships. The situation of volleyball is more complicated. The United States is uncharacteristically active in volleyball. In just a few years, both men and women have reached the world-class level. The American men's team won its first gold medal in the Olympic Games. The American women's team headed by Hyman defeated China 3-1in the preliminary round on August 3, but in the final on August 8, China played its best, defeated the American team in straight sets and won the gold medal, achieving three consecutive championships (198 1 World Cup and198).