Shengjing, as the founding capital of the Qing Dynasty, is not only the place of Longxing, but also the tomb of ancestors. Therefore, the Qing emperor paid special attention to the birthplace of ancestors after deciding the Central Plains. Since the 1th year of Kangxi (1671), Xuanye, the sage, inherited his father's last wish of Emperor Shunzhi and came to Shengjing to sacrifice the ancestral mausoleum in Shengjing. Fuling was the first ancestral mausoleum he sacrificed, thus creating the custom of "visiting the east to worship the ancestors" by the emperor in Qing Dynasty. In the following 15 years, Emperor Kangxi, Emperor Qianlong, Emperor Jiaqing and Emperor Daoguang visited Shengjing ten times, and each time they visited Yongling, Fuling and Zhaoling to pay homage to their ancestors. The emperor respectfully presided over the grand sacrificial ceremony in person, which became a great event in the history of the Three Tombs of Shengjing.
the etiquette of the Qing emperor's eastern tour of the mausoleum has experienced such an evolutionary process. In August of the tenth year of Kangxi (1671), the holy father Xuanye began the first eastern tour of the Qing emperor. On the day of coming to Shengjing, all the officials guarding the mausoleum and the officials of Shengjing Wenwu knelt by the roadside in their official uniforms to greet them, and the first thing the emperor did when he set foot on Shengjing, a land of Longxing, was to sacrifice the mausoleum, and the order was Fuling first, then Zhaoling. The memorial ceremony mourned the first day of libation (weeping for the mausoleum). The next day, in front of the enjoyment hall, I offered sacrifices, read wishes and performed a ceremony of success. On the third day, there were several banquets, reading wishes, offering wine and mourning, and Yu Ling saluted. Send officials to pay homage to yongling. On the second tour to the east in the 21st year of Kangxi (1682), Xuanye still offered sacrifices to Fuling and Zhaoling first, and then to Yongling. The time for offering sacrifices to the mausoleum was three days, that is, the first day was to pay homage to the ancestral tomb treasure city, the second day was to pay a grand ceremony in the Long 'en Temple, and the third day was to go to the imperial concubine Shoukang's garden to have a drink. From the third tour to the east in the thirty-seventh year of Kangxi (1698), Emperor Kangxi's memorial to the ancestral mausoleum was changed to offering sacrifices to the Yongling mausoleum first, then to the Fu and Zhao tombs, and the time was shortened to two days, and he went to the burial tomb to offer wine. On his three tours to the east, he left Shengjing with a farewell ceremony. In the future, the ritual of offering sacrifices to the tombs of the emperors who visited the East was perfected on the basis of the ancestral system. The order of offering sacrifices to the tombs was first Yongling, then Fuling, and finally Zhaoling. The time for offering sacrifices to the mausoleum is always two days. In the eighth year of Qianlong (1743), the ceremony of the emperor's eastward tour of the mausoleum was customized. On the basis of observing the ancestral system, the following changes were made:
The emperor's hands-on ceremony was added; There are officials in each department who offer silks and knighthoods, and they are no longer offered by the emperor himself. Both the imperial concubine's garden and the tomb buried with her will be sacrificed by officials. In the 6th year of Kangxi (1721), when the sage sent the emperor's fourth son, Prince Yong (later Yong Zhengdi), to lead the prince and grandson to sacrifice the ancestral mausoleum, it was Prince Yong who offered sacrifices to Fuling, the prince offered sacrifices to Zhaoling and the grandson offered sacrifices to Yongling.
it took two days for the Qing emperor to sacrifice the ancestral tomb, which was called exhibition ceremony and grand ceremony in history. According to the examination, during the more than 15 years from the 1th year of Kangxi (1671) to the 9th year of Daoguang (1829), Emperor Kangxi, Emperor Qianlong, Emperor Jiaqing and Emperor Daoguang visited the Zhaoling Mausoleum ten times successively, and each time they came, they had different activities. The specific "schedule" is as follows:
The tenth year of Emperor Xuanye Kangxi (1671) In the twenty-first year (1682), on the seventh day of March, Zhaoling was the Great Sacrifice Treasure City; On the eighth day of the eighth day, Zhaoling was sacrificed to the Long 'en Hall; In the thirty-seventh year (1698), he paid a visit to Zhaoling on October 16th and paid a tribute to Long 'en Hall in Zhaoling on the 18th.
In the eighth year of Emperor Hongli's reign (1743), Emperor Gaozong paid a tribute to Zhaoling on September 23rd and Zhaoling on 24th. In the 19th year (1754), on the 1th day of September, Zhaoling was paid a grand ceremony on the 24th. In the forty-third year (1778), Zhaoling was visited on August 23rd, and Zhaoling performed a grand ceremony on August 24th. Forty-eight years (1783)
On September 16th, I paid a visit to Zhaoling, and on the 17th, I paid a grand ceremony to Zhaoling.
Long 'en Gate in Zhaoling
In the tenth year of Jiaqing in Renzong (185), Zhaoling was paid a visit on August 21st, and Zhaoling was given a grand ceremony on the 22nd. In the twenty-third year (1818), on the second day of September, Zhaoling was paid a grand ceremony on the third day.
Long 'en Gate Building in Zhaoling
In the ninth year of Emperor Xuanzong Yanning Daoguang's reign (1829), he paid a visit to Zhaoling on September 22nd and paid a grand ceremony to Zhaoling on the 23rd.
Originally, the exhibition ceremony was the most frequently held and the simplest one among the tombs in the Qing Dynasty. It is not limited by time, but generally depends on the emperor's mood. For example, if the emperor has not sacrificed the mausoleum for a long time because of his busy state affairs, he can hold an exhibition ceremony in his spare time; Moreover, before each big sacrifice, there must be a ceremony of exhibition. There is only one special requirement for the exhibition ceremony, that is, the exhibition ceremony should start from the mausoleum with the highest seniority and be carried out in order of seniority. Because the Three Mausoleums of Shengjing in Qing Dynasty are located outside the Shanhaiguan Pass, the emperor can't come as often as he did to pay homage to the Qing Mausoleum inside the Shanhaiguan Pass. Therefore, the exhibition ceremony held by the emperor to visit his relatives to the ancestral mausoleum outside the Shanhaiguan Pass has a different meaning and is particularly important.
Portrait of Emperor Jiaqing
Taking Fuling as an example, the specific process of the emperor's paying homage to the exhibition of Zuling is as follows: at that time, the emperor must wear plain clothes and take a step to Fuling, and his ministers will dismount outside the Xiama monument, where the princes will dismount. Only the emperor will enter Fuling by taking a step at the red gate on the east side of the red wall of geomantic omen and go to the north wall of Fangcheng East Chaofang. Under the guidance of the Tang officials of Shengjing Ritual Department, the emperor led the princes who were eligible to enter Fangcheng to enter Fangcheng from Longen Gate. The emperor passed through the east side of Longen Hall and stood facing Baocheng Baoding in front of Shiwugong altar. The princes stood in front of Longen Hall in the order of the Eight Banners' azimuth, and the lower-ranking officials had already been divided into two wings and stood on both sides of Longen Gate and even Dahongmen. The worship mattress officer laid a mattress in front of the stone altar and the sacrifice began. The emperor was giving a three-kneeling, nine-knocking ceremony at the stone altar, and the others were accompanying him with the three-kneeling, nine-knocking ceremony. At this time, the ceremony officer did not praise it, which means that no one shouted the salute password. After the emperor saluted, he got up, walked to the east side of the stone altar, and then made three wine offerings. The priest carried a few drinks (small table), Jin Jue and wine, and the emperor knelt down again. Jin Jue held the wine in his hands and presented it to Baoding. Every time he paid a tribute, everyone bowed. After the emperor saluted, he got up and stood in his place to mourn for the west. Ministers kneel in the east and west when mourning, mourning and saluting. Finally, under the guidance of the official of the Ministry of Rites, the emperor left the Long 'en Gate and took a step back to the palace.
In the eighth year of Qianlong (1743), the emperor paid homage to Fuling, accompanied by the Empress Dowager, thus creating a ritual system for the Empress Dowager and Empress to pay homage to Fuling. Since then, all emperors have paid homage to the Empress Dowager, and their etiquette has been carried out accordingly. According to the regulations of offering sacrifices to the mausoleum in Guannei in Qing Dynasty, the empress dowager and empress should take Xihongmen. However, in the eighth year of Qianlong (1743), the road outside Xihongmen in Fuling was uneven and it was difficult for vehicles to walk, so it was changed to Donghongmen to enter the mausoleum and became a custom.
On that day, the Empress Dowager and the Empress and her party came by Yu to pay homage to Fuling, and walked down and down after the Zhenghong Gate to show their respect, and the Zhenghong Gate should be covered with a curtain. After the Empress Dowager and Empress walked through Zhenghong Gate, they took Yu to Xihong Gate, and after entering the cemetery, they descended on the steps outside Long En Gate. After entering Long En Gate, they were guided by their wives (then female officials), and they also went to the north of the stone altar in front of the Ming building of Fuling Baocheng, where they performed a six-su three-kowtow gift (Manchu women's unique courtesy of bowing down, the saluter knelt on the ground with his legs upright and his left hand caressed his left leg) After the third wine offering ceremony, it is also a knock by each knight. After the ceremony, he stands up and mourns to the west. After that, under the guidance of the female officer, she returned to the landing place and returned to the palace.
A big feast is a big sacrifice. The difference is that the emperor himself presided over the big sacrifice at this time, and he came all the way to make a special trip, so it is no small matter. Take Fuling as an example. On the second day after the exhibition ceremony of Fuling, the grand ceremony of the emperor's sacrifice to Fuling will be held in Long 'en Hall. At this time, it is required that the deities of Nuerhachi and Xiaocigao in the Long 'en Temple have been placed on the throne in the south, and the offerings are the same case of the Empress, including Niu Yi, Yang Er, Zun Yi, each offering first to make silks, 18 plates of preserved rice soup (h m: i), 65 plates of cake bait and fruit, one tea bowl, three Jin Jue, one golden dagger and one golden hairpin. The way of display is silk * * * (fěi), sacrifice * * *, respect for real wine, and proper density of tableware. With the sacrificial princes and officials above the second grade wearing embroidered robes, they stood up and down on the platform of Long 'en Hall in the east-west direction, while the other Shengjing officials waited for the robes to stand outside the mausoleum. The emperor wears a formal dress. Wearing the imperial crown, he entered the mausoleum along the route taken by yesterday's exhibition ceremony. At this time, there was a yellow plaque waiting in front of Long En Temple. At the beginning of the sacrifice, the emperor entered from the left door of the Long 'en Temple and stood west before the confession. When the deacon offered tea to the throne, Zan led the emperor to stand in front of the altar in the incense table, kneeling, and the incense was given to the incense officer. After the emperor received the incense, he arched it to the tablet, and then returned it to the incense officer. He stood up, praised the ceremony officer for "incense", and the emperor put on three petals of incense, returned to the original altar, and made three kneels and nine kowtows. The ceremony officer also praised "offering a gift at the beginning of the trip". The silk officer holds the silk, and the Jue officer gives the title. In turn, they go to the gods. The silk officer kneels, presents the silk made first to the case, kowtows three times and retreats. The official of the department of Jue made an offer of Jue, put it in the Jue mat, and retired. Read Zhu Guan to kneel and kowtow three times before wishing the case, kneel on the left of the case with Zhu Ban, read Zhu Guan to read Zhu Wen in Manchu, and the emperor must kneel to listen at this time. Read Zhu Guan, after reading Zhu Wen, put Zhu Edition above the confession and return. The emperor kneels three times and kowtows nine times. The tribute officer praised the "Asian offer" and "final offer", and the Jue officer offered the title to the left and right respectively, and the instrument was as original as before. At the end of the three offerings, the tribute officer praised "sending Liao", read the blessing version, and the silk official made silk, which was sent out from the middle gate of Long 'en Hall and sent to the silk burning furnace for incineration. The emperor stood on the "watching Liao" in the corner of the platform to watch the process, which was called "watching Liao". Later, the guide officer led the emperor into the Huang Ge in front of the Long 'en Hall to change his plain clothes, and offered wine to Baocheng from the east side of the Long 'en Hall to the stone altar according to the exhibition ceremony and mourned. After the ceremony, I left Fuling along the original road. The etiquette of all big ceremonies is basically the same, but when the emperor came in person, not only the number of people attending the ceremonies increased greatly, but also the identity of officials such as Si Si and Si Jue was changed to be borne by the princes, Baylor and Bei Zi appointed by the emperor to show the grandeur and royal dignity of the ceremonies.
Xihongmen in Zhaoling